Yield programming and yield programming principles. Eight Principles of Programming That Can Make Your Life in Agricultural Science and Agricultural Education Easier

Shatilov Ivan Semyonovich - an outstanding Soviet Russian naturalist, a prominent scientist in the field of biology and technology of cultivation of agricultural crops, head of the department of plant growing of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (TSHA) (today - Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy).

Born on January 19, 1917 in the village of Makhrovka, now Borisoglebsk district, Voronezh region in a peasant family. Russian.

As a child, he was adopted by his grandfather, who gave him his last name and patronymic. I learned about hard peasant labor early. In 1929 he graduated from elementary school, in 1934 - from the Makhrovsky school of peasant youth. Later he entered and in 1938 graduated from the Uryupinsky Agricultural College. He worked as a district agronomist at MTS, then as an agronomist at the Uryupinsky variety testing site. In the same year, 1938, he entered the agronomic faculty of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (TSKHA).

He did not manage to graduate from the academy because of the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War. From June 30, 1941 he took part in the construction of defensive structures near Yelnya. From October 1941 in the army. He fought as part of an anti-tank destroyer battalion, then was a mortar gunner. He fought near Smolensk, on the Kalinin front, took part in the defense of Moscow. Showed fearlessness and heroism. One of the first to rush to the banner of the fascist regiment, the first to break into the headquarters of the German division, seized valuable documents. During the fighting, he rose to the rank of senior sergeant.

In January 1943, I.S. Shatilov was recalled from the front to continue his studies at the academy. In 1944, having graduated with honors from the Academy, he was enrolled in graduate school at the Department of Plant Industry. In 1947 he successfully defended his thesis for the degree of candidate of agricultural sciences on the topic "Comparison of field grass mixtures". From that time on in pedagogical and scientific work. In the period from 1947 to 1951, he was an assistant at the Department of Plant Industry at the TSKhA. From 1951 to 1956 - Senior Researcher at the Experimental Field Cultivation Station at the TSKhA. From 1956 to 1960 - Associate Professor at the Department of Plant Growing at the TSKhA. From 1960 to 1963 - vice-rector of the TSKhA for scientific work. From 1963 to 1971 - rector of the TSHA. As the head of the academy, he achieved the opening in the near Moscow region of the educational and experimental farm "Mikhailovskoye" and an experimental scientific base.

In 1968 he successfully defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. He also wrote a monograph "Biological bases of field grass cultivation in the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone", which was recognized as one of the best.

In the period from 1971 to 1972, he served as academician-secretary of the Department of Agriculture and Chemicalization of Agriculture of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after V.I. Lenin (today - the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (RAAS)). In 1972 he was elected a full member (academician) of the All-Union Agricultural Academy. Became vice-president of VASKHNIL.

In 1973, in the journal "Bulletin of agricultural science" published an article "Principles of programming yield", which reflected the combination of new scientific trends with the traditions of the scientific school of the TSKHA, showing in practice the application of new technological principles in the cultivation of grain, fodder, potatoes and other crops.

From 1979 to 1985 - Chairman of the Presidium of the All-Russian branch of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Since 1985 - Deputy Chairman of the RSFSR Gosagroprom. From 1985 to 1991 - Head of the Department of Plant Growing at the TSKHA.

By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 16, 1987 for great services in the development of agricultural science and in connection with the seventieth birthday Shatilov Ivan Semyonovich awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

Also from 1989 to 1990 - advisor to the Presidium of the All-Union Agricultural Academy, since 1990 - Honorary President of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. From 1991 to 1998 - Professor of the Department of Plant Production of the Moscow Agricultural Academy. From 1998 to 2006 - Consultant of the Department of Plant Production of the Moscow Agricultural Academy.

Officially retired since 1993, but until 2001 he continued to lecture, engage in scientific work, and conduct consultations.

I.S.Shatilov - the founder of a whole scientific direction - the theory of programming crop yields. He was the head of studies that studied the consumption of mineral nutrients and the photosynthetic activity of plants during the growing season in various field crops. In the course of these studies, the main physiological parameters of the development of plants in crops in dynamics and their role in the formation of a high yield were established. Consistently, checking and developing the idea of ​​programming the yield of field crops, I.S. Shatilov worked out the principles of programming the yield and created a formula for programming the yield.

Also I.S. Shatilov is credited with creating a memorial to the soldiers of the Great Patriotic War - employees of the TSKHA.

Corresponding member of VASKhNIL, full member (academician) VASKhNIL (1972), candidate of agricultural sciences (1947), doctor of agricultural sciences (1968), professor in the department of crop production of the TSKhA, honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan, honorary doctor of the Wilhelm University of Berlin Humboldt, foreign member of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the GDR.

Member of the Lenin and State Prize Committee, member of the State Expert Commission of the USSR State Planning Committee, member of the Presidium of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, member of the editorial boards of a number of scientific journals (Izvestia TSKHA, Bulletin of Agricultural Science, Reports of the All-Union Agricultural Academy).

