Methods for assessing the reliability of information on the Internet. Lies on the Web: how to recognize false information on the Internet? What data from the Internet can be trusted

Reliability is something that shows the quality of information, reflects its completeness and accuracy. It has such features as intelligibility of written and oral speech, the absence of false or in any way distorted information, a small possibility of erroneous use of information units, including letters, symbols, bits, numbers. Both the reliability of the information itself and its source are assessed on scales (for example, "mostly reliable", "reliable in full", "relatively reliable" and further - up to "unreliable at all" or "status not determined").

What does this mean?

Reliability characterizes the undistorted information. It is influenced not only by the authenticity of the information, but also by the adequacy of the means by which it was obtained.

Invalidity may imply the intentional preparation of data as false. There are cases when unreliable information as a result provides information characterized by reliability. This happens when, at the time of their receipt, the degree of unreliability of the information is already known to the addressee. In general, the following pattern is observed: the higher the amount of initial data, the higher the assurance of information reliability becomes.

Adequacy of information

Thus, reliability is directly related to the adequacy of information, its completeness and objectivity. This property is of very serious importance, mainly in the case of using data to make any decisions. Information that is unreliable leads to such decisions that will have negative consequences in terms of social arrangement, political situation or economic situation.

So, let's take a closer look at the concept of reliability of information.

Definition of the concepts of reliable and false information

So, information is unreliable if it does not correspond to the real state of things, contains such data about phenomena, processes or events that, in principle, never existed or they existed, but information about them differs from what is actually happening, distorted or characterized by incompleteness.

Reliable can be called such information that does not cause absolutely no doubt, is real, genuine. It includes such information that, in which case, can be confirmed by procedures that are correct from a legal point of view, when various documents or expert opinions are used, witnesses can be invited, etc. In addition, data can be considered reliable if they necessarily refer to original source. However, in this case, the problem of determining the reliability of the source of information itself arises.

Types of information sources

Sources of information can be:

Individuals who, due to their authority or position, have access to such information that is of interest to various kinds of mass media;

Various documents;

The real environment (for example, urban, material, which is the sphere of human habitation, natural);

Virtual environment;

Printed publications that have imprint, i.e. textbooks, books, encyclopedias or magazine articles;

Sites on the Internet, portals, pages on which mass media can also be based.

Undoubtedly, one of the most authoritative and secure sources are documents, but they are considered as such only when there is the possibility of their legal verification. They are full of information.

Competent and incompetent

In addition to the division into reliable and unreliable, sources can also be competent and incompetent.

The most widely represented sources of information are those authorized by official authorities. First of all, state institutions should supply citizens with the most objective and accurate information. However, even government press information can be falsified, and there is no guarantee that unreliable information cannot leak from a government source. That is why getting information does not mean trusting it unconditionally.

Link to source

Thus, the reliability of information can be determined by the reference to the source present in it. If the latter has authority in any area or specializes in a particular area, then he is competent.

But the presence of a link should not always be mandatory, since it happens that various kinds of provisions are confirmed directly in the process of presenting information. This happens when the author of the information is a specialist, that is, a person who is competent enough in the area that concerns. In this case, most often there is no doubt that the information will be reliable.

Overwhelmingly, unnamed sources contribute to a decrease in the reliability of the material, especially when the article contains negative news that the reader was not previously aware of. People are mainly interested in the source of such information.

The best information is considered to be such information that refers to sources with a certain authority, for example, those with official status, various statistical agencies, research institutes, etc.

This makes it easier to check the validity of the information.

Verification methods

Since only those information that correspond to reality are reliable, the skill of checking the received data and determining the degree of their reliability is very important. If you master this skill, then you can avoid all sorts of misinformation traps. To do this, it is necessary first of all to identify what semantic load the received information has: factorial or estimated.

Controlling the reliability of information is extremely important. Facts are what a person encounters first of all when he receives any information that is new to him. They refer to information that has already been verified for accuracy. If the information has not been verified or it cannot be done, then it does not contain facts in itself. These include numbers, events, names, dates. Also a fact is that which can be measured, confirmed, touched or listed. Most often, sociological and research institutes, agencies specializing in statistics, etc. have the opportunity to present them. The main feature that distinguishes a fact and an assessment of the reliability of information is the objectivity of the former. Evaluation is always a reflection of someone's subjective view or emotional attitude, and also calls for certain actions.

Differentiation of sources of information and their comparison

In addition, it is important to distinguish between its sources when obtaining information. Since the vast majority of facts are unlikely to be independently verified, the reliability of the data obtained is considered from the standpoint of trust in the sources that provided them. How to check the information source? The main factor that determines the truth is considered practice, or that which acts as an assistant in the performance of a specific task. The dominant criterion for any information is also its effectiveness, which is shown by the number of subjects who have used this information. The higher it is, the more confidence will be experienced in the received data, and their reliability is higher. This is the basic principle of the reliability of information.

