Lithium polymer battery. What is the difference between lithium polymeric from lithium-ion batteries? What is a lithium polymer battery

Polymer battery - upgraded variety of lithium power supply. A special gel with a certain feature is used as a filler for a lithium-polymer battery.

In order to decide whether to use Li POL improved batteries, you need to explore certain information, take into account advantages and disadvantages.

The performance of the equipment, a portable device or installation depends largely on how correct is the power source. So, for the configuration of portable chargers, a lithium ionic or lithium ionic polymer battery is used. In order to make the right choice, you need to know, the difference in what. Required taking into account advantages and minuses of food sources.

Interesting video about lithium-polymer batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries

The demonstration of the first ion batteries occurred in the past century. Then the developers presented the models, the electrodes in which were prepared from Metal Lithium. They differed low levels of security, short-term exploitation. Therefore, metallic lithium and replaced Li ions.

Modernized lithium-ion batteries have such advantages:

• Increased capacity, electrolyte density.
• The ability to operate at higher voltage.
• Easy service due to lack of memory effect.
• Minimum self-discharge.

The duration of the ion battery depends on whether the disadvantages are taken into account:

• Permanent control of voltage, current and temperature is needed. This requires a special controller. This is exactly the ion battery from the polymer.
• Gradual decrease in capacity.
• The composition must be entered a proven protective circuit, the controller with the necessary components. Such work requires certain materials, tools. The procedure for manufacturing a protective circuit takes a certain time. All this leads to an increase in the value of Li Ion Po battery 1.5-2 times.

Lithium polymer batteries

The development of a lithium polymer high-quality battery has begun due to the fact that the level of security of ionic power supply was low. As a result, manufacturers received an acb that possess special advantages in contrast to Li.

Instead of standard electrolytic composition, a polymer dry electrolyte is used, presented as a film. It does not spend current, does not prevent the exchange of charged particles. Unlike an ionic power supply, a porous separator is not introduced into the polymer battery device.

Due to the fact that such a design is used, the level of security LI POL is higher accumulators. After all, the probability of ignition is reduced to zero.

The polymer electrolyte is well handled. Therefore, manufacturers easily create Li Ion Polymer battery required form, optimal configuration. Therefore, such power sources are used in phones, laptops, portable techniques, video cameras.

Unfortunately, lithium ionic polymer batteries are highlighted by low electrical conductivity. Its level rises only when heated. But this effect is not always sufficient. For example, the heating of the battery is not allowed if there is no cooling system.

The resistance level of the Li Ion Polymer batteries is high, so the required value is quite difficult to get. Because of this, modern devices cannot be equipped with such power sources.

But the above problems are inherent only by those Li Ion Poly power supplies in which the electrolyte is presented in a dry form.

Upgraded Lithium Polymer Akb

The problem associated with the disadvantage of electrical conductivity was solved by introducing certain components into the electrolyte. Now produce polymer batteries, the electrolyte in which is represented as a gel. Such power supplies are called lithium ion polymer batteries. They equip the best mobile phones, charging and portable devices.

Rechargeable polymer batteries occur everywhere, whatever technique is presented.

Fundamental differences

What to choose: Li Ion or Li Polymer battery? Both structures have similar characteristics, parameters. The difference is in the presence of solid electrolyte in Li Ion POL batteries.

Lee Upgraded Layer Polymer Battery is not equipped with a porous separator. It is distinguished by an increased capacity, a long period of operation, increased electrical conductivity.

Solving what battery is better for the phone, manufacturers take into account structural features, as well as POL and LI types difference. At the same time, most often they use Ion Li Polymer AKB, which have all the advantages.

Features of the use of lithium battery

The use of Li Ion and Li Ion Pol is carried out by a similar principle. To prevent problems you need:

• Maintain a voltage in 4.2-2.7 V. During the entire period of operation, these indicators correspond to the maximum and minimum charge.
• Accounting to the stress constraints entered by manufacturers. For careful control, the use of proven schemes is allowed.
• The service life of charged to 45-46% POL or LI batteries is the most lengthy.
• Introduction to the composition of ionic polymer batteries of controllers contributes to maintaining an acceptable voltage level.

Rules for charging lithium-polymer batteries

To increase the operation time of the AKB without additional recharge, you need to consider the rules for the operation of charging.

1. Invalid full discharge. Polymer batteries do not have the effect of memory. Therefore, the use of the charger is permissible and with a small discharge. To extend the life of Li Ion PO, the battery needs to be charged more often. At the same time, it is necessary to apply a "native" charger.
2. Constantly use the battery that is charged, harmful. Therefore, with a certain frequency, the power supply must be discharged to zero. Due to the instability of charging, using various schemes and devices. With periodic discharge, the likelihood of the lower, upper thresholds is eliminated.
3. Uncommunicable Li Ion Po Power Supplies are stored at 15-20 degrees. The charge level should be 40%. Fully charged power source is not stored. After all, it is fraught with loss of tank, deterioration of indicators.
4. Original chargers are used to charge lithium ion polymer batteries. Some mobile phones are equipped with built-in charger. The external adapter is supplied separately, promoting voltage stabilization. Part of the equipment with such devices is not equipped. Therefore, for charging, the battery is withdrawn.
5. Polymer batteries are forbidden to overheat. Even exceeding 1-2 degrees, the power source is pernicably affected. Low temperatures have a negative effect. Therefore, you need to use the battery only in permissible mode.
6. The exploitation of power supply in the immediate vicinity of heaters is prohibited. The battery should not fall straight rays of the sun. After all, all this helps to reduce the use period.
7. The use of charging devices that have not passed certification are unsafe. So how to charge the battery? The best output is the use of proven and certified charger, which is recommended by manufacturers.
8. All the connectors used must match the size. Only so the probability of closing the battery is eliminated.
9. The power supply temperature should be constantly tracked. This is especially important if there is no cooling system.
10. Mechanical loads are prohibited. It can provoke the formation of microcracks, other damage.

Video about the restoration of lithium-polymer batteries.

Before using a universal charger, it is necessary:

• Match technical parameters.
• Check the tank performance. When using chargers with restrictions, it will be difficult to charge the power supply.
• Make sure the performance of the charger. After all, Chinese products may have defects.

If necessary, you can check the old battery as it will be charged.

Storage and disposal of polymer batteries

The period of operation of whether ionic polymer batteries depends on the compliance with the storage rules.