In 1999 by the International Biographical Center in Cambridge I.S. Shatilov was included in the list of 130 outstanding researchers of the world. Author of over 400 scientific papers. More than 30 scientific papers have been written under his editorship or in co-authorship. Nine books have been written about I.S.Shatilov himself. More than 50 candidate and 9 doctoral dissertations were written under his scientific supervision.

He was awarded 3 Orders of Lenin (02.12.1965, 18.01.1977, 16.01.1987), Orders of the October Revolution (11.12.1973), Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree (11.03.1985), 2 Orders of the Red Banner of Labor (15.09.1961, 08.04 .1971), the Russian Order of Merit to the Fatherland, III degree (1997), medals, the badge "Excellent worker of socialist agriculture" (1965), foreign orders for Merit to the Fatherland (GDR), Cyril and Methodius, 1st degree (Bulgaria), medals of the Mongolian People's Republic, medal named after S.I. Vavilov ("For an outstanding contribution to the promotion of knowledge").

Federal State Educational

institution of higher professional education

"Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev"

(FGOU VPO RGAU-Moscow Agricultural Academy K. A. Timiryazeva)

Central Scientific Library named after N. I. Zheleznova

Materials for biobibliography of personalities

agricultural science and agricultural education

IVAN SEMYONOVICH

SHATILOV

UDC 016: 633/635 (092)

Editorial board:

V. M. Bautin - Chairman, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences; R. F. Baibekov, professor; G. I. Bazdyrev, professor; A. V. Zakharenko, correspondent of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences; R. G. Akhmetov, professor; V. D. Naumov, professor; G. M. Orlov, professor; E. I. Koshkin, professor; A. A. Druchek, associate professor; N.V. Dunaeva, Cand. ped. sciences; A. M. Gataulin, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences; V. I. Kiryushin, Academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences; N. N. Tretyakov, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Ivan Semyonovich Shatilov / Comp. G.A. Makarenko; Auth. entry Art .: V. M. Bautin, G. G. Gataulina, N. S. Arkhangelsky, N. V. Dunaeva - M., 2007 - p. - (Materials for biobibliographic figures of agricultural science and agrarian education / TsNL RGAU-Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev).

Ivan Semyonovich Shatilov is a prominent scientist in the field of biology and technology of cultivation of agricultural crops. In 1999 by the International Biographical Center in Cambridge (England) Shatilov I.S. was included in the list of 130 outstanding researchers.

Ivan Semenoviсh Shatilov was famous scientific specialist in the biology and technology

of the grown agricultural crops. In 1999 International biographical center in Cambridge was to include I. S. Shatilov in 130 number outstanding researcher of the peace

about life and work

Ivan Semenovich Shatilov.

Ivan Semenovich Shatilov is an outstanding Russian naturalist, a prominent scientist in the field of biology and technology of cultivation of agricultural crops, included in the list of outstanding researchers of the twentieth century.

Ivan Semenovich Shatilov was born on January 19, 1917 into a peasant family in the village of Makhrovka, Borisoglebsk District, Voronezh Region. From an early age, Ivan Semenovich was brought up in the family of his grandfather, who adopted him, giving him his last name and patronymic. Grandfather, Semyon Dmitrievich and grandmother, Vasilisa Efremovna, were absolutely illiterate, but very kind and hardworking people. they worked from dawn to dawn, not disdaining any work: Semyon Dmitrievich worked as a carpenter in Borisoglebsk and in Moscow, Vasilisa Efremovna kept house. Vanya's childhood was spent working on a small household plot, helping with the household, in constant contact with nature, in general, from an early age he was accustomed to hard peasant labor.

In 1929, Ivan Shatilov graduated from elementary school, in 1934 - from the Makhrovsky school of peasant youth. Then he studied at the Uryupinsky agricultural technical school, which Ivan Shatilov graduated from in 1938, where he was the best student. Ivan Semenovich's labor activity began after graduating from the technical school as a district agronomist of the MTS, and then as an agronomist at the Uryupinsky variety testing site, where his outstanding abilities were manifested. Therefore, in 1938 he was released to enter the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. He successfully passed all the exams and was enrolled in the Faculty of Agronomy.

However, in 1941, studies were interrupted - the Great Patriotic War began. On June 30, a large student detachment of the Academy was sent to the construction of defensive structures near Yelnya, among which was a fourth-year student I. Shatilov. In October 1941, Ivan Semyonovich was enlisted in the anti-tank fighter battalion, which became part of the 5th division, and then Private Shatilov became a mortarman of the 158th division, which fought bloody battles near Smolensk. After Smolensk, Semenovich took part in the heroic defense of Moscow. Then he fought on the Kalinin Front, was a participant in the breakthrough of the enemy's deeply echeloned defense. Ivan Semenovich was characterized by youthful fearlessness, for example, he was one of the first to rush to the banner of the regiment of fascist invaders, the first to break into the headquarters of the German division, where very valuable documents were seized and there were many such episodes. Semyonovich started the war as a private, and ended up as a senior sergeant.

