Tire has the highest clock frequency. Why do you need a processor multiplier, and what is the frequency of the tire

The system boards of the system board does not affect the speed of the installed processor. In the computer, motherboard and processor are two separate components. However, user measurement experience is how well they work together.

CPU

The main processor of the computer has a certain speed. On some computers, the processor speed can be changed through the Motherboard BIOS settings. Errors of equipment compatibility in the direction of the processor speed do not change due to any other part of the computer. But the processor is the fastest part of the computer and often another equipment cannot be signed. The processor processes the entire computational operation of the computer outside the large graphic work that is performed using the GPU.

Tire of motherboard

The motherboard bus is a part of the device that transmits data between the parts of the computer. The term "tire speed" refers to how quickly the system bus can move data from one computer component to another. The faster the tire, the more data it can move over a certain amount of time. The system "bus" is connected to the computer for a computer through the "Northern Bridge", which organizes data exchange between the computer's RAM and the processor. This is the fastest part of the tire of the motherboard and processes the most vital load of the computer.

The central computer processor has a number technical characteristicsthat determine the most important characteristic of any processor - its productivity And the meaning of each of them is helpful to know. Why? In order to further navigate to navigate in reviews and testing, as well as labels of the CPU. In this article, I will try to reveal the main technical specifications of the processor In understandable presentation.

The main technical characteristics of the central processor:

Clock frequency;

Discharge;

Cache memory;

Number of Cores;

The frequency and the discharge of the system tire;

Consider details these features

Clock frequency

Clock frequency -executive speed of the commands with the central processor.
Tact - time interval required to perform an elementary operation.

In the nearby past, the clock frequency of the central processor was identified directly with its productivity, that is, the higher the clock frequency of the CPU, the more productory. In practice, we have a situation where Processors with different frequency have the same performance, because in one clock can perform a different number of commands (depending on the kernel design, bus bandwidth, cache memory).

The processor clock frequency is proportional to the system tire frequency ( see below).

Bigness

The prohibition of the processor is the value that determines the amount of information that the central processor is able to process for one tact.

For example, if the processor's discharge is 16, it means that it is able to process 16 bits of information for one tact.

I think everyone understands that the higher the processor's discharge, the large amounts of information it can process.

Usually, the greater the processor's discharge, the performance is higher.

Currently, 32- and 64-bit processors are used. The prohibition of the processor does not mean that it is obliged to perform commands with the same bit.

Cache memory

First of all, answer the question of what cache memory is?

Cash memory is the high-speed computer memory, intended for temporary storage of information (code of executable and data) required by the central processor.

What data are stored in cache?

The most commonly used.

What is the purpose of cache memory?

The fact is that the performance of RAM is relatively with the capacity of the CPU much lower. It turns out that the processor is waiting for data from RAM - which reduces the performance of the processor, and therefore the performance of the entire system. Cache memory reduces processor waiting time, retaining data and code of executable programs to which the processor has most frequently addressed (the difference of the Cash memory from the computer's RAM is the speed of the cache-memory of tens of times higher).

Cash memory, as well as normal memory, has a bit. The higher the bitmap of the cache memory with large amounts of data can it work.

Three level cache memory differences: cache memory first (L1), second (L2) and third (L3). Most often in modern computers apply the first two levels.

Consider in more detail all three levels of cache.

Cache memory first Level is the fastest and most expensive memory.

The first-level cache memory is located on the same crystal with the processor and works at the CPU frequency (hence the greatest speed) and used directly to the core of the processor.

The container of the first level cache is small (by virtue of high costs) and calculated kilobytes (usually no more than 128 KB).

Second Level Cache - This is a high-speed memory that performs the functions as the L1 cache. The difference between L1 and L2 is that the latter has a lower speed, but a larger volume (from 128 Kbytes to 12 MB), which is very useful for the performance of resource-intensive tasks.

Third-level cache Located on the motherboard. L3 is significantly slower than L1I L2, but faster RAM. It is clear that the volume L3 is larger than L1I L2. The third-level cache memory is found in very powerful computers.