1. Primary power sources do not require special storage conditions. It is enough to fulfill the recommendations of manufacturers.
2. Rechargeable battery extracted from the device are located on a dry surface. At the same time, it is necessary to minimize the likelihood of sunlight on the surface of the power supply.
3. The probability of freezing increases if the battery is discharged. Therefore, the premises are selected for the storage with the required conditions.
4. Store polymer batteries are needed with a small charge (40-50%).
5. Exploited and store lithium-polymer batteries, in which the voltage is constantly falling, it is not worth it. Such devices are subject to disposal.
6. After long-term storage, the energy source must be inspected. Damaged or swollen battered should be replaced.

Electrochemical system of polymer acb harmless. After all, the preparation took into account environmental norms, requirements. But the disposal of the failed devices is required. Such actions contribute to the preservation of the environment. Sources failed are transferred to the appropriate organizations in the prescribed order.

Modernized lithium-polymer batteries gradually displacing traditional power supplies. And it is due to considerable opportunities, technical characteristics and an increased level of security.

Video about lithium-polymer rechargeable batteries

Growth consumer interest in mobile gadgets and technological portable technique as a whole causes manufacturers to improve their products in various directions. In this case, there are a number of common parameters, the work on which is carried out in one direction. This include a method of energy supply. Just a few years ago, active market participants could observe the process of displacing more than perfect elements of NiMH nickel-metal hydride origin. Today, the rivalry is among themselves new batteries. A widespread lithium-ion technology in some segments successfully displaces a lithium-polymer battery. The difference from the ionic in the new block is not as noticeable for the ordinary user, but in some aspects it is essential. At the same time, as in the case of competition of NiCD and NIMH elements, the replacement technology is far from flawless and in some indicators inferior to the analogue.

Li-Ion battery device

The first models of serial batteries based on lithium began to appear in the early 1990s. However, cobalt and manganese was used as an active electrolyte. In modern, it is important not so much a substance as the configuration of its placement in the block. Such batteries consist of electrodes that are separated by the separator with the pores. The mass of the separator, in turn, is just so impregnated with an electrolyte. As for the electrodes, they are a cathode base on an aluminum foil and a copper anode. Inside the block is connected to the terminals-current collectors. Care maintenance performs a positive charge ion of lithium. This material is beneficial in that it has the ability to easily penetrate into crystal lattices of other substances, forming chemical bonds. However, the positive qualities of such batteries are increasingly not enough for modern tasks, which caused the appearance of Li-Pol elements that have a lot of features. In general, it is worth noting the similarity of lithium-ion power sources with helium full-format bats for cars. In both cases, the batteries are developed with the calculation of physical practitioner in use. In part, this direction of development continued polymer elements.

Lithium-polymer battery device

The impetus for improving lithium batteries was the need to combat two lack of existing Li-Ion batteries. First, they are unsafe in operation, and secondly, it is quite expensive at the price. Relief from these minuses, technologists decided by changing electrolyte. As a result, a polymer electrolyte came to replace the impregnated porous separator. It should be noted that the polymer was used to be used in electrical needs as a plastic conduction film. In the modern battery, the thickness of the LI-POL element reaches 1 mm, which also removes the restrictions on the use of various shapes and sizes. But the main thing is the absence of liquid electrolyte, thereby eliminating the risk of ignition. Now it is worth considering the differences from lithium-ion elements.

What is the main difference from the ion battery?

The fundamental difference lies in the refusal of helium and liquid electrolytes. For a more complete understanding of this difference, you should contact modern models of automotive batteries. The need to replace liquid electrolyte was due, again, the interests of security. But if in the case of automotive batteries, progress stopped on the same porous electrolytes with impregnation, then lithium models got a full firm base. What is so good solid lithium-polymer battery? The difference from the ionic lies in the fact that the active substance in the form of a plate in the contact zone with lithium prevents the formation of dendrites during cycling. Just this factor eliminates the likelihood of explosions and fires of such batteries. This is just what the advantages of advantages, but also there are weak points in new batteries.

Lithium-polymer battery life

On average, such batteries withstand about 800-900 charging cycles. This indicator is modest against the background of modern analogues, but not even this factor can be considered as the determining element resource. The fact is that such batteries are susceptible to intensive aging regardless of the nature of the operation. That is, even if the battery is not used at all, its resource will be reduced. And it does not matter, it is a lithium-ion battery or a lithium-polymer element. All power sources based on a lithium-based basis are characterized by this process. A significant loss in volume can be seen one year after the acquisition. After 2-3 years, some batteries are in order at all. But much depends on the manufacturer, since inside the segment also there are differences as the battery performance. Similar problems are characteristic of NIMH elements that are exposed to aging with sharp temperature fluctuations.

disadvantages

In addition to problems with rapid obsolescence, such batteries need an additional protection system. This is due to the fact that the internal stress in different parts can lead to bravery. Therefore, a special stabilization scheme, preventing overheating and reloading, is used. The same system entails other disadvantages. The main one is the current limitation. But, on the other hand, additional protective circuits make a safer lithium-polymer battery. The difference from ionic value also takes place. Polymer batteries are cheaper, but slight. Their price tag is also increasing due to the introduction of electronic protective circuits.

Operating features of gel modifications

In order to increase the electrical conductivity into the polymer elements, the technologists are still added gel-shaped electrolyte. There is no speech on the full transition to such substances, since this is contrary to the concept of this technology. But in portable techniques, it is often used that hybrid batteries. Their feature is sensitivity to temperature. Manufacturers recommend using such batteries in 60 ° C to 100 ° C. This requirement has determined a special niche of application. Use gel-like models can only be in places with a hot climate, not to mention the need for immersion in the heat insulated housing. Nevertheless, the question of which battery choose - Li-POL or Li-Ion is not so acute in enterprises. Where the temperature has a special effect, combined solutions often apply. Polymer elements in such cases are usually used as a backup.

The optimal method of charging

The usual time to replenish the charge in lithium batteries is an average of 3 hours. And in the process of charging, the unit remains cold. Filling happens in two stages. On the first voltage reaches peak values, and this mode is maintained to 70%. The remaining 30% is recruited in normal voltage. Interesting and other question - how to charge a lithium-polymer battery, if you need to maintain its full volume in constant mode? In this case, the recharge schedule should be followed. This procedure is recommended to produce approximately every 500 hours with full discharge.