Comparison of sources

In addition, it will be quite useful to compare sources with each other, since such qualities as authority and popularity do not yet give full guarantees of reliability. That is why the next important feature of information is its consistency. Each fact received from the source must be proved by the results of independent studies, that is, it must be repeated. If repeated analysis comes to identical conclusions, then it is established that the information is indeed consistent. This suggests that information of a single nature, random, does not deserve much confidence in itself.

Degree of confidence

The following proportion is observed: the greater the amount of such information derived from various sources, the higher their degree of reliability of information. Each source is responsible for the facts provided, not only from the point of view of morality and ethics, but also from the material point of view. If an organization provides data of dubious origin, then it can easily lose its reputation, and sometimes even the means to ensure its existence. In addition, you can not only lose the recipients of information, but even be punished in the form of a fine or imprisonment. That is why reputable sources with a certain authority will in no case risk their own reputation by publishing unreliable information.

What to do if a specific individual becomes the source of information?

There are situations when the source of information is not an organization, but a certain person. In these cases, it is necessary to find out as much information about this author as possible in order to determine the extent to which information provided by him should be trusted. You can verify the reliability of the data by familiarizing yourself with other works of the author, with his sources (if any), or to find out if he has speech freedom, that is, whether he can provide such information.

This criterion is determined by whether he has a degree or due experience in a certain field, as well as the position he occupies. Otherwise, the information may well be useless and even harmful. If the accuracy of the information cannot be verified in any way, it can immediately be considered meaningless. When searching for information, first of all, it is necessary to clearly formulate the problem that needs to be resolved, which will reduce the possibility of misinformation.

If the information is anonymous, then in no case can you vouch for the accuracy of the information. Any information must have its own author and be supported by his reputation. The most valuable, in principle, are those data, the source of which is an experienced person, and not a random one.

The number of inaccurate materials on the Internet is growing exponentially - readers are offered tearful stories that never happened in reality, or cases of egregious injustice, which in fact turn out to be a story with a double bottom. Sometimes money is collected on the Web to help people who do not exist - in this way, scammers take money from those who really need help.

It's time to learn to distinguish fact from fiction. Now, large Internet corporations have taken care of the abundance of false information - in other words, fakes on the Web. Social network Facebook even introduces a special button with which users can report false posts.

We tell you a few simple rules by which anyone can check the message for authenticity.

We check the picture. Visual information is perceived faster and deeper than textual information, so the creators of fakes often use photographs as evidence of false facts. Once upon a time, it was difficult to check when a photo appeared on the Web and on which page. Now it's easier than ever. Google launched the image search tool a long time ago. In order to find the original source, you can go to the Google Pictures service page, find the image of the camera next to the search bar, click on it and choose how the search will be performed - by the file you uploaded or by the link to the image. If you use the Google Chrome browser, then just right-click on the photo, and select "Find this image" in the drop-down menu. The search engine will instantly give you pages with the same picture. And so it turns out that the photograph that illustrates this or that incident in a fake message about modernity was taken 5 years ago, in another country and for another reason. Or that the photo of a child from, for example, Murmansk, for whose treatment a social network user collects money, was actually taken three years ago, for example, in Canada.

We check the video. The video and its authenticity are more difficult to verify. First, you should pay attention to the editing - in the created fake, there may be rough gluing. For example, the frames will vary greatly in quality, as they were pulled from different videos. If there is something to cling to - there may be important details in the frame indicating the dates and place of the event - then you can make a request for an Internet search engine and see if the incident mentioned in the story was reflected in local news or messages on forums and social networks .

Another tip on how to suspect a fake - turn off the "shell" in the head, that is, everything that frames the plot: the title, the description of the video, the post on the social network to which this video is attached. Watch the video with an open mind. If you hear only general words that are easily embedded in any context, you may have a fake in front of you. Reading the comments also helps - maybe someone who watched the video before you already remembered where he saw the original.

Checking out the characters. Nowadays, almost every person has left his mark on the Internet - pages on social networks, lists on the website of a school or university, success in professional activities. If we see that an expert is commenting on a suspicious message, it should be easy to verify his identity. The Internet should know about a real expert. If he is truly a professional. If there is no information about him, most likely, we have a fake expert. With eyewitnesses of all kinds of incidents, it is more difficult, but it is worth looking. A character about which there is no data on the Web may turn out to be fictional. Well, or a member of the security services, but that's a completely different story.

Checking the structure of the text. A deliberately false text should not contain specific facts. It should have tearing hearts and overflowing emotions. So that a person is covered with indignation even before logic and common sense are involved in the matter. Therefore, if you see few details, but a lot of exclamation marks, this is a reason to be wary. And just in case, conduct a check - according to the photo, video, characters and all the facts that are in the message. Are we talking about an orphanage, a school, a hospital? Surely its name is indicated there, it is easy to find a phone number on the Internet and call to clarify the information. In the process, it may turn out that such an institution does not exist at all - and this has happened.

