Designation on the board sa. Designation of radio components on the diagram

Graphic designation of radio components on diagrams. Designation of radio components on the diagram and their name

Designation of radioelements. Photos and names

Designation	Name	Photo	Description
	Grounding	Protective grounding - protects people from electric shock in electrical installations.
		A battery is a galvanic cell in which chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
		A solar battery is used to convert solar energy into electrical energy.
		A voltmeter is a measuring device for determining voltage or emf in electrical circuits.
		An ammeter is a device for measuring current, the scale is calibrated in microamps or amperes.
		Switch is a switching device designed to turn on and off individual circuits or electrical equipment.
		The tact button is a switching mechanism that closes the electrical circuit as long as there is pressure on the pusher.
		General purpose incandescent lamps, intended for indoor and outdoor lighting.
			Motor (engine) is a device that converts electricity into mechanical work (rotation).
		Piezodynamics (piezo emitters) are used in technology to notify any incident or event.
		A resistor is a passive element of electrical circuits that has a certain value of electrical resistance.
		A variable resistor is designed to smoothly change the current by changing its own resistance.
	Photoresistor		A photoresistor is a resistor whose electrical resistance changes under the influence of light rays (lighting).
	Thermistor		Thermistors or thermistors are semiconductor resistors with a negative temperature coefficient of resistance.
		A fuse is an electrical device designed to disconnect the protected circuit by destruction.
		The capacitor serves to accumulate charge and energy of the electric field. The capacitor charges and discharges quickly.
		The diode has different conductivity. The purpose of a diode is to conduct electric current in one direction.
		Light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that creates optical radiation when passing electricity.
		A photodiode is an optical radiation receiver that converts light into electrical charge through a process in a pn junction.
		A thyristor is a semiconductor switch, i.e. a device whose purpose is to close and open a circuit.
		The purpose of the zener diode is to stabilize the voltage across the load when the voltage in the external circuit changes.
		A transistor is a semiconductor device designed to amplify and control electric current.
		A phototransistor is a semiconductor transistor that is sensitive to the light flux (illumination) irradiating it.

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For beginners about radio components | Master Vintik. Everything with your own hands!

In order to assemble a circuit, what kind of radio components are needed: resistors (resistance), transistors, diodes, capacitors, etc. From the variety of radio components, you must be able to quickly distinguish the one you need by appearance, decipher the inscription on its body, and determine the pinout. All this will be discussed below.

This detail is found in almost every amateur radio design. As a rule, the simplest capacitor is two metal plates (plates) and air between them as a dielectric. Instead of air, there may be porcelain, mica or other material that does not conduct current. Direct current does not pass through the capacitor, but alternating current does pass through the capacitor. Due to this property, a capacitor is placed where it is necessary to separate direct current from alternating current.

The main parameter of a capacitor is capacity.

The unit of capacitance - microfarad (uF) is taken as the basis in amateur radio designs and in industrial equipment. But another unit is more often used - the picofarad (pF), a millionth of a microfarad (1 µF = 1,000 nF = 1,000,000 pF). On the diagrams you will find both units. Moreover, capacitance up to 9100 pF inclusive is indicated on circuits in picofarads or nanofarads (9n1), and above - in microfarads. If, for example, next to the symbol of the capacitor it is written “27”, “510” or “6800”, then the capacitance of the capacitor is 27, 510, 6800 pF or n510 (0.51 nf = 510 pf or 6n8 = 6.8 nf) respectively = 6800pf). But the numbers 0.015, 0.25 or 1.0 indicate that the capacitance of the capacitor is the corresponding number of microfarads (0.015 μF = 15 nF = 15,000 pF).

Types of capacitors.

Capacitors come in fixed and variable capacitance.

For variable capacitors, the capacitance changes as the outward-protruding axis rotates. In this case, one pad (movable) is placed on a non-movable one without touching it, as a result the capacity increases. In addition to these two types, our designs use another type of capacitor - trimmer. Usually it is installed in one or another device in order to more accurately select the required capacitance during setup and not touch the capacitor again. In amateur designs, a tuning capacitor is often used as a variable capacitor - it is cheaper and more accessible.