Precautions

In the process of operation, only the charging device must be applied by characteristics by connecting it to the network with a stable voltage. It is also necessary to check the status of the connectors so that the battery is not opened. It is important to take into account that, despite the high degree of security, this is still sensitive to overloads the type of battery. The lithium-polymer element does not tolerate the current, excessive cooling of the external environment and mechanical shocks. However, in all of this indicator, polymer blocks are still more reliable than lithium-ion. And yet, the main aspect of security is to harm solid-state power sources - of course, subject to maintenance of their tightness.

What battery is better - Li-POL or Li-Ion?

This issue is largely determined by the operating conditions and the target object of energy supply. The main advantages of polymer devices are more likely for manufacturers themselves who can freely use new technologies. For a user, the difference will be low. For example, in the question of how to charge a lithium-polymer battery, the owner will have to pay more attention to the quality of the source of power supply. By time, charges are identical elements. As for durability, in this parameter, the situation is also ambiguous. The effect of aging to a greater extent characterizes the polymer elements, but the practice shows different examples. For example, there are reviews about lithium-ion elements that become unsuitable after a year of use. And polymeric in some devices are operated for 6-7 years.

Conclusion

There are still many myths and false judgments that concern different nuances of operation remain around the batteries. And on the contrary, some features of the batteries are silent by manufacturers. As for the myths, one of them refutes the lithium-polymer battery. The difference from the ion analogue is that polymer models are experiencing less internal loads. For this reason, the charging sessions have not yet served batteries do not adversely affect the characteristics of the electrodes. If we talk about the facts hidden by manufacturers, then one of them concerns durability. As already mentioned, the resource of the batteries is characterized not only by a modest indicator of charging cycles, but also the inevitable loss of the useful volume of the battery.

Today, robotic sets begin to significantly help in human training. Recently, on the world stage for innovators and advanced technologies (at the exhibition of consumer electronics CES 2020), one of the leading suppliers of Steam educational solutions (the term means learning to use science, technology, engineering, art and mathematics as points of interaction for conducting surveys, learning dialogues and creating critical thinking). The debutant was Matatalab (Matalab), attracting attention to the lineup of robotic sets of Matatalab Coding SET and Matatalab Lite - sought to experience innovative technologies. Which help develop the skills of computing thinking and cook children to the digital world.

News Robotics and Education: Developing Robotic Sets Matatalab Coding Set and Matatalab Lite can prepare for understanding the digital world.

Surprisingly simple robotic sets of Matatalab are followed by the development of cognitive abilities of children (from specific to abstract) and use simple design characters so that students can understand coding and computing thinking through merry, but complex game quests (tasks).

The Matatalab activity itself covers the B2B markets (business for business) and B2C (business for the consumer), offering professional decisions around the world to educational institutions and families, including robots for programming (robotic sets), curriculum, packets of textbooks and so on. Video review of the robotic set Matatalab Coding Set: Programming simply as "ABB".

This is a practical robot for children from 4 to 9 years. Encourage children to study the basic concept of encoding / programming using adventure and practical game! Using light-hand coding blocks, children can now learn programming without screens.

According to Matatalab, for many years of development, the company adheres to the principle "coding and confidence to change the situation."

Video review of the robotic set Matatalab Lite:

Matatalab Lite is a charming and easy-to-use robot encoder, ready to take small children aged three years in an exciting adventure in the encoding / programming field. It consists of a robotic machine with sensors and a wireless controller with three modes, namely, the control mode, coding mode and sensor mode.

Robotic set develops problems solving problems, critical thinking, creativity and collaboration for your children using practical programming games. Children can gladly know the basic concepts of programming, such as sequence, conditional expressions and debugging, and they will constantly offer more complex tasks.

A few words why training robotic Matatalab Coding Set and Matatalab Lite sets were created, from the manufacturer:

"The two founders of Matatalab previously worked in the leading educational robototechnical company in the industry, supplying software and equipment to teach programming to younger schoolchildren worldwide. Based on this experience, they revealed the lack of products on the market for educational programming young children. Despite the educational value of STEM, computer science, programming and computer thinking, programming training is still limited to programming on tablets or computers. However, the standards of the Association of Computer Science Teachers (CSTA-Computer Science Teachers Association) have shown that children can learn programming basics in preschool education. Therefore, they have provided a simple way to use a robot for learning programming for children with low thresholds, rich features and a variety of application scenarios. Later, they founded Matatalab Co., Ltd and sequentially released "Matatalab Pro Set", "Matatalab Coding Set", and "Matatalab Lite". Instead of programming languages, these products use a tangible programming language, which corresponds to the cognitive characteristics of children aged 4-9 years. The coding set is designed for children from 4 years and older. Given that the encoding unit is a programming language, the screen is not required, and children can edit their own programs, like the replacement of building blocks. In addition, packages for expansion, such as music, drawing and sensors are also available for children to achieve advanced learning skills. Designed specifically for 3-4 years, the Lite series is equipped with a controller instead of code cards and blocks. This design is focused on the direction of research and the sequence of children of this age, and for children it is useful to acquire basic sensory perceptions, such as sound, light, color and speed.

- The history of the creation of robots, from Matatalab.

One of the founders is a graduate of the mathematical faculty of the first in China of the University of Qinghua. He developed the whole range of products. The technical prototype was originally developed and demonstration samples were created on the Raspberry PI boards. All this was tested by the relevant teachers, students and parents in several communities and educational institutions. After checking the concept, it was presented to sectoral experts in different countries and discussed further optimization. Then the first round of investment took place. The team began to expand, and the product design has become more attractive. After a year of research and development, the experience of working with the product has improved significantly. Subsequently, 3D printing samples were tested in 13 countries and received feedback from many experts in the field of education, teachers and students in Europe and the United States. It helped even more improve product quality and ultimately achieve mass production. It is noted that safety and reliability are the main priorities, because the product is intended for children. Professional organizations and suppliers were found to solve the problems of supply chain and mass production, and the products were carefully tested so that it would even certify the quality of food. Now it is the highest level of testing toy products in the world, and according to the application of the creators, the products can be safe as children's bottles.

- Interesting moments that arose when creating robots, from the words of Matatalab.

When we visited investors to search for investments, the demonstration prototype was damaged during the trip. Thus, we could play the role of a robot only through gestures and body language to explain our practical coding concepts and how robots work. Fortunately, we impressed investors and received investments. Of course, we believe that this is because our product is exceptional, and that we are the pioneers of the Blue Ocean market, "said Rishon Su (Rishon SU), General Director of Matatalab.