In January 1943, by order of the commander-in-chief, among many senior students, I.S.Shatilov returned from the front to the 4th year of the agronomic faculty to continue his studies. In 1944, I.S.Shatilov graduated with honors from Timiryazevka, was enrolled in graduate school at the Department of Plant Industry. The formation of his scientific worldview was influenced by constant communication and work under the guidance of outstanding scientists such as Academician I. V. Yakushkin, who was his scientific adviser; possessing encyclopedic knowledge, an outstanding practitioner professor V.A. Kharchenko, who for a long time was a consultant to the Minister of Agriculture I.A. Benediktov; Professors I.S.Shulov and V.N.Stepanov; the most experienced methodologist, associate professor A. N. Troitsky, and many others. Under the leadership of I.V. Yakushkin, I.S.Shatilov carried out original studies using tagged atoms.

In 1947 I.S.Shatilov successfully defended his thesis for the degree of candidate of agricultural sciences on the topic: "Comparison of field grass mixtures."

I.S.Shatilov's talent manifested itself in many ways in scientific, pedagogical, social activities, which were inextricably linked with the beloved department of plant growing of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. An enviable and rare devotion to her alma mater.

In Ivan Semenovich, natural talents, breadth of outlook, professional skill, tireless work and sensitive to people were combined in the best way.

The scientific activity of Ivan Semenovich began and for many years was associated with the study of the biology of perennial grasses and the development of technology for their cultivation. During 1948-1964. he published a number of scientific works devoted to the biological and agrotechnical foundations of field grass cultivation, in which Ivan Semenovich developed V.R. Williams. I.S.Shatilov's interests included such problems as the difference between the Dutch grassland farming system and the multivariate field grass stand, which is so necessary in all soil and climatic zones of Russia, and which made it possible to preserve soil fertility. Establishing experiments on the study of biology and technology of cultivation of red clover as a model culture, I.S.Shatilov was a follower of K.A.Timiryazev, and a continuation of the research of academician P.I. field fodder production and agricultural ecology. I.S.Shatilov closely linked the agricultural technology of red clover and other field crops with physiology, biochemistry and genetics, which was an innovation in crop production. This is evidenced by the topic of Ivan Semenovich's publications during this period of his scientific activity: winter hardiness and frost resistance of red clover, depending on age, fertilizers, duration of drought; shade tolerance; nutrients; photosynthesis of clover and other perennial grasses. The result of his long-term research was a brilliantly defended doctoral dissertation in 1968 and a monograph "Biological foundations of field grass cultivation in the Central Region of the Non-Black Earth Zone", which was recognized as one of the best.

I.S.Shatilov is the founder of a whole scientific direction - the theory of programming crop yields. Research in the field of plant biology and physiology convinced him of the need for such research in crop production, on the basis of which it is possible to model and control the production process. He emphasized that plant physiology is the theoretical basis of plant growing and that in our time a new direction is actually being created - the particular physiology of field crops. He was deeply convinced that without knowledge of specific parameters for all physiological regimes (with corrections for the characteristics of different genotypes and environmental conditions), it is impossible to deal with programming crops. He paid special attention to the quantitative theory of photosynthesis, which was developed by his students in different cultures. the leadership of I.S.Shatilov carried out a series of studies in which the consumption of elements of mineral nutrition and photosynthetic of plants during the growing season in various field crops was studied. The main physiological parameters of plant development in crops in dynamics and their role in the formation of a high yield were established. Consistently, testing and developing the idea of ​​programming the yield of field crops, he developed the principles of programming the yield and created a formula for programming the yield.

Another feature of Ivan Semenovich is that he skillfully combined new scientific trends with the traditions of the Timiryazevka scientific school and brought new trends in technology to production. So, on the initiative of I.S.Shatilov, in the 71st region of the Russian Federation, new technological principles were applied in the production of grain, fodder, potatoes and other crops. These principles were outlined in the article "Principles of Programming Yield", published in the journal "Bulletin of Agricultural Science" in 1973. In 1980, in collaboration with AF Chudnovsky, the monograph “Agrophysical, agrometeorological and agrotechnical foundations of crop programming” was published.

I.S.Shatilov noted that fifty percent of scientific and practical information in agriculture is provided by higher educational institutions, that in this respect they are “on an equal footing” with research institutes, where the “plan” dominates, while the teaching staff of universities in all countries, working on a freely chosen topic, in many years of work he finds his own original approaches to solving important problems. “Investigating - we teach” - he liked to quote I. A. Stebut.