Capacitors differ in the material between the plates and the design. There are air, mica, ceramic, etc. capacitors. This type of permanent capacitors is not polar. Another type of capacitors is electrolytic (polar). Such capacitors produce large capacities - from a tenth of a microfarad to several tens of microfarads. The diagrams for them indicate not only the capacity, but also the maximum voltage at which they can be used. For example, the inscription 10.0 x 25 V means that a capacitor with a capacity of 10 µF should be taken for a voltage of 25 V.

For variable or tuning capacitors, the diagram indicates the extreme values of the capacitance that are obtained if the axis of the capacitor is rotated from one extreme position to the other or rotated in a circle (as with tuning capacitors). For example, the inscription 10 - 240 indicates that in one extreme position of the axis the capacitance of the capacitor is 10 pF, and in the other - 240 pF. When turning smoothly from one position to another, the capacitance of the capacitor will also smoothly change from 10 to 240 pF or vice versa - from 240 to 10 pF.

I must say that this part, like the capacitor, can be seen in many homemade products. It is a porcelain tube (or rod), on which a thin film of metal or soot (carbon) is sprayed on the outside. On low-resistance, high-power resistors, a nichrome thread is wound on top. A resistor has resistance and is used to set the desired current in an electrical circuit. Remember the example with a tank: by changing the diameter of the pipe (load resistance), you can obtain one or another speed of water flow (electric current of varying strength). The thinner the film on the porcelain tube or rod, the greater the resistance to current.

Resistors can be fixed or variable.

Of the constants, resistors of the type MLT (metalized varnished heat-resistant), BC (moisture-resistant resistance), ULM (carbon varnished small-sized) are most often used; of the variables - SP (variable resistance) and SPO (variable volumetric resistance). The appearance of fixed resistors is shown in Fig. below.

Resistors are classified by resistance and power. Resistance, as you already know, is measured in ohms (Ohms), kiloohms (kOhms) and megaohms (MOhms). Power is expressed in watts and is denoted by the letters W. Resistors of different powers differ in size. The greater the power of the resistor, the larger its size.

The resistance of the resistor is indicated on the diagrams next to its symbol. If the resistance is less than 1 kOhm, the numbers indicate the number of ohms without a unit of measurement. If the resistance is 1 kOhm or more - up to 1 MOhm, indicate the number of kilo-ohms and place the letter “k” next to it. Resistance of 1 MOhm and higher is expressed as a megaohm number with the addition of the letter “M”. For example, if on the diagram next to the resistor symbol it says 510, then the resistance of the resistor is 510 Ohms. The designations 3.6 k and 820 k correspond to a resistance of 3.6 kOhm and 820 kOhm, respectively. The inscription on the diagram 1 M or 4.7 M means that resistances of 1 MOhm and 4.7 MOhm are used.

Unlike fixed resistors, which have two terminals, variable resistors have three such terminals. The diagram shows the resistance between the extreme terminals of the variable resistor. The resistance between the middle terminal and the outer terminals changes with the rotation of the outward axis of the resistor. Moreover, when the axis is turned in one direction, the resistance between the middle terminal and one of the extreme ones increases, correspondingly decreasing between the middle terminal and the other extreme one. When the axis is turned back, the opposite phenomenon occurs. This property of a variable resistor is used, for example, to regulate the sound volume in amplifiers, receivers, televisions, etc.

Semiconductor devices.

They are made up of a whole group of parts: diodes, zener diodes, transistors. Each part uses a semiconductor material, or more simply a semiconductor. What it is? All existing substances can be divided into three large groups. Some of them - copper, iron, aluminum and other metals - conduct electric current well - these are conductors. Wood, porcelain, and plastic do not conduct current at all. They are non-conductors, insulators (dielectrics). Semiconductors occupy an intermediate position between conductors and dielectrics. Such materials conduct current only under certain conditions.

The diode (see figure below) has two terminals: anode and cathode. If you connect a battery to them with poles: plus - to the anode, minus - to the cathode, current will flow in the direction from the anode to the cathode. The diode resistance in this direction is small. If you try to change the poles of the batteries, that is, turn the diode “in reverse,” then no current will flow through the diode. In this direction the diode has high resistance. If we pass alternating current through the diode, then at the output we will get only one half-wave - it will be a pulsating, but direct current. If alternating current is applied to four diodes connected by a bridge, then we will already get two positive half-waves.