Checking references and citations. If a publication on a social network contains links to the media or sites from which the information is taken, then it would be reasonable to find the original source of the message. If there is a link to the words of public people, it is better to compare them with the original quote, which can be found using any Internet search engine.

We check the data of charitable foundations. Often on the Web they collect money for charitable projects, which in the end turn out to be another scam. Dobro Mail.ru project manager Alexandra Babkina and the All Together charity meeting have prepared 10 rules that can be used to distinguish real requests for help from scammers. The first recommendation is to go to the foundation's website. It is unlikely to be real if:

1. He has a dubious address, a "crooked" transliteration.
2. He rarely publishes news, does not cooperate with the media, and has no partners.
3. “Forgets” about reporting: such a section on the site may not even exist at all.
4. Deletes comments on the site and bans asking questions.
5. Does not indicate bank details - only electronic wallets.
6. Indicates that the donation amount is too high.
7. Asks to transfer money to a personal account, and not to the account of organizations providing assistance.
8. The request for help does not indicate the place and other important details.
9. To access the help announcement, you need to send an SMS or pass verification.
10. Try calling this fund. In most cases, you are unlikely to get an answer.

These rules apply not only to messages from charitable foundations - if a user asks for help, but gives only e-wallets or an SMS number as details, this should arouse suspicion. If his message does not contain any specifics - names, places, names of hospitals, phone numbers - this is another reason to be wary. And do some more testing.

Many newcomers to the Internet think of it as some kind of Perfect Computer, the source of All Information About Everything. This is not new: I saw exactly the same pattern of behavior in the late 80s, when an influx of fresh modem users inflated the ranks of CompuServe, America Online, and other network services. Then, as now, many newcomers lost their temper when the right information was not available. They bombarded the oldies with questions like "Where can I find Milwaukee phone numbers that aren't in the phone book?" and "Where is the full genealogy of the family?"

They wanted all sorts of information that they couldn't find anywhere else, and they wanted to get it easily and for free. Most beginners quickly got out of the misconception that literally everything can be found online. They, however, couldn't help feeling hurt pride at the fact that someone dares to charge for information that is hard to find (such as expensive demographic surveys).

I say all this simply to emphasize that our society has given the information on the network an undeserved mystical halo. Maybe it's because of all those sci-fi movies where omniscient computers or robots were at work, or maybe it was a reflection of the impulse to fulfill all desires. Probably both.

Regardless of the source or reason, many of us expect computers to have all the information we need at hand, or at least to be able to find it for us. This need for information is seductive. It causes normally rational people to believe that any information they find is true, as long as it is the answer to the question asked. And they fall into a trap.

Very few people are able to make a judgment about the reliability and veracity of network information. We may find sites that we call rude, inappropriate, inappropriate, or politically illiterate. But only in extremely rare cases, the information provided on the site is considered from the point of view of its correspondence to reality.

This is bad. Because the WEB is full of poor quality information.

Does anyone check the accuracy of the information

Just as there are no police on the Internet, there is no central publishing house, library, or any information control agency. Information can be placed on the web by anyone who wants to create a website.

This means that anything can be placed in the network without relying on facts and without any correlation with reality. You can find stories from people who claim to have interacted with UFOs, the "true version" of a particular historical event, and other outlandish fabrications masquerading as the truth.

In other means of communication, the situation is different. Newspapers, TV and radio reports, magazines, and book publishers are usually quite accurate because they check the facts and don't (usually) try to pass off an opinion or theory as fact.

No one checks the facts on the websites. I think this is obvious to many readers. I must, however, make a special note of this, because many Internet users treat it the same way they treat other media. But a lot of the Internet looks complete only because of the mystical halo that I mentioned above, and because of the ease with which you can make web pages look like professional publications.

Anyone can put together a site that looks perfectly good, no less flashy and professional than sites owned by Time magazine, ABC, Neir York Times, Wired, or other established media. See for yourself: a site dedicated to Mika Bitsko's weekly trips to the heart of the sun in the company of aliens from Venus and the Dog Star has gained the same popularity as Time and Wired.

Unexpectedly, but the fact is that all the information looks the same. In particular, it looks equally believable. The Internet does not make it necessary for information to correspond to reality, and therefore there is no way for information consumers to distinguish accurate reporting from propaganda, reality from fiction, fact from fiction. Fictitious or misleading information on the Internet is very easy to pass off as fact.

The same applies to rumors. For example, to viral jokes.

Who is to blame? Not an extensive news service or a team of researchers, but, of course, Miki Bitsko - an interplanetary traveler - and thousands of his kind. Many play subtler, they simply give the information the right bias or manipulate the facts to support their point of view instead of the real picture. Some pass their conjectures as facts. Others may not be aware of the facts at all, and may themselves believe the false information they provide. Such people are not accountable to anyone, and they will not lose their jobs due to the spread of false information, intentional or out of ignorance. If you do not believe their information, you cannot boycott or protest them in the media.

