Using parameters to search for optimal f. Parameters and variables in features available Options and Indicators Universal Analytics

The function is just a block of code that has a name and input parameters for processing that can be executed when we need it. It may seem that the sense of them is not enough, but, believe me when you understand and learn how to use functions, you can save a bunch of time and write a code that will be much more convenient to read!

Although the topic of functions is often perceived as difficult for beginner programmers, but in any case you need to know. It may take a lot of time, but do not give up, because the functions will help you in the programmer's career.

Create your first PHP function

When you create a function, you must first give it a name, for example, mycompanyname. It is best to call the functions of understandable names that will make sense to not get confused. The same applies to and.

The syntax for creating a function is rather obvious and logical. First, you must say php that you want to create a function. This can be done by entering the FUNCTION keyword and your feature name and some other things (we will talk a little later about).

Here is what the ad function of MyCompanyName looks like:

Note: The function name can begin with the sign "_", but not with the numbers!
This is only a frame of our function, and inside it we can place any code that will want. When you call the function, it will be performed. See in curly brackets in the example above "()"? These brackets determine where our function code should be. The opening bracket "(" says PHP that the function code begins, and the closing figured ")" says PHP that our function is over!

Let's add something simple, for example.

That's all, quite simple, right? Now learn to call our function.

Calling the finished PHP function

Now that you have completed the coding of the simplest function, it's time to experience it. Below is a simple script. Let's make this: we will declare your function and use it.

!
"; mycompanyname (); echo" I am glad to see you!
";

Although it was a simple example, it is important to understand that any inattention can cause an error. When you create a function, follow these simple recommendations.

Always start your functions with keyword function.
Remember that your function code should be between "(" and ")".
When you call a function, make sure that you write her name correctly.

Functions with parameters

Another useful opportunity is that you can call the functions with the parameters, that is, to transmit additional information into its code. Ourcompanyname is not very useful for our first function, because all that she can, it is typing the same line.

However, if we used the parameters, we could add some additional chips to our function! The parameter appears brackets "()" and looks like a regular PHP variable. Let's create a new feature that creates a custom greeting based on the name of the person we will give as a parameter.

"; } ?>

Now when we call the Sayhello function, then in brackets must specify the parameter (name), since the function is declared with the parameter and it is impossible to ignore it.
If we want to specify several parameters, we simply list them when declaring the function through the comma and everything is not required anything else.

Return value PHP function

In addition to the fact that you have the ability to transfer the function information, it can also return the value. But remember, the function can only return one value, although this can be anything: an integer, real, boolean value, as you wish!

How does it return a value? It is best to deal with the example. We will declare the function with the parameters, and then assign the result of a certain variable, like this:

"; $ MYNUMBER \u003d MYSUM (3, 4); // Save the result of calling the MYSUM function to $ MyNumber Echo variable" After calling a function, MyNumber \u003d ". $ MyNumber."
"; ?>

To assign a value of the value - the Return operator is added to it, see it? The result of the addition of two numbers is stored in the $ Total variable, and with the Return $ Total, this value is transmitted to the function itself. Then we simply assign it to the $ MyNumber variable after calling the MYSUM function with two parameters 3 and 4 (these are the numbers that should be folded).

Practice, deal with and you will succeed!

For a start, a small help:

Pagination - This is the ordinal numbering of pages, which is usually at the top or bottom of the site page.

In most cases, it is used for the main pages and sections. Often looks like this:

In detail about what pagination is described in Wikipedia.

We consider this moment important for the internal optimization of the site, so in this paginating guide for SEO, consider the main nuances and decisions.

Towards a matter!

Let's look at some of the potential problems that arise when you use pagination, excluding potential problems:

Limit visiting by search robots for your site

When search robots will scan your site, depth and number of pages that they will visit at a time, will vary depending on the site's trust, content update frequency, etc. And if you have a huge number of pages with pagination, then the likelihood that search robots will walk on all pages of pagination and index all final pages (goods / articles) significantly falls. In addition, the limit will be spent on visiting pagination pages, and not visiting truly important pages of the site.

Problem with duplicates

Depending on the structure of your pagination pages, it is very likely that some pages may contain similar or identical content. In addition to this, you will often find that you have the same Title and Meta Description tags on the site. In this case, duplicate content can cause difficulty in search engines when the time comes to determine the maximum relevant pages for a specific search query.