These semiconductor devices also have two terminals: an anode and a cathode. In the forward direction (from anode to cathode), the zener diode works like a diode, passing current freely. But in the opposite direction, at first it does not pass current (like a diode), but with an increase in the voltage supplied to it, it suddenly “breaks through” and begins to pass current. The “breakdown” voltage is called stabilization voltage. It will remain unchanged even with a significant increase in input voltage. Thanks to this property, the zener diode is used in all cases where it is necessary to obtain a stable supply voltage for a device during fluctuations, for example, the mains voltage.

Of the semiconductor devices, the transistor (see figure below) is most often used in radio electronics. It has three terminals: base (b), emitter (e) and collector (k). A transistor is an amplifying device. It can be roughly compared with such a device as you know as a horn. It is enough to say something in front of the narrow opening of the horn, pointing the wide one towards a friend standing several tens of meters away, and the voice, amplified by the horn, will be clearly heard in the distance. If we take the narrow hole as the input of the horn-amplifier, and the wide one as the output, then we can say that the output signal is several times larger than the input signal. This is an indicator of the amplification capabilities of the horn, its gain.

Nowadays the variety of manufactured radio components is very rich, so the figures do not show all their types.

But let's return to the transistor. If you pass a weak current through the base-emitter section, it will be amplified by the transistor tens or even hundreds of times. The increased current will flow through the collector-emitter section. If the transistor is measured base-emitter and base-collector with a multimeter, then it is similar to measuring two diodes. Depending on the maximum current that can be passed through the collector, transistors are divided into low-power, medium-power and high-power. In addition, these semiconductor devices can be pnp or npn structures. This is how transistors with different alternations of layers of semiconductor materials differ (if a diode has two layers of material, there are three). The gain of a transistor does not depend on its structure.

Literature: B. S. Ivanov, “ELECTRONIC HOMEMADE”

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RADIO ELEMENTS

This reference material provides the appearance, name and marking of the main foreign radio components - microcircuits of various types, connectors, quartz resonators, inductors, and so on. The information is really useful, since many are well familiar with domestic parts, but not so much with imported ones, but they are the ones that are installed in all modern circuits. Minimal knowledge of English is welcome, since all the inscriptions are not in Russian. For convenience, the details are grouped into groups. Do not pay attention to the first letter in the description, example: f_Fuse_5_20Glass - means a 5x20 mm glass fuse.

As for the designation of all these radio elements on electrical circuit diagrams, see background information on this issue in another article.

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Graphic and letter designations of radio components on diagrams