The principle of design of our product is a low threshold and a high ceiling. Start easy, but the complexity will increase step by step, constantly checking students' thinking abilities. We have developed three tasks manuals. Many adults first found them easy, but lost in high-level tasks or spent a lot of time on their execution. For example, the computer science teacher in the University of Chicago could pass only the last stage of our task in 6 minutes and 42 seconds. He joked that he would never tell his daughter about this experience. Therefore, although the game is very easy to master, it is as difficult as the game for adults, "said Tony Zheng (Tony Zheng), Matatalab chief operating officer."

Matatalab in Russian educational institutions.

According to the Creators of Educational Robotic Mattalab sets:

"Today, Matatalab is used in 500-700 educational institutions of a different level from kindergarten to high school. The question about the number of institutions is very complex, because" Digis "does not work with end users, and Matatalab has more than 120 active partners in all regions of the country.

In addition to public schools and kindergartens, Matatalab is used in private development centers, as well as in the development centers of teachers in many regions of the country.

In April 2020, the first interschool competitions on Matatay may be held on the basis of the Moscow School. Eight sets have already been granted to develop tasks and team preparation.

At about the same time (in March), NTI 2020 Olympiad will be held in the Siberian region of Russia, in the city of Novosibirsk, together with the Ministry of Education of the Novosibirsk region. "

The annual exhibition of amusement and attractions parks (TAAPE) must be held in September, from 9 to 11 numbers. TAAPE 2020 is the first and only professional entertainment show in Thailand (as the organizers say). The exhibition in Bangkok will demonstrate the latest achievements of the entertainment and recreation industry. The exhibition participants will become both producers producing children's products for home and producing mechanical goods, and so products for the thematic park. Of the more than two dozen countries of the world, it is planned to attract companies and professional visitors. Participants from Russia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Burma, China, Korea, India, Taiwan, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and other countries are expected expected. Good opportunity for foreign companies and distributors, to promote your brand.

News of exhibitions and technologies: The officially referenced exhibition "Thailand Amusement & Attraction Parks Expo" or "Taape" - is preparing to accept participants from 20 countries of the world.

According to the organizers of the exhibition Taape, this is the first exhibition dedicated to the theme parks industry, video games and entertainment products, which will serve as a showcase for the production and design of a company engaged in entertainment programs and thematic parks, to enter the market of Southeast Asia. There is a chance to get acquainted with potential business partners, trading buyers, investors and customers. The exhibition will cover the entire ASEAN zone, speaking as the most efficient trading channel for exhibitors.

It is expected to submit to the public 620 stands, the exhibitors will arrive from more than two dozen countries or regions, including Russia, Thailand, Vietnam, Korea, China, Japan, Singapore, Germany, India, France, Malaysia, Australia, America, Indonesia, Taiwan and others.

Topics of the exhibition TAAPE and exhibits:

Products and accessories for video games.

Slot machine, simulator, remote control equipment, various slot machines, arcade, home gaming machine and peripherals, animated product, online game, carnival lottery, interactive slot machine, automatic doll, automatic gifts, camera with stickers, various coin dispensers , game tokens, gaming prefix displays, video game software, puzzle and entertainment equipment.

Park and playground.

Robots, American Hills, Skates, Ferris Wheel, Carousel, Karting, Lookout Machine, Tourist Bus, Cable Car, Simulated Golf, Simulated System Shooting, Drifting Equipment, Water Slide, Water Ball, Touch Boat, Water Fountain, System Cold Fog, Water Cleaning Equipment, Wave Creation Equipment, Equipment for Extreme Sports, Outdoor Sports, Climbing Equipment, Opto-Electronic Combined Equipment for Entertainment, Laser, Lighting, Pyrotechnics, Special Effects, Films, 3D and 4D Film , Film Equipment for Water Screens, Executive equipment, Special photographic equipment, Special stereoscopic film projector, Software for managing a vending machine, Playground and entertainment center, Ticket service system, Kiosk, Park lighting, Outdoor Landscape Lighting, LED Displays, LED Lamps, Parks Sculpture and so on.

Children's entertainment facilities.

Children's trolley, electric car, swing, children's preschool complexes, inflatable rides, air models, children's playground, slide, swing, turntable, naughty castle, trampoline, combined toy for entertainment, safe cushion and other equipment.

Landscaping design.

Park, picturesque place, landscape, tourist project planning, design and design, landscape sketch design, entertainment design, packaging for recreation and entertainment.

Also the exhibition plans to affect themes for visiting objects.

Various thematic parks, water parks, scenic places, cinema and television bases, resorts, leisure clubs, supermarkets, hotels;

Museums, Scientific and Technical Museums, Exhibition Halls, Oceanities, Preparation and Operation of Memorial Buildings, Real Estate Management.

Who may be interested in the exhibition TAAPE 2020:

Developers of various thematic and industrial parks;

Departments of state planning and design, and relevant procurement departments;

Various organizers of cultural tourism and investors in commercial real estate;

Distributors of goods for entertainment and video games, playroom owners;

Relevant departments of education, schools, professional educational institutions;

Sports goods sellers, investors in entertainment and other professionals;

Financial, insurance and venture investment institutions;

Other specialists related to thematic park and cultural tourism;

Developers of games, operators, publishers, software and hardware providers, research institutes, gamers and so on.

The possibility of the exhibition.

Visitors of the new exhibition of amusement and attractions parks will have the opportunity to shake the industry's experts, influential decision-making persons, and customers to discuss tasks and solutions.

The organizers of one of the major exhibition shows, "Asia Amusement & Attractions Expo", are going to spend it in May 2020 (from the tenth to the twelfth). At the exhibition dedicated to entertainment and attractions, planning to adhere to the main topics: high-tech equipment, games and devices for them, thematic parks and attractions, inflatable equipment, water technology, children's entertainment. Also, the organizers are planned to conduct special events: the forum on the development of the thematic park, an advanced seminar on the use of indoor parks, a conference on the development of culture and tourism. The places for holding a new exhibition should be a Chinese import-export fairing complex. It is geographically located in the city of Guangzhou, which is in China.

News from the world of exhibitions and technologies: Officially called exhibition "2020 Asia Amusement & Attractions Expo" or "AAA 2020" plans to collect exhibitors from around the world.