Number of Cores

Modern processor manufacturing technologies allow for more than one kernel in one case. The presence of several cores significantly increases the performance of the processor, but this does not mean that the presence n. nuclei gives an increase in productivity in n. time. In addition, the problem of processor multi-core lies in the fact thatand today, there are relatively few programs written, taking into account the presence of several cores in the processor.

The main characteristics of the tire are its discharge and frequency of work. The frequency of the tire is the clock frequency with which data is exchanged between the processor and the computer bush.

Naturally, the higher the size and frequency of the system tire, the higher the processor performance.

The high speed of the data of the bus data provides the ability to quickly receive the processor and computer devices the necessary information and commands.

The frequency of operation of all modern processors is several times higher than the frequency of the system bus, so the processor works on as much as it allows it to be a system tire. The value for which the processor frequency exceeds the system tire frequency is called a multiplier.

Today, together with IT expert experts, we understand that such a unlocked multiplier (multiplication ratio) is, and for which it is needed.

Quite often we are confronted in the news so that Intel or AMD has released such a process with an unlocked multiplier to the joy of enthusiasts and overclockers. It is clear that the multiplier is only in processors, and that it can be blocked and unlocked (allowed to change) by the processor manufacturer.

The processor overclocling with a unlocked multiplier, RAM and motherboard is a way to customize the computer. You can customize power, voltage, kernel, memory, memory parameters, and other important system indicators to maximize performance increases. Overclocking accelerates components and gameplay. It also allows you to optimize tasks that require a large number of processor resources, such as image processing and transcoding.

The "unlocked multiplier" means that the Personal Computer BIOS can change the processor factor down or up. So what is this multiplier? Before answering this question, let's find out how the frequency of the processor is obtained.

Take your motherboard with a specific tire frequency (FSB), for example 533 MHz (Meghertz), and a processor with a multiplier 4.5. As a result (533 x 4.5), we obtain the desired clock frequency of the processor in 2398.5 MHz. Now, if you raise the multiplier to 7.5, then at the exit we will get the speed gain of 1599 megahertz. If we reduce to 3.5 - the frequency of the processor drops to 1.8 GHz.

The formula of the face of the multiplier has a similar look:

FSB (System Board Tire Frequency - Motherboard)
CPU Multiplier (CPU Multiplier)
DDR Multiplier (it is 400/533/667/800 AKA 1 / 1.33 / 1.66 / 2.0)

for example, DDR2 \u003d FSB * MULTUPLIER * 2 (clarified)

Ordinary processors go on sale with a multiplier blocked for an increase. The manufacturer can be understood. After all, it turns out that why should we buy a processor for the conditional 200 dollars when you can buy a model easier for $ 100, change one parameter in the BIOS and get the same processor for $ 200? Lower the multiplier can be from any processor.

However, the blocked multiplier does not mean that overclocking the processor, that is, it is impossible to increase its frequency. After all, the processor takes the basis of the motherboard. Therefore, the enthusiast simply increases the motherboard's frequency (system bus) and receives a higher frequency of the processor without increasing the multiplier.

Extreme Edition processors have Intel and Black Edition - AMD is available on sale with unlocked multipliers. Also, the Intel processor with a unlocked multiplier can be identified by the letter K in the title. For example, 3570 and 3570k. The second is unlocked.

These processors are noticeably more expensive than their blocked fellows and are focused on computer enthusiasts and overclockers - people engaged in overclocking computer iron for the result that can be fixed and demonstrated to the community. An ordinary person unlocked multiplier can give a reserve of strength to upgrade the system for a couple of years. When it seems that the computer stopped "pull", you can simply disperse its frequency

The motherboard is a circuit board (PCB) that connects the processor, memory and all your extension boards together for the full operation of the computer. When choosing a motherboard, it is necessary to take into account its form factor. The form factor is the global standard that determines the size of the motherboard, the location of interfaces, ports, sockets, slots, the location of the attachment to the housing, the connector for connecting the power supply.

Form factor

Most motherboards currently made are ATX, such motherboards have dimensions of 30.5 x 24.4 cm. A little less (24.4 x 24.4 cm) MATX Form Factor. MINI-ITX motherboards have quite modest dimensions (17 x 17 cm). The ATX motherboard has standard connectors such as PS / 2 ports, USB ports, a parallel port, a serial port built into the BIOS motherboard, etc. ATX Motherboard is installed in a standard case.