A.M.	amplitude modulation
AFC	automatic frequency adjustment
APCG	automatic local oscillator frequency adjustment
APChF	automatic frequency and phase adjustment
AGC	automatic gain control
ARYA	automatic brightness adjustment
AC	acoustic system
AFU	antenna-feeder device
ADC	analog-to-digital converter
frequency response	amplitude-frequency response
BGIMS	large hybrid integrated circuit
NOS	wireless remote control
BIS	large integrated circuit
BOS	signal processing unit
BP	power unit
BR	scanner
DBK	radio channel block
BS	information block
BTK	blocking transformer personnel
BTS	blocking transformer line
BOO	Control block
BC	chroma block
BCI	integrated color block (using microcircuits)
VD	video detector
VIM	time-pulse modulation
VU	video amplifier; input (output) device
HF	high frequency
G	heterodyne
GW	playback head
GHF	high frequency generator
GHF	hyper high frequency
GZ	start generator; recording head
GIR	heterodyne resonance indicator
GIS	hybrid integrated circuit
GKR	frame generator
GKCH	sweep generator
GMW	meter wave generator
GPA	smooth range generator
GO	envelope generator
HS	signal generator
GSR	line scan generator
gss	standard signal generator
yy	clock generator
GU	universal head
VCO	voltage controlled generator
D	detector
dv	long waves
dd	fractional detector
days	voltage divider
dm	power divider
DMV	decimeter waves
DU	remote control
DShPF	dynamic noise reduction filter
EASC	unified automated communication network
ESKD	unified system of design documentation
zg	audio frequency generator; master oscillator
zs	slowing system; sound signal; pickup
AF	audio frequency
AND	integrator
ICM	pulse code modulation
ICU	quasi-peak level meter
ims	integrated circuit
ini	linear distortion meter
inch	infra-low frequency
and he	reference voltage source
SP	power supply
ichh	frequency response meter
To	switch
KBV	traveling wave coefficient
HF	short waves
kWh	extremely high frequency
KZV	recording-playback channel
CMM	pulse code modulation
kk	frame deflection coils
km	coding matrix
cnc	extremely low frequency
efficiency	efficiency
KS	deflection system line coils
ksv	standing wave ratio
ksvn	voltage standing wave ratio
CT	check Point
KF	focusing coil
TWT	traveling wave lamp
lz	delay line
fishing	back wave lamp
LPD	avalanche diode
lppt	tube-semiconductor TV
m	modulator
M.A.	magnetic antenna
M.B.	meter waves
TIR	metal-insulator-semiconductor structure
MOP	metal-oxide-semiconductor structure
ms	chip
MU	microphone amplifier
neither	nonlinear distortion
LF	low frequency
ABOUT	common base (switching on a transistor according to a circuit with a common base)
VHF	very high frequency
oi	common source (turning on the transistor *according to a circuit with a common source)
OK	common collector (switching on a transistor according to a circuit with a common collector)
onch	very low frequency
oos	negative feedback
OS	deflection system
OU	operational amplifier
OE	common emitter (connecting a transistor according to a circuit with a common emitter)
Surfactant	surface acoustic waves
pds	two-speech set-top box
Remote control	remote control
pcn	code-voltage converter
pnc	voltage-to-code converter
PNC	converter voltage frequency
village	positive feedback
PPU	noise suppressor
pch	intermediate frequency; frequency converter
ptk	tv channel switch
PTS	full TV signal
Vocational school	industrial television installation
PU	preliminary effort
PUV	playback pre-amplifier
PUZ	recording pre-amplifier
PF	bandpass filter; piezo filter
ph	transfer characteristic
pcts	full color television signal
Radar	line linearity regulator; radar station
RP	memory register
RPCHG	manual adjustment of local oscillator frequency
RRS	line size control
PC	shift register; mixing regulator
RF	notch or stop filter
REA	radio-electronic equipment
SBDU	wireless remote control system
VLSI	ultra-large scale integrated circuit
NE	medium waves
SVP	touch program selection
Microwave	ultra high frequency
sg	signal generator
SDV	ultralong waves
SDU	dynamic light installation; remote control system
SK	channel selector
SLE	all-wave channel selector
sk-d	UHF channel selector
SK-M	meter wave channel selector
CM	mixer
ench	ultra-low frequency
JV	grid field signal
ss	clock signal
ssi	horizontal clock pulse
SU	selector amplifier
sch	average frequency
TV	tropospheric radio waves; TV
TVS	line output transformer
tvz	audio output channel transformer
tvk	output frame transformer
TIT	television test chart
TKE	temperature coefficient of capacitance
tka	temperature coefficient of inductance
tkmp	temperature coefficient of initial magnetic permeability
tkns	temperature coefficient of stabilization voltage
tks	temperature coefficient of resistance
ts	network transformer
shopping center	television center
tsp	color bar table
THAT	technical specifications
U	amplifier
UV	playback amplifier
UVS	video amplifier
UVH	sample-hold device
UHF	high frequency signal amplifier
UHF	UHF
UZ	recording amplifier
Ultrasound	audio amplifier
VHF	ultrashort waves
ULPT	unified tube-semiconductor TV
ULLTST	unified lamp-semiconductor color TV
ULT	unified tube TV
UMZCH	audio power amplifier
CNT	unified TV
ULF	low frequency signal amplifier
UNU	voltage controlled amplifier.
UPT	DC amplifier; unified semiconductor TV
HRC	intermediate frequency signal amplifier
UPCHZ	intermediate frequency signal amplifier?
UPCH	intermediate frequency image amplifier
URCH	radio frequency signal amplifier
US	interface device; comparison device
USHF	microwave signal amplifier
USS	horizontal sync amplifier
USU	universal touch device
UU	control device (node)
UE	accelerating (control) electrode
UEIT	universal electronic test chart
PLL	phase automatic frequency control
HPF	high pass filter
FD	phase detector; photodiode
FIM	pulse phase modulation
FM	phase modulation
LPF	low pass filter
FPF	intermediate frequency filter
FPCHZ	audio intermediate frequency filter
FPCH	image intermediate frequency filter
FSI	lumped selectivity filter
FSS	concentrated selection filter
FT	phototransistor
FCHH	phase-frequency response
DAC	digital-to-analog converter
Digital computer	digital computer
CMU	color and music installation
DH	central television
BH	frequency detector
CHIM	pulse frequency modulation
world championship	frequency modulation
shim	pulse width modulation
shs	noise signal
ev	electron volt (e V)
COMPUTER.	electronic computer
emf	electromotive force
ek	electronic switch
CRT	cathode-ray tube
AMY	electronic musical instrument
emos	electromechanical feedback
EMF	electromechanical filter
EPU	record player
Digital computer	electronic digital computer