Over the past fifteen years, this exhibition attracted trading visitors with more than five dozen countries and regions. By applying the organizers, in the new AAA 2020 exhibition is ready to participate many well-known exhibitors around the world, including Chinese exhibitors, such as G-Look, Unis, Golden Horse, Wahlap, Letian, Golden Dragon, Prodigy, Wangming, and foreign brands, Such as Sacoa (Argentina), Embed (Australia), SEMNOX (India), F2 Systems Inc (Korea), Zone Laser Tag & Hologate (Germany), WiBit Sports (Germany), Delta Strike (New Zealand), Dragonautics (Singapore) , as well as others.

What subjects fall under the exhibition "AAA 2020":High-tech equipment (Hi-Tech).

Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR and AR), 3D Modeling, Animatronic, Systems for Snow and Ice, Lazertag (Laser Fight with Blaster Machines), Special Effects and so on;

Games and devices.

Arcade and video games, vending machines, game equipment, game sets and so on;

Thematic parks and attractions.

Photographic solutions, equipment for moving people, safety equipment, theater equipment and materials, travel, architecture and design, equipment for reception, clothing and so on;

Water technologies.

Equipment and materials associated with water, design and consulting in water parks and so on;

Playgrounds, trampoline, inflatable boats, gifts and plush toys, children's attractions and so on.

In addition, the AAA Organizing Committee additionally continues to visit major countries of the world (Russia, India, USA, United Kingdom, Japan, Korea, Dubai, Turkey, Singapore, Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, and others) to contact professionals from the entertainment industry and Attractions.

Previous exhibition "AAA 2019" broke records.

Taking 120,000 square meters for exhibition space, the 15th AAA exhibition broke the record of 90,679 visits. Also, 1,100 exhibitors demonstrated their latest products and services. A new emphasis was organized, IP licensing pavilion, reflecting a new trend "Culture + Tourism". According to the survey, 96% of the exhibitors received promising results, and 94% of buyers found their products interesting.

Want to know about the router with incredibly good performance? There is an Archer AX50 apparatus - this is the newest Wireless Router from the Chinese company TP-Link Technologies. Unlike the usual routers released by the manufacturer "TP-Link", this model is equipped with the latest Wi-Fi technology, which promises to improve the Wi-Fi connection with a lightning speed - thanks to the implementation of the IEEE 802.11AX wireless wireless wireless standard.

News about routers Today: The new TP-LINK Archer AX50 router is supported by Wi-Fi 6, up to 3 gigabits per second, 4K Streaming, connection 40+ devices, saves the battery, has antivirus.

The innovative design of the TP-LINK Archer AX50 router has classic rectangular notes with a large number of ventilation holes for cooling the device. The model has four external non-removable antennas and several LED indicators to display the state of the router.

What better Wi-Fi router?

The new TP-LINK Archer AX50 router was represented by the Chinese brand as a device on the Intel platform, which offers users access to the latest connectivity capabilities in the ready-to-use system. It supports the latest 802.1AX wireless standard, also known as WiFi 6, to enhance overall speed and performance to prepare users to the future when updating existing home network solutions.

The newest version of Wi-Fi 6 wireless technology, promises to make WiFi-bonds much faster compared to 802.11ac. Now the Wi-Fi-Fi 6 wireless communication feature is already available on some mobile phones, such as Samsung Galaxy S10 and Apple iPhone 11.

At the moment, many routers with Wi-Fi feature are extremely expensive, it is possible that the TP-LINK ARCHER AX50 version is designed to provide massive use of Wi-Fi communication.

TP-LINK ARCHER AX50 video review: Fast setting and how the new router model is working with Wi-Fi 6

In addition, we consider what a router can do:

Intel technology Wi-Fi technology provides three times higher speeds, a large capacity and less delay compared to the previous generation Wi-Fi 5, while the Intel dual-core processor provides uninterrupted operation;

The speed (data transmission) of the next generation, up to 3 Gbps (2402 Mbit / s in the range of 5 GHz and 574 Mbps in the range of 2.4 GHz) for a faster streaming video 4K, video cards and online games;

The use of "revolutionary" technologies MU-MIMO and OFDMA allows you to connect more than 40 devices.

Protection using the HOMECARE Antivirus from TP-Link, which has parental control;

TARGET WAKE TIME technology reduces the power consumption of devices, which increases the battery life;

Simple Routher Setup using a powerful TP-Link Tether application, in minutes;

There is backward compatibility, the Archer AX50 router supports all previous 802.11 standards and multiple Wi-Fi devices;

Comment about the router from the manufacturer (TP-LINK press service):

"Archer AX50 enters the line of Routers "Archer AX" with support for Wi-Fi 6 is a new generation of wireless communication (the Archer AX11000, AX6000, AX3000, AX10, AX1500 and some others are also included in it. TP-LINK is a world leader in home wireless devices, therefore, of course, the company focuses on global trends and innovations occurring in this market.

One of these innovations was the presentation by Intel Chipsets with Wi-Fi 6 at the end of 2018 - and already in February 2019, TP-Link has shown the first models with Wi-Fi 6 at the MWC 2019 exhibition in Barcelona. Archer AX50 became the first example of TP-Link and Intel collaboration (in addition to cooperation with Intel, various TP-Link devices are also supplied on Qualcomm, Broadcom, MediaTek chipsets, and so on ..., and from large joint projects it is worth noting a partnership with the company Google in the production of the Google OnHub router).

The reason why routers with Wi-Fi 6 began to appear, has become increased demand for even higher Internet connection speed, as well as at a higher bandwidth inside the network. All this in turn is due to the growing number of wireless gadgets in modern households: today not only laptops and mobile phones are connected to Wi-Fi, but also televisions (the television has also gradually goes to "online"), infrastructure devices of the smart home, game consoles and multimedia Devices, including using a supplemented and virtual reality. In other words, if you do not take into account the mobile Internet, then Wi-Fi becomes the main information transfer medium, and this environment requires improvements over time.

The Archer AX50 model is just intended for modern households that need a powerful basis for accessing the Internet and connecting a large number of customers - with a thirst for several years ahead.

Speaking of further market prospects, you can note the following:

The number of clients will grow, which can be connected to the Wi-Fi 6 infrastructure;

The number of technologies will grow that will use the speed of Wi-Fi 6;

The infrastructure of the smart home will develop, and it will increasingly rely on Wi-Fi;

TP-LINK in turn will be submitted on the international and Russian market model that meet the requirements of modern users.