Hence two tips:

do not consider the Internet the same medium as television, radio, newspapers and magazines. With few exceptions, he has nothing to do with them;
don't take anything you see on the internet for granted.

Don't forget: freedom of speech is a good thing, but it doesn't make lies true.

Information Strategies on the Internet

When dealing with information found on the web, it's a good strategy to carefully consider its source. A story about the drug trade in the online version of Time magazine is more likely to be factual than the same story from a small, fledgling political organization where misrepresentation is always on the agenda. This is mainly because commercial media sites are accountable to someone: their offline organizations, their owners and investors, subscribers and viewers. Any source of information on the WEB that has an analogue in the real world is likely to be as reliable as this analogue.

Check the information you find online. Errors sometimes creep into materials that have been translated or modified in some other way, and people make mistakes too. In general, at the slightest doubt - check.

Finally, think about this. Information, benign or not, is difficult to remove from the WEB. The ease with which information on the web is copied and propagated guarantees its rapid and widespread dissemination. But its removal is much slower. One bit of bad information can be multiplied a thousand times in a matter of days, but it is slow or non-existent to return and correct it.

Keywords

INTERNET SEARCH/SEARCH ON THE INTERNET/ RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION/ ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION / FUZZY CONCLUSION / INTEGRATED RELIABILITY OF THE SITE / INTEGRAL RELIABILITY OF THE WEBSITE

annotation scientific article on computer and information sciences, author of scientific work - Ivanova Svetlana Mikhailovna

The article deals with issues related to checking for reliability of information found as a result of a search query on the Internet. Reliability is defined in terms of completeness, integrity and truth of information. In this case, the main attention is paid to the last factor. To determine the truth, it is proposed to use the apparatus of fuzzy logic. The membership functions of fuzzy sets of conditional reliability and the proximity of the material to the desired one are described. The rules for deriving the determination of the integral reliability of the site page with respect to the required information have been developed. An example is given for calculating reliability of information presented on one of the sites. Reliability was determined for the method of solving a system of linear equations by the Cholesky method in relation to a number of other solution methods, such as the Cramer method. The results of an experimental verification of the method for the information found on several sites are shown.

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION FOUNDATION ON THE INTERNET S.M. Ivanova

The article discusses the issues associated with verification of the accuracy of the information found in the search results on the Internet. The accuracy is defined from the point of view of completeness, integrity, and truthfulness of information. The last factor is the main focus. To determine its validity, it is proposed to use fuzzy logic. There are membership functions of fuzzy sets for hypothetical accuracy and similarity of the material to the search one. The inference rules for determining the integral of the accuracy of the site page on the search information have been developed. An example to determine the accuracy of the information on one of the sites is presented. Accuracy was determined for the method of solving the system of linear equations by the method of Cholesky in correlation with a number of other methods of solution, such as the Kramer method. The results of experimental verification of the method are shown for the search information on different sites.

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Assessing the reliability of information found on the Internet"

UDC 519.253, 378.147.88 LBC 74.4, 32.973.26.-018.2

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION FOUND ON THE INTERNET

CM. Ivanova

Annotation. The article deals with issues related to checking the accuracy of information found as a result of a search query on the Internet. Reliability is defined in terms of completeness, integrity and truth of information. In this case, the main attention is paid to the last factor. To determine the truth, it is proposed to use the apparatus of fuzzy logic. The membership functions of fuzzy sets of conditional reliability and the proximity of the material to the desired one are described. The rules for deriving the determination of the integral reliability of the site page with respect to the required information have been developed. An example is given for calculating the reliability of information presented on one of the sites. Reliability was determined for the method of solving a system of linear equations by the Cholesky method in relation to a number of other solution methods, such as the Cramer method. The results of an experimental verification of the method for the information found on several sites are shown.

Key words: search in the Internet system, reliability of information, fuzzy conclusion, integral reliability of the site.

abstract. The article discusses the issues associated with verification of the accuracy of the information found in the search results on the Internet. The accuracy is defined from the point of view of completeness, integrity, and truthfulness of information. The last factor is the main focus. To determine its validity, it is proposed to use fuzzy logic. There are membership functions of fuzzy sets for hypothetical accuracy and similarity of the material to the search one. The inference rules for determining the integral of the accuracy of the site page on the search information have been developed. An example to determine the accuracy of the information on one of the sites is presented. Accuracy was determined for the method of solving the system of linear equa-

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION FOUNDATION ON THE INTERNET

tions by the method of Cholesky in correlation with a number of other methods of solution, such as the Kramer method. The results of experimental verification of the method are shown for the search information on different sites.

Keywords: search on the Internet, accuracy of the information, fuzzy conclusion, integral reliability of the website.