A new stage in the development of I.S.Shatilov's scientific research is associated with balance experiments on field crops in crop rotation, which were laid down on the experimental base of the Mikhailovskoye Uchkhoz, Moscow Region. In fact, it was organized, on which round-the-clock observations of gas exchange, water exchange, growth and other parameters of plants were carried out. “Our laboratory,” said I.S. Shatilov, “is a prototype of the system of areas for monitoring the progress of crop formation throughout the country. From programming to crop management through instrumental monitoring of the production process with continuous recording of basic vital functions. " Ivan Semenovich, together with his colleagues, carried out many years of complex research in the field using modern equipment, including laser and electronic computers. For many years, A. G. Zamaraev and G. V. Chapovskaya were his closest associates in carrying out balance experiments at the test site in "Mikhailovsky". As a result of unique studies, the radiation regime and the use of solar energy by crops of field crops were studied, it was established: photosynthesis of respiration of the plant as a whole, and of its individual organs in field conditions, as well as the total water consumption of plants, surface and infiltration. As the experimental data were accumulated and analyzed, the nitrogen balance was established, as well as the balance of other elements of mineral nutrition in the crop rotation on sod-podzolic soil. Together with co-authors, Ivan Semenovich published a series of articles in which mathematical models of mineral nutrition, photosynthetic activity of field crops, and moisture rotation of plants in intensive crop rotations were presented. Research was carried out at the intersection of a number of sciences: general biology, plant physiology, meteorology, biophysics, plant growing, that is, at the forefront of scientific and industrial priorities. In fact, on this training ground day and night "there was a battle for the truth in science, for the search for new ways of raising and developing agriculture in Russia." The results of balance field experiments became the scientific basis for the theory of increasing the productivity and environmental sustainability of agricultural landscape systems.

I.S.Shatilov created a remarkable scientific school. 55 candidate and 10 doctoral dissertations were defended under his supervision. He helped a much larger number of scientists with his advice, deeply delving into the essence of the issues under study. Ivan Semenovich actively supported young scientists and especially promising research, regardless of the location of a particular researcher.

Ivan Semenovich Shatilov was not just an excellent teacher, but had a special pedagogical gift. His name is inscribed in the Golden Book of the Academy's best lecturers. The clarity of thinking and speech was manifested in his lectures, which he, like D. N. Pryanishnikov, thought over and built taking into account the composition of the audience. He constantly improved the cycle of his lectures, systematically including new material in them. At the end of each lecture, I left 5-10 minutes for answering questions and clarifying the main provisions of the topic.

His lectures were notable for their rich content. They have always placed a special emphasis on the theoretical foundations of crop production, cited convincing scientific data. The students listened to him with such attention, as if what he expounded were vital and especially important for each of them. Ivan Semenovich never used notes in his lectures, except for those cases when it was necessary to cite an author or present digital data for scientific journals. At lectures, seminars, Ivan Semenovich often confronted students with a certain production situation and usually asked the question: “What should a competent agronomist do? ". Future agronomists were actively involved in the discussion. Ivan Semyonovich listened carefully to each and then carefully analyzed the consequences of this or that decision and why.

The missing amount of one factor or another can be compensated for by appropriate agricultural techniques. Agrotechnical methods can weaken or enhance the influence of life factors on the growth, development of plants and the formation of crops.

Principles of programming crops (according to I.S.Shatilov)

First the principle provides for the use of hydrothermal indicators of the environment when determining the level of yield.

Second the principle is taken into account when determining the potential yield of the agricultural sector. plants and is based on the dependence of yield on the arrival of PAR and the utilization rate of PAR by plants.

Third the principle provides for the determination of the potential of the crop and the selection of varieties for cultivation in specific natural conditions according to their potential.

Fourth the principle lies in the relationship between the yield and the photosynthetic potential (FP) formed in the agrophytocenosis and assumes the formation of such a photosynthetic potential that ensures a high yield.

Fifth the principle presupposes the obligatory and correct application of the basic laws of scientific agriculture and crop production.

Sixth the principle is to develop a fertilization system that takes into account the effective fertility of the soil, as well as the need of plants for nutrients necessary for growing a programmed crop of high quality.

Seventh the principle consists in the development and application of a complex of agrotechnical measures, taking into account the requirements of the culture (variety) to the growing conditions, as well as the conditions of the agrometeorological situation. A clear implementation of the developed complex of agrotechnical measures should ensure a programmed harvest.

Eighth the principle provides for the provision of plants with moisture in optimal quantities, in non-irrigated conditions - the determination and maintenance of the level of productivity, based on climatic conditions and characteristics of the zone.

Ninth principle - the principle of compulsory protection of plants from pests, diseases, weeds, ensuring the cultivation of healthy plants.

Tenth the principle provides for the creation of a data bank on the biological characteristics of field crops, the conditions of their growth, experimental materials evaluating various agricultural techniques and operations, the use of modern computer technology.

Yield Levels Accepted in the Programming Method

In the method of programming the yield, calculations are carried out at the following levels:

1. Potential yield (PU) - the maximum possible level of yield; limited by the arrival of PAR, its efficiency and biological characteristics of the culture, variety;

2. Climatically secured yield (KOC) - yield that can be obtained in specific climatic conditions while optimizing all other factors of plant life. KOU is limited by climate elements, weather.

3. Really possible yield (DVY) - the maximum yield that can be obtained on a particular field, with its real fertility in the prevailing meteorological conditions. The TLU is limited by soil fertility.

4. Programmable yield (PY) is the yield that is planned to be obtained in a specific field in accordance with the complex of developed agrotechnical measures. The level of PrC is determined through the value of KOC and TOC by optimizing the nutrient regime of the soil.

5. Productivity in production (UP) is the actually achieved level of productivity in a particular farm.

Agrometeorological conditions of the region and security barley

climatic factors

Radiation regime

Table 1. Arrival of solar radiation

Months of the year	Arrival of total solar radiation, kcal / cm 2	Arrival of total PAR, kcal / cm 2
September

The arrival of PAR during the growing season of barley is 29.3 kcal / cm 2, kcal / m 2 2.93, kcal / ha 0.293.