We have large production facilities, as well as several research centers in Asia and the United States - which will allow us to quickly adapt these requirements to new products and development. "

Finishing words:

Recently, the new TP-LINK routers of the Archer line meet the growing need for improved connection solutions, since consumers continue to integrate more intelligent devices into their homes that require growing bandwidth.

The new aircraft entitled "Flying Gondola" optimizes flight characteristics due to the technology of controlling the center of gravity. Reliability that allows people to carry out safe movement is an integral part of mobility in the air. However, in order to widely use the aircraft "Flying Gondola" ("Flying Gondola") as a means of movement in airspace, its creators from Aeronext Inc (Japan) believe that the key aspects are the achievements of both "security" and " Comfort. " That each passenger can easily use the aircraft without any reasons for doubt.

Latest news of aircraft: Aeronext Japanese developer introduced a "flying gondola" ("Flying Gondola") for the convenience of moving through the air.

According to the AeroNext developer, the new concept of mobile movement in the air "Flying Gondola" not only provides "security", but also "comfort", which differ from the traditional air mobility concept, which is mainly focused on the convenience of passenger movement.

When will the "Flying Gondola" replace the usual plane?

The "Flying Gondola" apparatus provides a new flight experience, which, according to Aeronext, allows the passenger to enjoy the freedom of flight, scenery in the sky. Development goes forward and the next project "Next Mobility" will be the first principal prototype of "Flying Gondola", but further in the review.

Vertical takeoff and landing of the device are managed by the technology of the center of gravity, called "Tiltbody".

Technology that is an integral part of the new Flying Gondola aircraft concept - this is a newly announced technology "Tiltbody" (means a collective term for the management of the center of gravity developed in AeroNEXT).

The developed technology will stabilize the rise and landing of the VTOL type aircraft (the term decrypts as a vertical takeoff and landing). During the transition from takeoff to a horizontal flight, unlike traditional aircraft, where the rotor is fixed, the movable rotor lever (called the "lever of the propeller") moves to achieve optimal flight characteristics, while maintaining the cabin level relative to the ground level. Perhaps this may mean that comfort and security are as much as possible.

Also, the company develops the first principal prototype of a single passenger aircraft NEXT MOBILITY. This is a prototype that embodies the new air mobility concept like a flying gondola (Flying Gondola). It is equipped with a 4D Gravity gravity center technology and a newly announced technology center of VTOL TILTBODY. A completely new model NEXT Mobility is the first prototype, which is a model 1/3 of a single aircraft.

Video AeroNext Flying Flight Review: NEXT Mobility Prototype embodies the concept of "flying gondola."

In the future, the Japanese developer Aeronext promises to announce such aircraft that several people can enjoy.

Comment, as you created a drone "Flying Gondola", from the creators:

Natsuko ITO, Global Marketing Director of Aeronext Inc.:

"Aeronext is a technological startup for the architecture of unmanned aerial vehicles, founded in Japan in 2017, and we invented a unique 4D gravity® gravity management center, which significantly improves stability.

We have already announced several conceptual models for specific industrial applications using 4D Gravity®, for example, for use in delivery and inspection.

And this time, to more clearly show the effectiveness of 4D gravity®, we have created the concept of air mobile model "Flying Gondola", equipped with 4D gravity® and other patented technologies that provide both safety and comfort.

We believe that this is a realistic solution that will increase the social acceptability of air mobility through the provision of new flight experience.

We used a unique "separate architecture" by applying our patented 4D GRAVITY® technology, which separates part of the cabin and flying part so that the salon always remains at the same level.

The original idea of \u200b\u200b4D gravity® was invented by our technical director, Mr. Suzuki, and this conceptual model of the "flying gondola" was created by him and his team of engineers. "

Technical characteristics of the aeroxt aircraft and the developer declared advantages:

Vehicle with remotely controlled automatic navigation that does not require pilot on board;

A smooth and stable transition from takeoff to a smooth flight;

Convenient fit into the apparatus, because the seat is on the same level from the ground.

The passenger can relax and enjoy a mobile phone conversation;

The aircraft is easy to sit even in a skirt or high heels;

The front, left and right side of the apparatus is closed with glass to enjoy the flight type;

The aircraft is equipped with a specially wings and a propeller system to prevent collision even in an emergency when landing.

News and Rumor Operating Systems: What Apple Device Models will be updated to iOS 14 and when the update output? Read more.

If you tracked up updates from the Apple command for iOS, it will be not surprising that Apple's new update is an iPhone compatibility list. For example, while iOS 11 and iOS 12 are released for the iPhone to the iPhone 5S version. The specific phone was an exception for the compatibility list with the iOS 13 output.

As you know, in your updates, Apple periodically disables the support of old devices. The estimated reason for changing the compatibility list is the device processor architecture. Nevertheless, it seems that this may not be so this year, when iOS 14 will be released. According to the French source "iPhone Soft", the new Apple iOS 14 system (it is still in development) can work on all those iPhone, Which currently supported iOS 13. Allegedly, this is the information from the "Developer's friend in Apple".

Naturally, the list can be replenished with the iPhone models of the current year (12 and SE 2). So, according to rumors, if this is true when iOS 14 update will be released, it will be available for all iPhone models below below:

IPhone 12 Pro Max (only by rumors);
- iPhone 12 Pro (by rumors);
- iPhone 12 (rumors);
- iPhone SE 2 or known as iPhone 9 (while on the hearing);
- iPhone 11 Pro Max;
- iPhone 11 Pro;
- iPhone 11;
- iPhone XS MAX;
- iPhone XS;
- iPhone X;
- iPhone XR;
- iPhone 8 plus;
- iPhone 8;
- iPhone 7 plus;
- iPhone 7;
- iPhone 6S Plus;
- iPhone 6S;
- And the iPhone SE model.

It turns out a rather long list of Apple phone models for a new operating system than ever before. In addition, if so, the update can also affect the media player iPod Touch of the 7th generation.