Every year, the volume of various information presented in the worldwide system of unified computer networks, the Internet, is growing exponentially. The World Wide Web brings together millions of computers, many different networks. Every year the number of users grows by 30-50%. The same data and facts are posted simultaneously on many sites. But at the same time, the likelihood of publishing erroneous information also increases. As a result, the question arises: “How to select the one that is reliable among the flow of information?”

In accordance with the state program of the Russian Federation "Development of Education" for 2013-2020. and the Federal State Educational Standards of the Federal State Educational Standards, at the moment much attention is paid to the organization of independent work of students in the learning process. It is here that the Internet becomes a necessary link in the educational process, it makes it possible to obtain additional knowledge, which is important for the development of self-educational activity. However, based on sociological research, one has to take into account the fact that, statistically, the average user spends no more than 15 minutes on one search query. Therefore, it is very important

but so that students not only know how to organize a search, but also quickly determine whether the information received is reliable.

General principles for the reliability of the information received

The reliability of information is determined by:

completeness,

integrity,

Truth.

Therefore, when training the organization of the search process, attention should be paid to all three components that determine the quality of the data obtained.

Issues of completeness of information can be resolved, including through the competent construction of a search query. The integrity of the information presented on the pages of the site largely depends on the correctness of its storage and the combination of presentation forms with the capabilities of the browser used. The most difficult and important is the ability to determine whether the information received is true. Ultimately, the reliability of the information received will depend on this.

Determining the validity and accuracy of information is quite a challenge for the user. Unfortunately, there are not many Internet sites that deserve

living full confidence. These can formally include only sites created by scientists or official communities where information is monitored and reviewed. There are a number of reserved addresses on the Internet. For example, if the second-level domain name is "gov.ru", then this resource belongs to a government organization. The domain name "ac.ru" refers the resource to various scientific or higher educational associations (research institute or higher school). The name "edu.ru" is a resource of official educational bodies. That is, only on Internet sites belonging to special organizations, the probability of an error is obviously small. If it is not possible to verify the reliability of the information found, based on the address of the Internet site or with the help of specialist advice, then it must be analyzed in some way.

One way is to check with links to the authors of the article. However, it is possible only if the sources of information are indicated on the site and the data sources are available.

The credibility of a complex message is often defined as the arithmetic mean of its parts. It is proposed to use a similar method to check the completeness, integrity and truth of the information presented on the site page. It is assumed that the reliability of information in general on different pages of the same site is approximately the same.

Since the site usually contains several pages, it is not

all information posted on it is new to the user. In this case, it is possible to determine the integral reliability of the site based on the data presented in its various sections. It is assumed that the information contained on other pages can be assessed by the student based on his basic knowledge.

Consider an example related to the search for one of the ways to solve a system of linear algebraic equations (SLAE). Suppose a student needs to learn the Cholesky method. Even in the case when an example of a solution is given on the site, it cannot be unequivocally stated that all the material is reliable. It should be noted that most of the sites related to providing information about the methods of solving SLAE contain, among other things, the two most popular and widespread exact methods: the Gauss method and the Cramer method, which are included in the compulsory educational program. Therefore, the student is invited to pre-evaluate the reliability of the information provided by the two methods known to them, which are similar to the method that they study on their own. Perhaps the site also contains the solution of systems of equations by approximate methods: the iteration method or the Seidel method. Then the material posted on these pages can also be checked for the absence of errors, however, due to the difference in the accuracy of the results obtained, the reliability of the last pages of the site should have a lesser effect on the conclusion about the reliability.

Rice. 1. Characteristic function

conditional proximity of the material presented on the site page

Rice. 2. Characteristic function of the reliability of the material presented on the site page

information about the Cholesky method. Thus, the conclusion about the reliability of the information presented on the page of the site of interest to the student depends on the reliability of the rest of the material and its relative proximity to the new material found on the Internet.

Apparatus for fuzzy inference of site page reliability

To determine the reliability of the information received, it is proposed to use the Mamdani controller of the fuzzy logic apparatus.

Linguistic variables in this case will be:

1. assessment of the conditional proximity of information on each page of the site, the reliability of which can be assessed, to the desired one;

2. assessment of the reliability of the material of paragraph 1.

Empirically, for the conditional proximity of the material by topic, one can define the concepts of “close”, “similar”, “there is a common” and “there is no coincidence”, which give a complete group (Fig. 1).

Similarly, a characteristic function is introduced to determine the reliability of each page of the site, defined by the user (Fig. 2).

Next, you should define the rules of fuzzy inference for determining the integral reliability of the site page with respect to the information you are looking for. For example, if the information on the page is close to the one being studied and is reliable, then it can be assumed that the required information 57 is classified as completely reliable. Completely all the withdrawal rules are presented in Table 1.

Each page of the site should be associated with the corresponding fuzzy set and its defuzzification should be carried out.