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Radio components are... What are Radio components?

Radio components Designation of radio components on diagrams

Radio components are the colloquial name for electronic components used for the manufacture of digital and analog electronics devices (instruments).

The appearance of the name was influenced by the historical fact that at the beginning of the 20th century, the first widespread, and at the same time technically difficult for a non-specialist, electronic device was the radio. Initially, the term radio components meant electronic components used for the production of radio receivers; then the everyday name, with a certain amount of irony, spread to other radio-electronic components and devices that no longer have a direct connection with the radio.

Classification

Electronic components are divided, according to the method of action in the electrical circuit, into active and passive.

Passive

The basic elements found in almost all electronic circuits of radio-electronic equipment (REA) are:

Using electromagnetic induction

Based on electromagnets:

In addition, to create a circuit, all kinds of connectors and circuit breakers - keys - are used; for protection against overvoltage and short circuit - fuses; for human perception of the signal - light bulbs and speakers (dynamic loudspeaker head), for signal formation - a microphone and video camera; To receive an analog signal transmitted over the air, the receiver needs an Antenna, and to operate outside the electrical network, batteries.

Active

Vacuum devices

With the development of electronics, vacuum electronic devices appeared:

Semiconductor devices

Subsequently, semiconductor devices became widespread:

and more complex complexes based on them - integrated circuits

By installation method

Technologically, according to the installation method, radio components can be divided into:

Links

dic.academic.ru

designations on the diagram. How to read the designations of radio components on the diagram?

Technologies June 4, 2016

In the article you will learn about what radio components exist. The designations on the diagram according to GOST will be reviewed. You need to start with the most common ones - resistors and capacitors.

To assemble any structure, you need to know what radio components look like in reality, as well as how they are indicated on electrical diagrams. There are a lot of radio components - transistors, capacitors, resistors, diodes, etc.

Capacitors are parts that are found in any design without exception. Usually the simplest capacitors are two metal plates. And air acts as a dielectric component. I immediately remember my physics lessons at school, when we covered the topic of capacitors. The model was two huge flat round pieces of iron. They were brought closer to each other, then further away. And measurements were taken in each position. It is worth noting that mica can be used instead of air, as well as any material that does not conduct electric current. The designations of radio components on imported circuit diagrams differ from GOST standards adopted in our country.

Please note that regular capacitors do not carry direct current. On the other hand, alternating current passes through it without any particular difficulties. Given this property, a capacitor is installed only where it is necessary to separate the alternating component in direct current. Therefore, we can make an equivalent circuit (using Kirchhoff’s theorem):

When operating on alternating current, the capacitor is replaced by a piece of conductor with zero resistance.
When operating in a DC circuit, the capacitor is replaced (no, not by capacitance!) by resistance.

The main characteristic of a capacitor is its electrical capacitance. The unit of capacitance is Farad. It's very big. In practice, as a rule, capacitors are used whose capacitance is measured in microfarads, nanofarads, microfarads. In the diagrams, the capacitor is indicated in the form of two parallel lines, from which there are taps.

Variable capacitors

There is also a type of device in which the capacity changes (in this case due to the fact that there are movable plates). The capacitance depends on the size of the plate (in the formula, S is its area), as well as on the distance between the electrodes. In a variable capacitor with an air dielectric, for example, due to the presence of a moving part, it is possible to quickly change the area. Consequently, the capacity will also change. But the designation of radio components on foreign diagrams is somewhat different. A resistor, for example, is depicted on them as a broken curve.