At the moment, SEO specialists have 4 ways to solve this problem.

Option 1. Removing page pagination from the index using Noindex

In most cases, this method is a priority and as quickly as possible. Its essence is excluding all pagination pages from the index, except first.

It is implemented in the following way: such a meta tag

added with section On all pages except the first. Thus, we exclude from the index all the pages of pagination, except for the main page of the directory, and at the same time we ensure the indexation of all goods / pages that belong to this catalog.

Nuanceswho follow:

if you place the text of the description of the main page of the catalog, it is still desirable to place it only on the first page.
it should be checked so that the first page url does not duplicate. For example, if the pagination is implemented in this way:

site.com/catalog?page\u003d2
Site.com/catalog?page\u003d3
…

site.com/catalog?page\u003dN.

then if you are on the wrong page, the link to the first page should be

site.com/catalog

at the same time with such a page

site.com/catalog?page\u003d1

must be configured 301 redirect on site.com/catalog.

pros

suitable for Yandex
the least complex of all solutions
an excellent way to exclude all pages of pagination from the index, if there are no logical reasons for their inclusion in the index.

Minuses

although it solves the potential problem of pagination, but, at the same time, we exclude the paranible content from the index
if there are a lot of goods, then if you do not use the XML site map, the goods that are deeply in the catalog will be indexed for a long time.

Option 2. "Watch everything" and REL \u003d "Canonical"

This method recommends using Google: Its essence is to create a separate page "Watch everything", where all products / pages are displayed from this directory, and on all pages we put REL \u003d "Canonical" on the page "See all".

Implementation of this method: After you have created the "Watch all" page (for example, it is site.com/catalog/view-all.html), then all pages are needed in the section Place:

Thus, we show search engines that each pagination page, as it were, part of the page "Watch everything".

for them, this is the most preferred method.
users prefer to view the entire category at once on one page (although this moment is quite controversial and depends on the situation).

Nuances:

The page "Watch everything" should pretty quickly loaded, preferably within 1-3 seconds. Therefore, this method is ideal for the category in which the number of pages with a paginating from 5 to 20 and is not suitable for catalogs who have hundreds of pagination pages.

Pros:

priority method for Google
all pagination content will be in the search page index through the "Watch all" page.

Minuses:

not suitable if many pages or many high-quality pictures for goods / articles.
pretty complex implementation on most standard CMS.

Option 3. REL \u003d "PREV" / "NEXT"

Our last option to solve a problem with paginating can be the most difficult, but this is perhaps the most universal method for Google (Yandex currently does not take into account these directive data). Since the implementation is quite complicated, then you must be very careful when using this method. Let's see how it works.

For example, you have 4 page in the directory:

Using Rel \u003d "Prev" / "Next" You, in fact, create a chain between all pages in this directory. This chain begins with first page: For this you add to section :

For the first page, this is the only attribute. For second pageyou must specify both the previous page and the following:

For third Pages We do similarly to the second

When we are on the last fourth page, you must only specify the previous page in the chain:

Using these attributes REL \u003d "PREV" / "NEXT", Google combines pages data into a single element in the index. As a rule, for users, it will be the first page, since it is usually the most relevant page.

Nuances:

rEL \u003d "PREV" and REL \u003d "NEXT" are for Google auxiliary attributes, and not directives.
as values, both relative and absolute URLs can be used (in accordance with the valid values \u200b\u200bof the tag
if you specify the link in the document , relative paths will be determined based on the basic URL
if Google detects errors in your markup (for example, if there is no expected value of the attribute REL \u003d "PREV" or REL \u003d "NEXT"), further indexing of pages and content recognition will be performed on the basis of the Google's own heuristic algorithm.
should be checked so that you do not duplicate the first page URL

Pros:

allows you to solve the problem of pagination without using "Watch all"
implementation occurs only with minor changes in HTML

Minuses:

these attributes are not taken into account by Yandex
sales can be quite complex
very carefully need to lift communication in the page chain

Option 4. AJAX and JavaScript Scroll

You probably encountered endless scrolling of goods on e-commerce sites, on which the goods are constantly loaded when scrolling to the bottom of the screen. Although this is a good opportunity to improve usability, this method also needs to be used correctly. It is desirable that the goods are not automatically loaded when scrolling, and below, under the last goods, there was a button "show another N of goods". You can see a good implementation of this method on the website of Wikimart.ru by defeating the finite branches of the catalog.