Table 1

Rules for the output of the integral reliability of the site page

conditional reliability-^^proximity of pages!"^^ close similar have common no match

unreliable possible doubtful conditional unreliable

something like probable possible doubtful conditional

it is possible to take into account certain probable possible doubtful

certain complete certain probable possible

close similar have common no match

Rice. 3. A certain value of proximity

Determining the reliability of information

Let us consider the application of the proposed fuzzy inference to determine the reliability of the entire site using the example of studying the solution of SLAE by the Cholesky method.

A site was found containing both information about this method and a number of other methods for solving

unreliable

there is something similar

can be taken into account

Rice. 4. A certain value of certainty

niya SLAU. Consider one of the pages showing the solution of systems of linear equations by Cramer's method. Let the value of proximity and reliability of a particular page be empirically determined as follows (vertical dotted line in Figures 3, 4):

Unreliable

Conditional certainty

■ -doubtful

certainty ■-possible

■ -defined

authenticity

A \ ^ !\ !\ g. "; P

Unreliable

■ conditional certainty questionable certainty -possible certainty = probable certainty -certain certainty = complete certainty

Rice. 5. Information is close and reliable

Rice. 6. Information is similar and reliable

Unreliable

Conditional

reliability ■ - doubtful reliability ■ - possible

certainty = probable

certainty > "certain certainty = complete certainty

1 ■ ■ * 1 I \

Unreliable

Conditional certainty

■ -doubtful

reliability > -possible

certainty = probable certainty

■ “certain

reliability = full

authenticity

Rice. 7. Information is close and taken into account

Rice. 8. Information is similar and relevant

unreliable

Conditional certainty

■ "doubtful

authenticity

■ -possible

certainty = probable certainty

■ -defined

reliability = full

authenticity

Rice. 9. Fuzzy set of one page and its defuzzification

sets. There are four possible combinations.

If the information on the page is close to the newly studied one with a degree of 0.75 and reliable with a degree of 0.9, then, according to Table 1, the page is completely reliable with a degree of m^n (0.75; 0.9) = 0.75 (Fig. . five). If the information is similar with a degree of 0.25 and reliable with a degree of 0.9, then it is definitely reliable with a degree m^n(0.25; 0.9)=0.25 (Fig. 6). The fuzzy inference for the two remaining combinations is defined similarly (Fig. 7, 8).

Combining these four results gives a general solution (Fig. 9), the defuzzification of which can be carried out, for example, by determining the center of gravity of a fuzzy set (indicated in the figure by a white dot).

After defuzzification has been carried out for all pages of the site containing known information, the final reliability of the Internet resource in the context of the information under study is proposed to be determined as the mean square of all centers of gravity of the obtained fuzzy sets. This result makes it possible to determine whether information from the studied site should be used for training.

Conclusion

The proposed method for determining the reliability of a site was experimentally tested for the search for information about the solution of SLAE by the Cholesky method described above. The greatest truth was given, as expected, by Internet resources specializing in providing various kinds of educational information (for example, http://www.exponenta.ru). Information sites (pages related to solving systems of equations and working with 59 matrices were considered) had a lower result on the reliability scale.

At the same time, it should be noted that the study of the material on the academic student website of the Higher School of Economics (http://students.uni-vologda.ac.ru) gave a good result, but the information was displayed differently in different Internet browsers. That is, with its truth, determined according to the fuzzy conclusion, the integrity condition was not always met.

Thus, the proposed method for determining the reliability of information gives a good result, provided that the completeness conditions are met

and the integrity of the material presented, which can be implemented with the help of well-built search queries and the possibility of a preliminary superficial analysis. Formalization of these parameters also seems possible, although it requires some skill in searching by keywords and a general assessment.

Note that this process can be simplified by automating the proposed algorithm. This will help students evaluate the information presented on the Internet in terms of its reliability: completeness, integrity and truth.

LIST OF SOURCES AND LITERATURE

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Ivanova Svetlana Mikhailovna, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Information Systems, Moscow State Technological University "STANKIN"; mathematics teacher, secondary school No. 2107 (1840), Moscow, [email protected]

Ivanova S.M., PhD in Engineering, Associate Professor, Information Systems Department, Moscow state technological University "STANKIN", Mathematics Teacher, Secondary School No. 2107 (1840), Moscow, [email protected]

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Bibliographic description of the article for citation:

Agafonova M. S., Kunova E. S. Problems of media education and reliability of information on the Internet // Scientific and methodological electronic journal "Concept". – 2017. – T. 39. – S. 341–345..htm.

Annotation. The article is devoted to the problem of the reliability of information on the Internet, methods of its verification for reliability, as well as a list of necessary skills to separate reliable information from unreliable. The article also reveals the need for training in media education skills in educational institutions, providing a list of verified sites, the information of which can be safely used.