Temperature regime

Table 2. Average air temperature by decade

Months of the year

Table 3. Dates of the onset of average daily air temperatures above certain limits and the number of days with temperatures above these limits.

Conclusion: After analyzing table 3, we can conclude that the temperature regime allows sowing barley at the optimum time.

Water regime

Table 4. The amount of precipitation by decade

Months of the year

Annual precipitation 580 mm

Soil moisture reserves:

In spring (on the sowing date) in a meter layer of soil 189

Groundwater level, m 0.6

Conclusion: After analyzing the data in Table 4, we can conclude that the water regime is quite favorable for the cultivation of barley in this region.

Determination of potential yield (PU) according to A.A. Nichiporovich.

PU - potential biological yield of absolutely dry biomass, t / ha;

∑Qfar - the arrival of the total PAR during the growing season of the crop in the zone, billion kcal / ha (kJ / ha);

K is the planned efficiency of the HEADLIGHTS;

q is the caloric content of 1 kg of dry biomass of the crop, kcal / kg.

To convert the yield to standard moisture:

,

In Art. - standard humidity;

PU ST. VL. = 100 = 192c / ha.

PU of the economically valuable part of the crop (grain, tubers, etc.):

PU household st.wl. ,

С - the sum of the components of the crop (grain + straw).

PU HOZ. ST.VL = × 100 = 87.2 c / ha.

The PU of a grain or other main product can also be calculated using the equation proposed by Professor H.G. Tooming:

PU household = 10 4 × K headlights × K m ×

PU HOZ - potential yield of grain or other products at standard humidity;

∑Q PAR - the total arrival of PAR during the growing season of the culture kcal / cm 2;

K m is the coefficient of economic efficiency of the crop.

PU HOZ. = 10 4 × 2.5 × 0.553 × = 91.6 c / ha.

Determination of climatically assured yield (KOC).

Determination of KOC by moisture resources (KOCw) .The method is based on determining the ratio of the amount of moisture

Each of the programming stages includes fairly specific elements. Akad I.S.Shatilov identified 10 rows of programming elements, which he called principles. Their main essence is as follows: 1) calculate the potential yield (PU) of the use of PAR by crops;

3) to plan the real economic yield (RP) for the resources that are on the farm; 4) calculate the leaf surface area, photosynthetic potential (FP) for the predicted yield
and other phytometric indicators; 5) comprehensively analyze the laws of agriculture and crop production and use them correctly in specific programming conditions; 6) calculate the rates of fertilizers and develop a system for their effective use; 7) draw up a water balance and, for irrigation conditions, develop a system for the complete provision of crops with water during the growing season; 8) develop a system of agrotechnical measures based on the requirements of the cultivated variety; 9) develop a system for protecting crops from pests, diseases and weeds; 10) draw up a card of initial data and use a computer to determine the optimal variant of the agrotechnical complex upon reaching the programmed yield in terms of size and quality.

For the correct substantiation of the programmed yield, it is necessary to take into account the economic possibilities and comprehensively analyze the resources of the natural factors of yield, which practically do not change significantly in field conditions. This is primarily solar radiation, heat, moisture, mineral compounds of soil and fertilizers, carbon dioxide in the air. Therefore, in the programming process, the potential yield is calculated for the use of PAR at the level of good sowing (A.A. and effective use of economic resources of yield - real programmable economic yield (RPU).

Determination of potential yield. Potential yield in programming is the maximum yield that can theoretically be obtained for a given intake and coefficient of assimilation of PAR by sowing (KfaR, headlight efficiency,%) and optimal provision with other factors (H. G. Tooming). It is calculated by the formula of A.A.Nichiporovich

where PU is the potential yield of dry biomass, kg / ha; intake of PAR for sowing during the period of active growing season of the crop, kJ / ha; k is the planned coefficient of assimilation of PAR,%; Q -

specific energy capacity of dry biomass of the grown crop, kJ / kg.

PAR is a part of integral radiation with a wavelength of 380 to 720 nm, which causes photochemical reactions in green parts of plants. It is calculated by the equation

where Cse is the effective coefficient of the transition from the integral direct radiation to the PAR (depends on the latitude and the season, but changes little and averages 0.42); Cd is the coefficient of transition from the integrated scattered radiation to the scattered PAR (on average 0.60); - the sum of direct integral radiation,

kJ / cm2; 2 D - the sum of the scattered integral radiation, kJ / cm2.

The coefficient of assimilation of PAR by crops (KKDFAR crops) fluctuates within significant limits, but usually does not exceed 5%. Only under extremely favorable environmental conditions does it reach 8-10%, and the theoretically possible coefficient is 15-18% (H. G. Tooming, 1977).

The recalculation from PU of biomass to PU of the economically valuable part of the crop is carried out according to the formula

where c is the standard moisture content of the economically valuable part of the crop,%; a - the sum of the parts of the main and by-products in the crop.