However, this cannot be said about tablet computers. The report added that the debut in a couple of months, again, by rumors, the iPados 14 system can bypass the iPad Air 2 and iPad Mini 4 model (that is, support for tablets with Apple A8x and A8 chips) will be discontinued. For iPados 14 users remains to assume the following list:

9.7-inch iPad Pro;
- 10.5-inch iPad Pro;
- 11-inch iPad Pro;
- 12.9-inch iPad Pro;
- iPad Air 3rd generation;
- iPad of the 5th generation;
- iPad of the 6th generation;
- iPad of the 7th generation;
- And the iPad Mini model of the 5th generation.

The list can be replenished, by rumors preparing to release the version of the tablet "iPad Pro 5G".

In 2019, with IOS 13, the iPhone 5S "turned out to be popular in Russia. Smartphone for his life received six basic updates of the mobile operating system.

Considering that the iPhone SE, iPhone 6S Plus and iPhone 6s were the latest iPhone models with headphone jacks, many Apple-smartphone users preferred as long as possible to hold on their old iPhone. Therefore, if you still use iPhone 2015 release, you may be able to breathe calmly. The new hearing claims that the iOS 14 operating system will be compatible with the original iPhone 6S and iPhone SE.

New iOS 14 and secrets:

What will be iOS 14?

As for the functionality of the new system, there is absolutely no information about what can be expected from iOS 14, no. Apple IT Corporation, as every year, will probably present a new version of IOS at its annual WWDC conference (Worldwide Developers Conference - this is the World Conference for Apple Developers), which will be held in the US in approximately 2020. The latest version of iPados will also make debut at this event.

This day is expected not only an ad about the main changes, but also about the iOS 14 date for downloading developers (for beta testing), and the release date for downloading by regular users.

We will definitely write a review that the new is added to the system, what are the advantages of iOS 14 before 13 version. Is it worth updating, about stopping support and possible problems of devices after the update.

Summary of iOS 14:

Apple has an incentive to save support as much as possible iPhone and iPad devices for the new version of iOS 14. To increase the chance of attracting users to the latest functions of subscription services, such as Apple Arcade and Apple TV +.

But since, this is the first time we hear about iOS 14 in 2020, so the information should be perceived with understanding that these are rumors. After all, the details of leaks and rumors are sometimes misunderstood. Make sure the reality of the forecasts, we can all just after Apple itself submit a new version of the operating system at the end of this year.

Soon, we will discuss the burning IOS 14 secrets 14 (characteristics, functions, whether hacking is possible if an error occurs when the gigabyte is in the phone). We expect good news for old devices.

News about the most beautiful enclosures for the computer: the innovative Azza Pyramid 804 model created as a glass pyramid transforming into the table.

Fascinating View Computer Case Pyramid 804 from AZZA is designed not only to demonstrate one assembly of powerful iron. It is able to support most assemblies that are placed in any conventional medium rack case. For example, supports the EATX form factor motherboard, a 300 mm video card, compartments for two SSDs 2.5 inches, compartment for one HDD disk by 3.5 inches (compartment is also compatible with a SSD disk by 2.5 Inch) and still maintains water cooling up to 360 mm in length or 120 mm fans in the amount of three pieces, at the bottom of the case. In other words, you can change hardware as needed or at the request of the computer user.

It was mentioned above that the cool computer case is equipped with a built-in 120-millimeter digital RGB fan Hurricane II, which will be a cool "highlight" due to its futuristic backlight. But, this is not all a pleasant aesthetics for the user.

Multifunction of computer enclosure

The unconditional advantage is that the unusual Pyramid 804 computer case can be demonstrated by the surrounding in more than one way. In addition to the usual installation on the lower surface, like the pyramids, the manufacturer also offers an additional stand with four legs, which allows you to install a computer housing "upside down" (inverted). The lower part of the computer case is then becomes a flat surface, which allows the body to be practically used as a glass table.

Regardless of how to do with this unusual computer case, it will be functional and pleasant in appearance in any circumstances.

Video Overview for Azza Pyramid 804 Computer Case with Elegant Pyramidal Design:

The physical dimensions of the AZZA pyramid: height 585 mm, width and long base of 490 mm.

At the new CES 2020 consumer electronics exhibition (in Las Vegas, America), a huge collection of amazing robots, designed to perform almost any tasks, from everyday worries to the upbringing of a kind in man. It is possible how the reflection of our increasingly intense lifestyle, the technological show of this year was also filled with an amazing number of robots designed to provide friendly relations and facilitating the feeling of loneliness.

Without normal battery work, the whole point is lost in the mobile device. The user turns out to be tied to the power grid and cannot be in touch during movement. In the company "Store-detail.ru" you can buy a lithium-polymer battery and solve problems with a quick discharge device.

How to order a lithium-polymer battery in the store-detail.ru

Want to quickly buy Li-Pol batteries and do not wait for the supply of spare parts? Contact our store. We are suppliers of leading service centers and spare parts stores, and retail buyers from all over the country are preferred.

Our company is not the first year selling and cooperates with the manufacturers of equipment directly. We specialize in the supply of original high quality spare parts. This guarantees the client uninterrupted battery operation.

Also here you will find Li-Ion batteries for laptops, smartphones, phones and tablets.

Our company seeks to simplify the procedure for issuing an order as much as possible. To buy a polymer lithium-ion battery, the client does not need to spend time and come to our office. All questions will be quickly resolved through the site, email or by phone.

You can find out the exact cost of the details on our website. Store managers constantly update the range, cost information and residues.

The company "Store-detail.ru" cooperates with legal entities and individuals. Payment for orders can be made through popular services and payment systems without leaving home.

Delivery of lithium polymer batteries for smartphones is made through courier services, transport companies or Russian Post. Also, the goods can be taken at a convenient time independently from our warehouse.

Portable chargers have become an integral element of modern use. The quality of the batteries is the main condition for their performance, efficiency and safety. Manufacturers of chargers are used in the design two types of batteries - lithium-ion and lithium polymer. For an ordinary consumer, unfamiliar with the features of different types, often becomes a problem to choose one or another type of battery.

What is the difference between these varieties, which one to choose will be more correct - all these questions require detailed knowledge about each type. In this article, we will reveal the features of lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries, introduce their technical properties, charging methods, service life.

Differences of lithium-ion and lithium polymer batteries

The batteries produced by different technologies are performed by the same power supply function. Features of the design of each type affect the reported power, durability of operation, degree of protection against the explosion. It is impossible to say unequivocally that more modern

the type of battery is better outdated. In both technologies there are practical advantages and disadvantages. Li-POL and Li-Ion models have similar work schemes, but differ in configuration and technical parameters.