Video on the topic

Permanent capacitors

These elements have differences in design, as well as in the materials from which they are made. The most popular types of dielectrics can be distinguished:

Air.
Mica.
Ceramics.

But this applies exclusively to non-polar elements. There are also electrolytic capacitors (polar). It is these elements that have very large capacities - ranging from tenths of microfarads to several thousand. In addition to the capacity, such elements have one more parameter - the maximum voltage value at which its use is allowed. These parameters are written on the diagrams and on the capacitor housings.

Designations of capacitors in diagrams

It is worth noting that in the case of using trimmer or variable capacitors, two values are indicated - the minimum and maximum capacitance. In fact, on the case you can always find a certain range in which the capacitance will change if you turn the axis of the device from one extreme position to another.

Let's say we have a variable capacitor with a capacitance of 9-240 (default measurement in picofarads). This means that with minimal plate overlap the capacitance will be 9 pF. And at maximum – 240 pF. It is worth considering in more detail the designation of radio components on the diagram and their name in order to be able to correctly read technical documentation.

Connection of capacitors

We can immediately distinguish three types (there are just so many) combinations of elements:

Sequential - the total capacity of the entire chain is quite easy to calculate. In this case, it will be equal to the product of all the capacities of the elements divided by their sum.
Parallel - in this case, calculating the total capacity is even easier. It is necessary to add up the capacitances of all capacitors in the chain.
Mixed - in this case, the scheme is divided into several parts. We can say that it is simplified - one part contains only elements connected in parallel, the second - only in series.

And this is just general information about capacitors; in fact, you can talk a lot about them, citing interesting experiments as examples.

Resistors: general information

These elements can also be found in any design - be it in a radio receiver or in a control circuit on a microcontroller. This is a porcelain tube on which a thin film of metal (carbon - in particular, soot) is sprayed on the outside. However, you can even apply graphite - the effect will be similar. If the resistors have a very low resistance and high power, then nichrome wire is used as a conductive layer.

The main characteristic of a resistor is resistance. Used in electrical circuits to set the required current value in certain circuits. In physics lessons, a comparison was made with a barrel filled with water: if you change the diameter of the pipe, you can adjust the speed of the stream. It is worth noting that the resistance depends on the thickness of the conductive layer. The thinner this layer, the higher the resistance. In this case, the symbols of radio components on the diagrams do not depend on the size of the element.

Fixed resistors

As for such elements, the most common types can be distinguished:

Metallized varnished heat-resistant – abbreviated as MLT.
Moisture-resistant resistance - VS.
Carbon varnished small-sized - ULM.

Resistors have two main parameters - power and resistance. The last parameter is measured in Ohms. But this unit of measurement is extremely small, so in practice you will more often find elements whose resistance is measured in megaohms and kiloohms. Power is measured exclusively in Watts. Moreover, the dimensions of the element depend on the power. The larger it is, the larger the element. And now about what designation exists for radio components. On diagrams of imported and domestic devices, all elements may be designated differently.

In domestic circuits, a resistor is a small rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1:3; its parameters are written either on the side (if the element is located vertically) or on top (in the case of a horizontal arrangement). First, the Latin letter R is indicated, then the serial number of the resistor in the circuit.

Variable resistor (potentiometer)

Constant resistances have only two terminals. But there are three variables. On the electrical diagrams and on the element body, the resistance between the two extreme contacts is indicated. But between the middle and any of the extremes, the resistance will change depending on the position of the resistor axis. Moreover, if you connect two ohmmeters, you can see how the reading of one will change downwards, and the second - up. You need to understand how to read electronic circuit diagrams. It will also be useful to know the designations of radio components.

The total resistance (between the extreme terminals) will remain unchanged. Variable resistors are used to control gain (you use them to change the volume on radios and televisions). In addition, variable resistors are actively used in cars. These are fuel level sensors, electric motor speed controllers, and lighting brightness controllers.

Connection of resistors

In this case, the picture is completely opposite to that of capacitors:

Series connection - the resistance of all elements in the circuit is added.
Parallel connection - the product of resistances is divided by the sum.
Mixed - the entire circuit is divided into smaller chains and calculated step by step.

At this point, you can close the review of resistors and begin to describe the most interesting elements - semiconductor ones (designations of radio components on the diagrams, GOST for UGO, are discussed below).