Chipset motherboard

As a rule, various slots and connectors are installed in the motherboard. The chipset is all chips that are available on the motherboard, which ensure the interaction of all computer subsystems. The main manufacturers of chipsets are currently Intel, Nvidia and ATI (AMD). The chipset includes north and South Bridge.

Intel P67 chipset diagram

North Most Designed to support video card and RAM and direct work with the processor. In addition, the northern bridge controls the frequency of the system tire. However, today often the controller is embedded in the processor, this significantly reduces heat dissipation and simplifies the functioning of system controllers

South Most Provides input and output functions, and containing controllers of devices located on the periphery, such as audio, hard disk and others. It also contains tire controllers that contribute to the connection of peripheral devices, for example, USB or PCI bus.

The speed of the computer depends on how coordinated the interaction of the chipset and processor. For greater efficiency, the processor and chipset must be from one manufacturer. In addition, it is necessary to take into account that the chipset must correspond to the volume and type of RAM.

Processor socket

SOKET is the type of connectivity in the maternal card, which will correspond to the connector of your processor and intended for its connection. It is the socket connector that shares motherboards.

Sockets starting on AM, FM and S support AMD processors.
Sockets starting on LGA have the support of Intel processors.

What kind of socket type corresponds to your processor, you will learn from the instructions for the processor yourself, and in general, the choice of motherboard is occurring simultaneously with the choice of processor, they seem to be selected for each other.

Slots of RAM

When choosing a motherboard, the type and frequency of RAM is of great importance. At the moment, DDR3 memory is used with a frequency of 1066, 1333, 1600, 1800 or 2000 MHz, it was DDR2, DDR and SDRAM to it. One type memory will not be able to connect to the motherboard if its connectors are intended for the memory of another type. Although currently there are models of motherboards with slots and for DDR2, and for DDR3. Despite the fact that the RAM to connect to the motherboard intended for greater frequency is better not to do this, as it will negatively affect the operation of the computer. If in the future it is planned to increase the amount of RAM, then it is necessary to choose a motherboard with a large number of connectors for it (the maximum number is 4).

PCI Slot

In the PCI slot, you can connect extension maps, such as sound card, modem, TV tuners, network card, Wi-Fi Wireless Map, etc. We want to note that the more the slots data, the more additional devices you can connect to the motherboard. The presence of two and more identical PCI-E X16 slots for connecting video cards about the possibility of their simultaneous and parallel operation.

In view of the fact that modern additional devices include cooling systems and simply have a dimensional view, they can interfere with the connection to a nearby slot of a different device. Therefore, even if you are not going to connect a bunch of internal additional boards to a computer, it's still worth choosing a motherboard with at least 1-2 PCI slots so that you can connect even a minimum set of devices without any problems.

PCI EXPRESS.

PCI Express slot is required to connect a PCI-E video card. Some boards that have 2 or more PCI-E connector support SLI or CrossFire configuration, to connect multiple video cards simultaneously. Therefore, if you need to connect two or three identical video cards simultaneously, for example, for games or work with graphics, you must choose a motherboard with the corresponding number of PCI Express X16 slots.

Tire frequency

The tire frequency is the total bandwidth of the motherboard, and the higher the performance of the entire system will be faster. Please note that the processor bus frequency must match the frequency of the motherboard bus, otherwise the processor with the frequency of the tire above, a supported motherboard, will not work.

Hard disks connectors

The most relevant today is SATA connector for connecting hard drives, which came to replace the old IDE connector. Unlike the idea, Sata has a higher data transfer rate. Modern SATA 3 connectors support the speed of 6 GB / s. The more SATA connectors, the more hard drives you can connect to the system board. But note that the number of hard drives may be limited to the system unit housing. Therefore, if you want to install more than two hard drives, then make sure that this feature is in the case.

Despite the fact that the SATA connector actively displaces the IDE, new maternal card models are still equipped with the IDE connector. To a greater extent, this is done for the convenience of the upgrade, that is, after updating the components of the computer, in order to maintain all the available information on the old hard disk with the IDE by the connector and do not experience difficulties with its copying.