To understand what is better - Li-Polymer or Li-Ion, consider in detail each type separately. Compare battery types and make a choice towards a particular type follows the following indicators:

• price;
• weight ratio and tank;
• safety;
• target use in a specific appointment device;
• temperature operation.

Choosing one of two species, take into account the scope of application and financial capabilities.

Lithium-ion batteries: features and characteristics

Initially, lithium-based models were produced using manganese and cobalt as the main element (active electrolyte). Modern lithium-ion type batteries have undergone constructive changes. Their productivity does not depend on the substance used, but on the procedure for placing elements in the block. Composite parts of the modern Li-Ion battery are electrodes and separator. Materials - aluminum and copper (copper anodes and aluminum foil as a cathode base).

Special terminals-current conversants provide an internal connection of the anode and cathode, and the electrolyte impregnation of the mass of the separator sets the favorable environment for charge maintenance. Positive charges of lithium ions launch chemical reactions, form connections and provide energy output. The principle of the power supply on the lithium-ion database resembles the work of a full-format gel battery.

Lithium Polymer Batteries

Since lithium-ion models do not cope with many modern tasks, the polymer elements began to outpire them gradually. Li-Ion batteries did not have a high level of safety and cost quite expensive. To eliminate these shortcomings and problems of operation, make batteries more efficient, the developers decided to change the electrolyte. Instead of impregnation of a porous separator in the design of the battery, polymer electrolytes were used.

The lithium polymer element has a thickness of 1 mm, which allows you to make the size of the battery compact. Replacing liquid electrolytes by polymer films eliminated the high risk of inflammation of the battery and made it safe. The comparative table below will help to clearly determine what the Li-Ion differs from Li-Pol.

Specifications	Li-Ion.	Li-Pol.
Energy intensity		low, the number of charge cycles and discharge less
Size	small choice	high selection, independence from standard cell format
	slightly harder
		almost twice as high with the same amount
Life time	approximately the same	approximately the same
Risk of explosion and fire	higher	built-in protection against electrolyte leaks and reloads
Charging time
	up to 0.1% monthly	less active

The design of polymer-lithium battery devices completely eliminates the presence of electrolyte in the form of a liquid or gel. It is possible to imagine the difference of technology when considering the principle of operation of modern automotive feeding devices. The security interests were the cause of exclusion from the everyday practices of liquid electrolytes. But in the automotive battery until recently used porous structures with impregnation.

The introduction of polymer lithium elements has already assumed a solid state basis. A characteristic difference from lithium-ion batteries is the process of contact action plate of active substance with lithium and preventing the formation of dendrites during cycling. It is this feature that protects the rechargeable elements from fire or explosion.

Life time

Both lithium-ion and lithium polymer batteries are susceptible to intense aging. They provide near the nine hundred complete charging cycles, after which they become unsuitable. It does not matter how active the operation of the device was. If the battery has not been used for a long time, the reduction of the resource, however, will take place.

Already in the year of the tanks become significantly reduced in the resource, and after two or three years it can be stated that the battery and in order at all. This is a general lack of lithium batteries, and choose a more durable model only depending on the reputation of the manufacturer and reviews about specific models.

Additional protection

If we consider the question of what the Li-Ion difference from LI-POL batteries is worth paying attention to the built-in protective systems. Models operating on a polymer-lithium-based requires the use of additional internal protection functions. They are characterized by cases of burnout due to overheating elements. Such consequences leads internal stress of various working sites.

In order to protect the device from unauthorized recharges, from overheating of parts and burnout, a special stabilizing system and a current limitation mechanism is used in the design. It increases the safety of lithium polymer models, but significantly increases the cost of the battery due to the use of protective elements.

In part in the design, electrolytic components are involved in gel formation. Combined nutrition elements are used in many portable devices. They are extremely sensitive to temperature differences and require strict compliance with the rules of operation. The battery on the polymer database can be used in heating devices in the range of 60-100 degrees.

Manufacturers conclude an internal part into the body with heat-insulating properties - use such batteries conveniently in a hot climate. Under conditions where the temperature regime does not comply with the requirements of operation, the elements with the polymer component are used as a backup.

Features of charging batteries

To replenish the charge lithium-polymer battery, it will take at least three hours of charging. In this case, the block does not heat up. There are two stages of filling. The first flows to the installation of the peak mode, which is maintained until the charging reaches 70%. During normal voltage mode, a residual charge of 30% is gaining. Recharge must be performed by strict graphics, waiting for full discharge and conducting the procedure every 500 hours of using the device. Such mode is supported by a constant volume of filling.

Connect the battery only to a steadily operating power grid, without voltage and interference drops. Only the corresponding chargers are operated, which coincide according to the characteristics declared in the description. Important moment: In the charging process, all connectors must be connected correctly, you cannot allow opening. Li-POL elements are extremely sensitive to all sorts of overloads, exceeded current indicators, mechanical shocks and supercooling. It should be monitored by the tightness of solid elements.

Li-Ion elements are charged about the same principles as polymer, but are more sensitive and less reliable in relation to security. Charging time in both types is approximately the same, but the polymer element is "capricious" to the quality of the point of power supply.

The better lithium-ion battery

Lithium-ion batteries are more familiar to the consumer, they have a number of operational benefits:

• the price is below the lithium polymer battery;
• standardized sizes allow you not to be mistaken when the model is selected;
• common application scope.

Powerful lithium batteries are effectively used for devices requiring short-term high current consumption. The temperature regime, as well as the device on the polymer base, has a key value during operation.

With a tangible difference, the ordinary user does not feel, but, from the point of view of the rationality of the scope of application, this type of batteries is convenient in chargers for the following techniques:

• rechargeable tools (screwdrivers, saws, grumpots);
• laptops;
• cell phones;
• electric car;
• home robots;
• wheelchairs.

Before choosing the optimal charging type, you need to know exactly for which device it will be used. This is especially important if universal use and maintenance of several portable devices are planned.

Lithium polymer batteries are rational to use where important factors are weight and temperature. They are "afraid of" frost and are not very convenient for portable tools and gadgets. Therefore, the main area of \u200b\u200buse:

• quadcopters;
• airsoft rifles;
• toys;
• cCTV Cameras.

When choosing the appropriate type of charger, pay attention to the scope of use, cost and level of security. Read user feedback on products from different manufacturers and make a choice.