Semiconductors

This is the largest part of all radio elements, since semiconductors include not only zener diodes, transistors, diodes, but also varicaps, variconds, thyristors, triacs, microcircuits, etc. Yes, microcircuits are one crystal on which can be a great variety of radioelements - capacitors, resistances, and p-n junctions.

As you know, there are conductors (metals, for example), dielectrics (wood, plastic, fabrics). The designations of radio components on the diagram may be different (a triangle is most likely a diode or a zener diode). But it is worth noting that a triangle without additional elements denotes logical ground in microprocessor technology.

These materials either conduct current or not, regardless of their state of aggregation. But there are also semiconductors whose properties change depending on specific conditions. These are materials such as silicon and germanium. By the way, glass can also be partly classified as a semiconductor - in its normal state it does not conduct current, but when heated the picture is completely opposite.

Diodes and Zener diodes

A semiconductor diode has only two electrodes: the cathode (negative) and the anode (positive). But what are the features of this radio component? You can see the designations on the diagram above. So, you connect the power supply with positive to the anode and negative to the cathode. In this case, electric current will flow from one electrode to another. It is worth noting that the element in this case has extremely low resistance. Now you can conduct an experiment and connect the battery in reverse, then the resistance to the current increases several times, and it stops flowing. And if you send alternating current through the diode, the output will be constant (though with small ripples). When using a bridge switching circuit, two half-waves (positive) are obtained.

Zener diodes, like diodes, have two electrodes - a cathode and an anode. When connected directly, this element works in exactly the same way as the diode discussed above. But if you turn the current in the opposite direction, you can see a very interesting picture. Initially, the zener diode does not pass current through itself. But when the voltage reaches a certain value, breakdown occurs and the element conducts current. This is the stabilization voltage. A very good property, thanks to which it is possible to achieve stable voltage in circuits and completely get rid of fluctuations, even the smallest ones. The designation of radio components in the diagrams is in the form of a triangle, and at its apex there is a line perpendicular to the height.

If diodes and zener diodes can sometimes not even be found in designs, then you will find transistors in any (except for a detector receiver). Transistors have three electrodes:

Base (abbreviated as "B").
Collector (K).
Emitter (E).

Transistors can operate in several modes, but most often they are used in amplification and switch modes (like a switch). A comparison can be made with a megaphone - they shouted into the base, and an amplified voice flew out of the collector. And hold the emitter with your hand - this is the body. The main characteristic of transistors is the gain (ratio of collector and base current). It is this parameter, along with many others, that is basic for this radio component. The symbols on the diagram for a transistor are a vertical line and two lines approaching it at an angle. There are several most common types of transistors:

Polar.
Bipolar.
Field.

There are also transistor assemblies consisting of several amplification elements. These are the most common radio components that exist. The designations on the diagram were discussed in the article.

The ability to read electrical diagrams is an important component, without which it is impossible to become a specialist in the field of electrical installation work. Every novice electrician must know how sockets, switches, switching devices and even an electricity meter are designated on a wiring project in accordance with GOST. Next, we will provide readers of the site with symbols in electrical circuits, both graphic and alphabetic.

Graphic

As for the graphic designation of all elements used in the diagram, we will provide this overview in the form of tables in which the products will be grouped by purpose.

In the first table you can see how electrical boxes, panels, cabinets and consoles are marked on electrical circuits:

The next thing you should know is the symbol for power sockets and switches (including walk-through ones) on single-line diagrams of apartments and private houses:

As for lighting elements, lamps and fixtures according to GOST are indicated as follows:

In more complex circuits where electric motors are used, elements such as:

It is also useful to know how transformers and chokes are graphically indicated on circuit diagrams:

Electrical measuring instruments according to GOST have the following graphic designation on the drawings:

By the way, here is a table useful for novice electricians, which shows what the ground loop looks like on a wiring plan, as well as the power line itself:

In addition, in the diagrams you can see a wavy or straight line, “+” and “-”, which indicate the type of current, voltage and pulse shape:

In more complex automation schemes, you may encounter incomprehensible graphic symbols, such as contact connections. Remember how these devices are designated on electrical diagrams:

In addition, you should be aware of what radio elements look like on projects (diodes, resistors, transistors, etc.):

That's all the conventional graphic symbols in the electrical circuits of power circuits and lighting. As you have already seen for yourself, there are quite a lot of components and remembering how each is designated is possible only with experience. Therefore, we recommend that you save all these tables so that when reading the wiring plan for a house or apartment, you can immediately determine what kind of circuit element is located in a certain place.