Proper use of parameters

In some cases, when you use the attributes REL \u003d "PREV" / "NEXT", then pages with pagination can contain parameters that do not change content:

cession variables,
sorting
change the number of items to the page.

In this case, we get a duplicate content. The solution of such a problem may be the use of the combination of REL \u003d "PREV" / "NEXT" and REL \u003d "Canonical".

For this, firstly, you must make sure that all pages of pagination with REL \u003d "PREV" / "NEXT" use the same parameter. Secondly, for each URL with the parameter, it is necessary to register its canonical page without this parameter. For example, we have the same 4 pages of pagination and we use the session identifier \u003d 55 to track users:

Proper use of filters and REL \u003d "PREV" / "NEXT"

Now, consider an example when we use the parameters for which we can / want to issue a unique content and it is important for us to keep such filtered pages in the index. For example, we have a category with sneakers and we want to create landing pages for searching for various brands, using the parameters in the URL.

Page options are designed to set the document desired view. It is relevant to create almost any document - from a contract or order, to an artistic book or scientific work. Knowing how to change the fields and can choose the optimal paper size and the orientation of the page for a specific document, you can correctly and beautifully draw up documents and relieve yourself from unnecessary routine work.

Setting up Parameters Page

Page options are set immediately before the formatting and placement of various objects in it. You can set these parameters and at the end of work on the document, but note that, for example, at large fields of fields, the appearance of the document can change significantly. Page parameters are most comparable to the foundation of the building, and therefore should be defined first, because all alignments in the document are tied to the orientation of the page and its fields. You can also configure the parameters in general or by category.

Fields of the document

Document fields can be quickly configured using ready-made templates. Click the "Page Markup" tab - click the Fields button and select one of the field options.

If you need to hold "manual" field configuration, do the following:

"Page Markup" - In the "Page Settings" group, click "Fields" and in the open window, click "Customizable Fields". The Page Settings window opens on the Fields tab;
In areas of field positions, set their value, the size of the binding in the binding area and the position of the binding in the region of the region;
Click the Open Page Settings dialog box when the page Markup is open in the page Parameters.

Figure 1. Adjusting fields in various ways.

Page orientation

In order to set the page orientation:

Page Markup Tab - In the "Page Settings" group, click the "Orientation" button and select the desired option;
"Page Markup" - page "Page Parameters" - Click the Open Icon of the Page Settings dialog box and select the "Orientation" area;
Double click on the line.

Figure 2. Changing the orientation of the page.

Paper size

"Page Markup" - in the "Page Settings" group, click the Size button and select one of the 13 present billets.

For a finest setting:

"Page Markup" - page "Page parameters" - "Size" - "Other sizes of pages";
"Page Markup" - in the page "Page Parameters" Click the Opening icon "Page Settings" window and go to the "Paper Size" tab;
Double-click on the line - the paper size tab.

Figure 3. Select paper size.

Page Settings window

The page Parameters window has three tabs: "fields", "paper size" and "paper source".

Figure 4. Tabs "Page Settings" window.

Tab "Fields"

In the field of "Fields", set four fields of the document. For standard official documents, the field values \u200b\u200bare equal: left - 2.5 cm (1 inch), right - 1.25-1.5 cm (about half y), upper and lower 1.5 - 2 cm (in some documents the lower field is greater than the top) , and the maximum values \u200b\u200bof the fields are equal: for the left - 3 cm, for the rest - 2 cm.

The "Bind" list selects the location of the binding to the left or at the top. The binding is often used in the preparation of brochures, calendars, reference books, and in ordinary documents, as a rule, it does not specify.

If within one document you need to place two vertical documents, open the list and in the "Multiple Pages" field and select "2 pages on the sheet".

In working with double-sided documents, use mirror fields. In this case, the left and right field automatically changes in places on odd and even pages. To do this, in the page "Pages" in the "Multiple pages" field from the drop-down list, select "Mirror Fields".

In the "Sample" area in the "Apply" drop-down list, select the application option.

"To the current section" - the changes are applied only to the current section;
"To the end of the document" - from the dedicated place to the end of the document. If you change, for example, the size of the fields, it will affect only pages located in the field of the selected section;
"To all of the document" - changes will be applied to the entire document.