Determination of the really possible yield (DGS). Unregulated or poorly regulated terrain factors are almost always not in optimal quantities and ratios for plants and limit the efficiency of PAR crops. Therefore, the yield, as a rule, is lower than that which corresponds to the maximum possible efficiency of the PAR for the crop. The yield, calculated on the basis of poorly regulated and irregular factors of moisture supply and heat resources, is called really possible, or climatically provided (DGU, KU). DYU for moisture availability is determined on the basis of data on moisture resources (W, mm) and specific water consumption for the formation of a unit of dry matter of biomass or a unit of an economically valuable part of the crop, that is, the transpiration coefficient (TC), or the coefficient of water consumption (CV, mm / c, t / c, t / m3). DGU is determined by the formula

where DMU - in the first formula, the yield of dry biomass, c / ha, in the second - the yield of the economically valuable part of the crop or the total weight of the crop, c / ha, which depends on the taken CV value; W - resources of moisture available to plants, mm.

The resources of moisture available to plants can be determined in several ways. The simplest is the definition by the formula

where Wp.o is the annual average precipitation, mm; Cr.o - coefficient

use of precipitation; P - water flow from subsoil waters, mm.

About 30% of the annual precipitation flows with melt water from the soil surface, flows through surface and ground runoff during the growing season, evaporates from the soil surface and becomes inaccessible to plants.

More specifically, the resources of moisture available to plants can be determined using data on the reserves of moisture available for plants during the period of renewal of the growing season of winter crops and bagatric herbs, and for spring crops - for the period of their sowing (Ww, mm) according to long-term data of the meteorological station, for the period of harvesting the crop ( Wз.о, mm) - the amount of precipitation that falls during the growing season of the crop (WB 0), and the coefficient of usefulness of precipitation during the growing season (Kv.о). To do this, use the following formulas:

Calculation of DGU by biohydrothermal productivity potential (BGPP). On the basis of many years of research, Professor A.M. Ryabchikov concluded that the ability of a territory to form a certain amount of phytomass depends on a combination of factors such as light, heat, moisture, and the duration of the growing season. The performance of the terrain with a combination of these factors can be determined in points of the biohydrothermal potential (BGPP) according to the formula

where Кр - biological productivity potential, points; W -

productive moisture resources, mm; TV - the period of active growing season of the culture, decades; R is the radiation balance for this period, kJ / cm2. When calculating it according to the hydrotechnical productivity indicator (GTP), similar indicators of the productivity of the territory have:

where ГТП - hydrothermal productivity index, points; Ksv - moisture coefficient; TV - the duration of the growing season, decades.

Ksv is defined as the ratio between the energy that must be spent on the evaporation of moisture resources (W, mm), and the actual energy input during the growing season (R, kJ / cm2) according to the formula

The yield of dry biomass is determined by the formula

The actually possible yield, calculated for climatic factors, depends on the varietal characteristics of the crop, the management of the formation processes of certain parts of the crop (for example, the household of the useful part), and the like.

Determination of production yield. When determining the real yield that can be obtained in the production conditions of a particular farm, the yield of zoned varieties is analyzed at variety plots, in the best farms, and scientific institutions. For example, for grain crops, the formula proposed by M.S.Savitsky is used:

B = RKZA: 1000,

where Y is the grain yield, c / ha; P is the number of plants per 1 m2 for the harvesting period; K - productive bushiness of plants; C is the number of grains in an ear (inflorescence); A - weight of 1000 grains, g.

The real production yield (RVU) depends on the implementation of soil fertility and on the climatic factors of the area. If the implementation rate is close to 1 (100%), then the RVU corresponds to the DGU. If it is lower, then the RVU is less than the DGU. The implementation of climatic conditions depends on the satisfaction of the crop with material (resource) factors of yield regulated in production conditions.

Life factors can be partially regulated by agrotechnical measures. Against the background of correctly applied agrotechnical methods, the dietary regime has a decisive influence on the full use of natural factors of productivity, and on irrigated fields, irrigation. Therefore, the RVU is determined taking into account these factors. The real production yield is calculated by the formula

where RVU - crop yield, c / ha; B - soil bonitet score; C is the price of a soil point, c / point; Ko is the amount of organic fertilizers planned for the crop, t / ha; Km - the amount of mineral fertilizers planned for the crop, c / ha; Oo and Ohm - respectively, payback by increasing the yield of 1 ton of organic and 1 centner of mineral fertilizers, centners; Kp, Op - other funds allocated to crops and their return on harvest.

If there are enough fertilizers on the farm, then the RVU is planned according to the DMU and the doses of fertilizers are calculated for it.

Under irrigation conditions RVUrozrahovyu to provide for irrigation water resources based on payback of 1 m3 water harvest according to the formula

where M is the resources of irrigation water, m3 / ha; Kv - payback of 1 m3 of water by an increase in yield, c.

For the planned yield of moisture resources, the rates of fertilizers and other means are calculated. If irrigation water is not a limiting factor, then the RVU is planned for the PU with the PAR efficiency of at least 2.5 - 3%. The required amount of irrigation water, fertilizers and other means is calculated for this yield.

You can also determine the yield of the crop for effective soil fertility. It is advisable to do this primarily on fertile soils, after plowing a layer of grasses.