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Content:

In order to correctly read and understand what a particular diagram or drawing related to electricity means, you need to know how the icons and symbols depicted on them are deciphered. A large amount of information is contained in the letter designations of elements in electrical circuits, defined by various regulatory documents. All of them are displayed in Latin characters in the form of one or two letters.

One-letter symbolism of elements

Letter codes corresponding to individual types of elements most widely used in electrical circuits are combined into groups designated by one symbol. Letter designations correspond to GOST 2.710-81. For example, the letter “A” refers to the “Device” group, consisting of lasers, amplifiers, remote control devices and others.

The group denoted by the symbol “B” is deciphered in the same way. It consists of devices that convert non-electrical quantities into electrical ones, which does not include generators and power supplies. This group is complemented by analogue or multi-digit converters, as well as sensors for indications or measurements. The components themselves included in the group are represented by microphones, loudspeakers, sound pickups, ionizing radiation detectors, thermoelectric sensitive elements, etc.

All letter designations corresponding to the most common elements are combined into a special table for ease of use:

The first letter character required to be reflected in the marking	Group of main types of elements and devices	Elements that make up the group (the most typical examples)
	Devices	Lasers, masers, remote control devices, amplifiers.
	Equipment for converting non-electrical quantities into electrical ones (without generators and power supplies), analogue and multi-charge converters, sensors for indications or measurements	Microphones, loudspeakers, sound pickups, ionizing radiation detectors, sensitive thermoelectric elements.
	Capacitors
	Microassemblies, integrated circuits	Digital and analog integrated circuits, memory and delay devices, logic elements.
	Miscellaneous elements	Various types of lighting devices and heating elements.
	Designation of the fuse on the diagram, arresters, protective devices	Fuses, arresters, discrete current and voltage protection elements.
	Power supplies, generators, crystal oscillators	Rechargeable batteries, power supplies on an electrochemical and electrothermal basis.
	Signal and indication devices	Indicators, light and sound signaling devices
	Contactors, relays, starters	Voltage and current relays, time relays, electrothermal relays, magnetic starters, contactors.
	Chokes, inductors	Chokes in fluorescent lighting.
	Engines	DC and AC motors.
	Measuring instruments and equipment	Counters, clocks, indicating, recording and measuring instruments.
		Power circuit breakers, short circuiters, disconnectors.
	Resistors
Pulse counters
Frequency meters
Active energy meters
Reactive energy meters

Recording devices
Action time meters, clocks
Voltmeters
Wattmeters
	Switches and disconnectors in power circuits	Circuit breakers
		Short circuits
		Disconnectors
	Resistors	Thermistors
		Potentiometers
		Measuring shunts
		Varistors
	Switching devices in measurement, control and signaling circuits	Switches and switches
		Push-button switches
		Automatic switches
		Switches triggered by various factors: From level
		From pressure
		From position (travel)
		From rotation speed
		From temperature
	Transformers, autotransformers	Current transformers
		Electromagnetic stabilizers
		Voltage transformers
	Communication devices, converters of non-electrical quantities into electrical ones	Modulators
		Demodulators
		Discriminators
		Frequency generators, inverters, frequency converters
	Semiconductor and electrovacuum devices	Diodes, zener diodes
		Electrovacuum devices
		Transistors
		Thyristors
	Antennas, lines and microwave elements	Couplers
		Short circuits

		Transformers, phase shifters
		Attenuators

	Contact connections	Sliding contacts, current collectors


		Separable connections
		High Frequency Connectors
	Mechanical devices with electromagnetic drive	Electromagnets
		Brakes with electromagnetic drives
		Clutches with electromagnetic drives
		Electromagnetic cartridges or plates
	Limiters, terminal devices, filters	Limiters
	Limiters, terminal devices, filters	Quartz filters

In addition, GOST 2.710-81 defines special symbols to designate each element.

Conventional graphic symbols of electronic components in circuits