Article text

Agafonova Margarita Sergeevna, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Construction Management, Voronezh State Technical University, Voronezh [email protected]

Kunova Elena Sergeevna, student of the Institute of Economics, Management and Information Technologies, Voronezh State Technical University, Voronezh [email protected]

Problems of media education. Reliability of information on the Internet

Annotation. The article is devoted to the problem of the reliability of information on the Internet, methods of checking it for reliability, as well as a list of necessary skills to separate reliable information from unreliable information. The article also reveals the need for training media education skills in educational institutions, providing a list of verified sites, the information of which can be safely used .Key words: information, unreliable information, reliable information, sources of information, verified information resources, factual errors, argumentation of information.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the fact that at the moment the Internet is very popular among most people. At present, few people imagine their life without an electronic global network. With the help of the Internet, the consumer of information significantly reduces the time and effort of finding the necessary data without facing problems of access to them. The problem is that for easy access to the network, the consumer does not always receive reliable information passed through the sieve of professional expertise, since, to a greater extent, false, untrue data enters the network. In modern society, the Internet is one of the most popular sources of information. It is very convenient and easy to find the necessary data in it, spending relatively less time on it than when using newspapers, books, encyclopedias, radio and television broadcasting.Internet

1) contain educational programs that have state accreditation; 2) have a license; 3) be included in the Federal list of textbooks recommended and approved for use in educational institutions; 4) comply with the Federal State Educational Standard. No one is immune from receiving false information from electronic textbooks, since anyone has the right to release them. It is best to trust only official dictionaries and encyclopedias. Many people use Wikipedia every day to find what they need for study, work, personal development, completely unaware that they are using a free unofficial encyclopedia that anyone can edit, so everything can be that they operate with inaccurate data and facts. To the question “how to make sure the information on the Internet is correct”, first of all, you need to have an idea about the concepts of reliable and false information, as well as be able to distinguish them from each other. Information is information about objects and environmental phenomena, their parameters, properties and state, which perceive information systems (living organisms, control machines, etc.) in the process of life and work. Information that does not correspond to reality is considered unreliable. It contains information about events and phenomena that did not exist at all or existed, but information about them does not correspond to reality, is incomplete or distorted. Reliable information is information that is beyond doubt, genuine, real. Information that corresponds to reality, facts, the existence of which, if necessary, can be confirmed by legally correct procedures using documents, witnesses, expert opinions, etc. I also consider information with reference to the source to be reliable if there are no questions about the reliability of the source itself. To the sources of information should include the following:

the documents;

publications in printed form;

Internet sites (portals, pages, media, etc.);

individuals who have information of interest to the media;

real human environment;

virtual information environment. A reliable source is documents that are legally verified. Information sources are classified according to reliability (reliable, inaccurate) and competence (competent, incompetent). Information on the network is not a guarantee of complete reliability, therefore, when extracting information, it is necessary, first , pay attention to source links. Competent sources are those sources that are authorized in a particular area or issue. If an article or some other work on the network is handled by a person who has established himself as a competent specialist, then a link is not always necessary to verify the authenticity. In order to find out whether a given author is competent or not, it is advisable to familiarize yourself with his other works, comments, clarify the presence of a certain position he holds, status, and see people's reviews about him and his works. If you have information about the author from sources such as pages on social networks, a personal blog, you can find out additional information about the presence of a scientific degree, work experience as a journalist, etc. It's a completely different story if the author chose to remain anonymous. It's best to rely on authoritative sources. They can be research centers, statistical services. In most cases, reprinted information from one site to another is distributed over the network. In such a situation, it is very difficult to determine the reliability of the data provided, since these sites may rely on one unreliable source. The resource rating will determine the authority and popularity of this content, user reviews of the site material. Search engines like Google and Yandex can make life easier by listing the citation index of the source, showing similar or identical information for comparison and validation, and displaying all information from search queries. A network resource may have a special media registration certificate , by virtue of which he must be responsible for posting any information, which means that such a resource deserves special attention and trust from people. RIA Novosti, Interfax, ITARTASS are official news agencies. You can confidently trust these services and use the data posted on their pages. Network agency NNS (Nationalnewsservice) or, in other words, NSN (National News Service) deserves special attention. It is dynamically developing its correspondent network, monthly presents collections of articles corresponding to the highest journalistic and theoretical level. Gazeta.ru is also a source of quality information. Resources in the field of education are also tested for validity. Below is a list of verified sites.http://window.edu.ru

Unified access to teaching aids for general and vocational education.

http://schoolcollection.edu.ru

Collection of school resources for teachers and students (manuals, textbooks in various disciplines). http://fcior.edu.ru

Federal service with materials for secondary and vocational education. http://school.edu.ru

Methodological materials on primary and secondary school subjects. The resources presented have undergone scientific and methodological examination. Checking and evaluating facts is a mandatory way to establish the fact about the reliability of data. On the Internet, you can find that various facts, both reliable and unreliable, are freely used in the information. Scientific unreliability may indicate the incompleteness of the message. This happens when the author himself does not have full information on this topic, or when he deliberately hides some of the information, based on personal goals. In this case, hiding a part of the material is called information selection. Interest attracts readers to a pair of properties of the object of study or event, phenomenon. In this way, information can be distorted, leading to the spread of scientific errors.