The yield can be calculated using linear and multiple regression equations (All-Russian Research Institute of Feed, A.S. Obraztsov). The total biomass yield of a variety can be calculated using multiple regression equations

where Yo is the total yield of biomass, kg / ha of dry matter when mowing at a height of 5 - 6 cm; Yn - the genetic potential of the yield of the variety (depends on its early maturity and the length of the day during the germination period), c / ha; Ksp is the normalized function of the optimal sowing period (cn is the number of days after the optimal sowing period for grain crops, only a decrease in yield due to damage to plants by pests, diseases or delay in sowing is taken into account); K1, Ke - functions of optimality of temperature and humidification conditions in

period from sowing to flowering) (K, Ke1 and from flowering to maturation (K2, Ke2); Kt - age of the stand (for perennial grasses); KNPK - NPK content in soil and fertilizers; КрН - soil acidity; Kok.ґ - cultivation soil; Kg - plant density; K3 p - weediness of sowing; Quil - the degree of lodging of plants; K - phase

the development of plants at the time of harvest; B - indicator of the yield of finished feed (depends on the technology of collection, canning and storage of products); Ke - provision of equipment and labor resources.

Calculations of the yield of grain and fodder according to such equations are carried out on a computer.

After calculating the really possible yield and the potential yield, one should compare them and work out the technologies of transition from one yield level to another, higher one (Vf - Vdm - Vpv).

To program the yield in conditions of natural unstable and insufficient moisture, average annual indicators are taken (I.S. Sha-tilov).

Programming aims only to optimize all processes of the cultivation technology. It is necessary to optimize energy costs and solve organizational issues: the formation of units, training of performers, the creation of teams and units for the cultivation of programmed crops, the provision of appropriate devices for monitoring the growing season, conditions of remuneration, etc.

IS Shatilov believes that there can be 3 stages of programming: obtaining a high programmed yield through the use of soil fertility and fertilizers, when the balance of nutrients may be partially negative; obtaining high yields while maintaining soil fertility and obtaining high and ultra-high yields with an increase in soil fertility. The third stage is possible only in farms with a high intensification of crop and livestock production (to ensure a positive balance of nutrients in the soil).

Before drawing up a prognostic program of the minimum agricultural complex for growing a crop, detailing the issues of moisture production for the growing season of a crop in a field, its amount, can be used by sowing. The actual level of groundwater is also determined on the floodplain. If it is regulated, determine its optimal level in relation to the given culture. If necessary, plan partial irrigation during periods of decreasing relative humidity.

It is necessary to determine in advance the phytometric parameters of sowing a given productivity, that is, to determine the optimal leaf area for the growing season, the photosynthetic potential of sowing, the net productivity of photosynthesis and, on this basis, justify the seeding rate for the programmed yield (G.K. Kayumov, 1989). These works are a theoretical development of the programming process, but, unfortunately, in practice they are still insufficiently used and are being replaced by a simpler one: determination (in experiments) for each soil-climatic region of the quantitative and spatial distribution of plants, stand density and sowing method. On their basis, the seeding rate of the culture is established.

Calculations of fertilizer application doses. An important aspect in the programming system is the optimization of the regime of the mineral nutrition of the culture. To do this, the dynamics of mobile compounds of nutrients in the soil - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, as well as other macro-and microelements, their removal by the predicted crop yield are specified. On this basis, the nutrient requirements for the programmed yield are calculated.

The fertilizer rate for the programmed yield is calculated by the formula

where D is the fertilizer dose, kg / ha; B - programmable yield, c / ha; P is the content of nutrients in the soil, mg per 100 g; B1 - removal of nutrients per 1 centner of the main product with the corresponding amount of by-product, kg; Km - conversion factor, mg per 100 g in kg / ha; Ku is the utilization rate of the nutrient from the fertilizer, fraction of the unit; Кп - coefficient of utilization of nutrient from soil, fraction of unit.

When calculating fertilizer rates for the programmed yield, the purpose of sowing for grain is taken into account, for obtaining root crops, tubers, vegetative fodder green mass. In crops for fodder, when the whole plant is used (leaves, stems, inflorescences), it is necessary to provide as much content as possible in the harvest (for example, one - and perennial grasses, corn for green fodder and other green conveyor crops). For this, a sufficient nitrogen nutrition of plants is of great importance, which ensures the formation of a high yield of the vegetative mass and a sufficient content of protein in it. However, so that the feed does not have an excess of nitrates, the nitrogen dose should be balanced with the introduction (or presence in the soil) of phosphorus and potassium. They also take into account the placement of crops in the crop rotation, the level of training of employees, the availability of equipment, organize regular monitoring of the timeliness and quality of all work, monitoring the progress of crop formation. The data obtained is processed and appropriate decisions are made regarding the care of the sowing and harvesting.

Predictive program for the formation of crop yield (model of the production process). Provide and outline the course of the formation of the yield of a variety or hybrid of a particular culture in a particular field.