If you buy a new computer and plan to use an old hard disk, then the maximum recommend it to use as an additional hard drive. Still, it is better to rewrite the new HDD with SATA connection, as the old will noticeably slow down the work of the entire system.

USB connectors

Pay attention to the number of USB connections on the back panel of the maternal card. What they are more, that is better, since almost all existing additional devices have a USB connector for connecting to a computer, namely: keyboards, mice, flash drives, mobile phone, Wi-Fi adapter, printer, external hard drive, modem, and t .P. To use all these devices, a sufficient number of connections are needed for each device.

USB 3.0 is a new standard of information transfer through a USB interface, the data transfer rate reaches up to 4.8 GB / s.

Sound

Each motherboard has a sound controller. If you are a lover listen to music, we recommend choosing a motherboard with a large number of sound channels.

2.0 - the sound card supports stereo sounds, two columns or headphones;
5.1 - The sound card supports the audio system of volumetric sound, namely 2 front speakers, 1 central channel, 2 rear speakers and subwoofer;
7.1 - Support for the system of the volume sound, has the same architecture as for the operation of the system 5.1, only the lateral speakers are added.

If the maternal card has support for a multichannel audio system, you can easily build a home computer based on a computer.

Additional functions

Fans You can connect to any motherboard, which has connections for fans (coolers), to ensure reliable and good cooling of all internal components in the system unit. It is recommended to have several such connectors.

Ethernet - This is the controller installed on the motherboard, with the help of it is connected to the Internet. If you plan to actively use the Internet, and your Internet provider supports 1 Gb / s speed, then buy a motherboard with such speed support. In general, if you buy a motherboard for a fairly long period of time, and in the next 3 years you do not plan to change it, it is better to immediately take a card with a hygabit network support, taking into account the pace of technology development.

W.i-F.i. The built-in module will be needed so if you have a Wi-Fi router. Having bought such a motherboard, you get rid of extra wires, but the truth of Wi-Fi will not be able to please you with high speed like Ethernet.

Bluetooth - A very useful thing, since thanks to bluetooth controller you can not only download content from the computer to your mobile phone, as well as connect the wireless mouse and keyboard and even a Bluetooth headset, thereby getting rid of the wires.

RAID controller- With it, you can not be afraid for the safety of files on the computer in the event of a hard drive breakdown. To enable this technology, you must install. At least 2 identical hard drives in mirror mode, and all data from one drive will be automatically copied to another.

Solid-state capacitors - This is the use of more resistant to the load and the temperature of the capacitors containing the polymer. They have a longer service life and they are better tolerated high temperature. Almost all manufacturers have already moved to them in the manufacture of motherboards.

Digital power system - Provides power processor and the rest of the circuit without drops and sufficiently. There are both cheap digital blocks on the market that are no better than analog and more expensive and skillful. It will be needed if you have a weak power supply or poor-quality power grid, and you do not use UPS, or you will overclock the processor.

Buttons for rapid acceleration - allow you to increase the frequency of the tire or the supplied voltage with one touch. Will be useful to overclockers.

Static voltage protection - This problem seems insignificant while you do not pull in the winter to your favorite, after removing the sweater. And although it happens so infrequently, it still hurts the fee with one careless movement.

Military Class.- This is the passage of card testing in conditions of high humidity, dryness, cold, heat, temperature drop and other stress tests. If the motherboard passed all these tests, it means that it may fail to fail the discharge of lightning. Significant different classes, characterized by a set of tests passed.

Multyobiosity Save you money and nerves after unsuccessful experiences with BIOS or UEFI. Otherwise, you get a non-working fee. And for her recovery, you will need to find another working motherboard, preferably the same type. You can simply switch to the backup UEFI in multob-cards. Some payments are implemented as a rollback to the initial UEFI. Very useful for fans of experiments.

"Related" USB or LAN ports- This is a technology that is practically on all motherboards. It is that the USB speed increases only under certain conditions. And the increase in the speed of the LAN network you will notice only with a decrease in Ping in network games