If the text is misunderstood, if the interpretation is incorrect, factual errors are born. They arise as a result of a person's inability to evaluate the content, to see the problems cited in the text. A factual error appears in the absence of the ability to detect and formulate the author's position. The author's fantasy can often give rise to factual errors when adding elements of his own conjecture to the text. The reason may be inaccurate quoting, confusion in terms and meanings. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to correctly work with facts and evaluate the information message. Argumentation of facts is one of the most important moments in determining reliability. What can be justified is true. This is the satisfaction of the principle of sufficient reason. But well-reasoned statements can be correct and not correct. Arguing opponents are important victory, not the search for truth. For the sake of victory, the parties use methods that are far from logic. In order to navigate the information available for use on the Internet and know the difference between reliable and unreliable, you need to: 1) have the skills of a rational search for information, know what you need to find in order to correctly formulate a query in a search engine ; 2) examine the sources of information; 3) be able to evaluate and select the necessary information; 4) learn how to build the logic, structure and plan for the functioning of information; 5) be able to identify factual errors; 6) determine the hidden meaning in the text, systematizing the data; 7) distinguish scientific and correct argumentation from unscientific and incorrect. Currently, teaching students how to work with data is an important point, since they are largely exposed to disapproving, inaccurate, false information due to educational, psychological and age characteristics. The Internet, in turn, gives adolescents access to information they bark to receive. Teenagers treat traditional media with less trust, not reacting to them. The level of confidence in the Internet among such representatives is several orders of magnitude higher, because they can find relatively more information of interest on any issue on the network. But despite such an impact of information services, the degree of preparedness is very low. The problem lies in the independent interpretation of the acquired knowledge and facts due to age differences, life experience and the level of cultural development of the individual. Based on these trends, it is necessary to teach children and adolescents to use their potential fully, combining several types of cognitive activity in the network at once. The process of understanding the information received plays an important role in the implementation of personal information protection. Any technology, including the Internet, helps to overcome the actual problems of a person and solve certain problems. The concentration of students, the degree of their mastery of technology and knowledge is directly related to the ability of the teacher to organize work in the classroom.

For an error-free organization of any type of activity, and in this matter, when receiving and analyzing facts obtained from the Internet, it is necessary: 1. To establish the main idea and give preference to it; Set specific goals for yourself; 3. Identify ways to achieve the ultimate goal; 4. Activate thinking; 5. Identify possible errors; 6. Provide control over execution. To sharpen attention when perceiving facts while searching for information on the network, you need to resort to the possibility of interpreting it in your own unique way. This method will attract more attention of students, increase the level of interest, creating an emotional fullness of the lesson, and also provide feedback. Feedback can be from both the teacher and the student with self-control. In order for the information to be assimilated simply and classes to be held effectively, the teacher, when explaining, must use those concepts and definitions that correspond to the level of educational preparation of students. Summing up, we can conclude that the use of network information is very useful, especially when it acts as a tool for achieving a particular goal, acquiring intellectual skills. It was revealed that the skillful use of information on the Internet is necessary for the possession of media educational skills, as well as methods of working with facts for the ability to distinguish reliable information from false.

References 1. Agafonova MS, Sukhinina EA Methodology for Ensuring the Competitiveness of the Management of Enterprise Networks Based on Effective Communications// Modern science-intensive technologies. 2013. No. 101. P. 141142.2. Gostishchev V.R., Agafonova M.S. Modern leadership in network management // International Student Scientific Bulletin. 2016. No. 20. P. 83.3. Kaveshnikova L.A., Agafonova M.S. Motivation of teachers as a basis for the quality of higher education // Scientific Review. Economic sciences. 2016. No. 2. S. 7881.

Methods for assessing the reliability of information on the Internet. Lies on the Web: how to recognize false information on the Internet? What data from the Internet can be trusted

What does this mean?

Adequacy of information

Definition of the concepts of reliable and false information

Types of information sources

Competent and incompetent

Link to source

Verification methods

Differentiation of sources of information and their comparison

Comparison of sources

Degree of confidence

What to do if a specific individual becomes the source of information?

Does anyone check the accuracy of the information

Information Strategies on the Internet

annotation scientific article on computer and information sciences, author of scientific work - Ivanova Svetlana Mikhailovna

Related Topics scientific works on computer and information sciences, author of scientific work - Ivanova Svetlana Mikhailovna

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION FOUNDATION ON THE INTERNET S.M. Ivanova

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Assessing the reliability of information found on the Internet"