Based on a detailed study of the biology and ecology of the variety (hybrid), taking into account the abiotic and biotic factors of the growing season, it is assumed (predicted) the calendar dates for the onset of phenological phases (preferably the stages of organogenesis), the dynamics of soil moisture and the content of nutrients in it, the dynamics of the growth of the leaf surface and vegetative plant mass, optimal stand density, crop structure. Based on previous studies and taking into account the meteorological forecast, weediness, types of weeds, damage by pests and diseases, the likelihood of lodging of sowing, methods of harvesting, etc. are assumed.

The data obtained are used to draw up a technological scheme of cultivation and a program for adjusting the growing season of a crop - the development of additional measures to improve these conditions (if they deviate significantly from optimal) due to additional irrigation, refreshing irrigation, additional measures to combat weeds, pests, diseases in case epizootics or epiphytotics, etc.

Sowing status should be reported regularly. In more complex systems, for example, when growing programmed crops on irrigated plots, information can come to a computer as a result of the use of special devices with sensitive sensors directly from the plants. This is already the highest stage of programming and ensuring optimal conditions for the vegetation of plants. Basically, this takes place in vegetable growing when growing crops of closed soil, where information from plants and from the soil (substrate) is constantly fed to the computer and the corresponding commands are issued, instructions for maintaining the specified parameters of the vegetation of plants.

The minimum agricultural complex. The next stage of programming is a technological one, which includes drawing up an agricultural complex, a technological scheme and a technological map (technological project) for growing a crop. In addition, the minimization of technology has a proterozyne significance, contributes to the preservation of soil fertility.

Modern cultivation technology (minimum agricultural complex), for example, for cereals, provides for surface cultivation, performing several techniques in one pass further. The specific situation that develops on the field is taken into account, taking into account agrometeorological factors. At the same time, the general level of agricultural technology in crop rotation, the ecological purity of the field, the selection of varieties that are resistant against weeds, diseases, pests, and the like are of great importance.

The agricultural complex can be depicted in the form of a table or a network diagram, on which all the main agricultural techniques are displayed vertically from top to bottom, starting with fertilization, stubble plowing, plowing (if necessary) and ending with harvesting. Care and harvesting techniques are associated with the phases of growth and development of crop plants. This is a general construction of a crop cultivation system, a prerequisite for further detailing of the technological process.

Technological scheme for growing a culture. The development of a technological scheme (technology for growing a programmed crop as the basis of a technological map, or a technological project for growing a crop involves the definition of technological operations (techniques) for growing, the composition of the unit, the timing of work, agrotechnical requirements and notes:

Reception of cultivation

Unit composition

Deadline

Agrotechnical requirements

Notes (edit)

machines, tools, couplings

When growing a crop using environmentally friendly energy-saving technology, it is important to make the most of agrotechnical and biological measures for the care of the crop. It is necessary, in particular, to well clear the fields of weeds in autumn and spring, apply (where possible) pre- and post-emergence harrowing, inter-row cultivation with sticking of protective strips and hilling of plants. The technological scheme also provides for the selection of a variety (hybrid) that is weakly affected by pests and diseases, does not lie down and the like, and therefore does not require additional energy costs for pesticides, retardants, etc.

There may be several options for technological schemes. It is necessary to compare them in terms of energy intensity, determining the costs of total energy for individual technological operations and, in general, for the agricultural complex of cultivation. Here are the calculations of the total energy consumption for growing buckwheat using two technologies - traditional with and without the use of pesticides (Table 15).

15. Consumption of total energy for growing buckwheat using traditional and alternative (proposed) technologies (according to A.S. Alekseeva)

Growing techniques

Total energy consumption by technology, MJ / ha

traditional

alternative

Stubble cultivation in two tracks

Repeated peeling (if necessary)

Application of mineral fertilizers and lime materials (preparation, loading, transportation, application, energy consumption of fertilizers)

Bacterial fertilization (on peat)

Winter plowing

Early spring harrowing

First and second cultivation

Seed preparation

Etching

Air-thermal heating

Application of herbicides (taking into account their energy intensity)

Presowing packing

Sowing (transportation and loading of seeds, sowing, energy intensity of seeds)

Rolling sowing

Pre-emergence (one) and post-emergence (two) harrowing

Inter-row processing (twice)

Hilling

Removal of bee colonies for sowing

Mowing into rolls

Roll selection and threshing Grain transportation

Grain cleaning

Stacking straw

376 991 1041 383 401 487 23 024

4300 680 729 102 814

4516 94 285 714 437 376 991 1041 383 401 487 18 072

Programming and environmental protection. In crop production, programming should be closely related to environmental protection. For example, the cultivation of ultra-high yields due to the systematic application of large amounts of mineral nitrogen fertilizers can lead to the formation of nitrosoa miniv, which are very harmful to animals and humans. The optimal doses of fertilizers for specific conditions can increase the amount of associative soil microflora in the rhizosphere of the root system and increase the efficiency of fertilizers. Thus, the optimal nitrogen rates, especially for retail application, can increase the number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. At the same time, the decomposition of cellulose improves, the biological activity of the soil increases, and the yield of the crop increases.

Varietal (hybrid) technology is of great importance in programming. It is necessary to keep in mind the technology of variety types and improve it in relation to a specific variety (hybrid).

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