Paper Size Tab

In the "paper size" area, you can select the specified paper size according to the format - A4, A3, A5, etc.

In the "Height" and "Width" fields, arbitrary size is set.

In the paper feed area, it is selected how paper prints will be served. It is recommended to use default values.

The "sample" area is similar to the above.

Tab "Source of Paper"

In the section "Section" in the "Start section" field, you can choose where the next section will begin.

In the "Page" area, you can choose alignment:

"At the top edge" is the default value, and it is most often used;
"CENTER" - the text strings will be equalized in the document center, and the text will be uniformly filling from the center, up and down;
"Height" - there is a certain similarity with the leveling of text in width, only in this case lines in the height of the page are aligned. The fewer rows on the page - the greater the distance between them;
"On the bottom edge" - the lines are aligned on the bottom of the page. Often used in letters and spins to artistic novels.

In the "distinguish footers" area, you can set the distance to the upper and footer, and how footton columns will differ on the first page or by even / odd pages. In more detail about footers will be described in the following articles.

Default values

If you work with one type of documents all the time, and you need to use the same page parameters, set the default values. Go to the "Page Settings" window and set the desired parameters, then click the Default button and confirm the selection. These parameters will be applied to all subsequent documents before making changes.

Conclusion

After reading this article and after completing a number of simple steps, you can even prior to a set of text to effectively configure the appearance of the document. This is useful to you in your work with almost all documents. Moreover, you can save yourself from unnecessary trouble with setting up the fields and paper size, or, at a minimum, you will know that priority should be given to the parameters of the page at the beginning of working with the document. Know how to configure page settings will be useful to everyone who works with documents.

When declaring the function, formal parameters are specified, which are then used within the function itself. When you call the function, we use the actual parameters. Actual parameters can be variables of any suitable type or constant.

Local variables exist only during the execution of the software block in which they are declared, they are created at the input to the unit, and are destroyed - when exiting it. Moreover, the variable declared in one block has no relation to the variable with the same name announced in another block.

Unlike local, global variables are visible and can be used anywhere in the program. They retain their importance throughout the work of the program. To create a global variable, it must be declared outside the function. The global variable can be used in any expression, regardless of which block this expression is used.

iNTI, J; / * The first function is visible, the jfile level. In addition, it has a formal parameter and a local variableResult during operation. This function changes the file variable value * / intf1 (intk) (intreSult; result \u003d i * j + k; i + \u003d 100; ReturnResult;)

/ * In the second function, the name of the formal parameter coincides with the name of the variable I file level, the parameter is used, and not the file variable. * / int f2 (int i)

(/ * i - parameter, j - file * / RETURN I * J;

/ * With the third function, a similar situation as with the second. Only this time the file variable j is masked, and not a formal parameter, but a local variable. * / int f3 (int k)

(int j; j \u003d 100; / * i - file, j - local * / Return i * j + k;

The variable J of the internal unit masks not only the file, but also the local variable from the external unit. * / int f4 (int k)

(/ * We declave the variable and immediately initialize * / int j \u003d 100; (/ * We declare another local with the same name that the file and local from the external block * / int j \u003d 10; / * i - file, j - local, and from the indoor unit * / Return i * j + k;)

The need to initialize variables (automatic variables)

The easiest method is the declaration of variables inside the functions. If the variable is declared inside the function, each time the function is called, the memory is automatically given to the variable. When the function is completed, the memory occupied by variables is released. Such variables are called automatic.

When creating automatic variables, they are not initialized, i.e. The value of the automatic variable immediately after its creation is not defined, and it is impossible to predict what this value will be. Accordingly, before using automatic variables, it is necessary to either clearly initialize them, or assign them any value.

Initialization before use !!!

/ * File variable without initialization, will be 0 * / int s; int f () (/ * local without initialization, contains "trash" * / int k; Return k;) int main () (printf ("% d \\ n", s); / * always prints 0 * / / * It is impossible to predict that we will see * / / *, moreover, numbers can be different * / printf ("% d \\ n", f ()); ...; printf ("% d \\ n", f ()); Return 0;

Test: Text Editor

Question # 1.: Why do we use document page settings?

1. To insert pages numbering

2. To set the transfer

3. To set indents from the borders of the page to the boundaries of the text

4. To align the text

Question # 2.: Can we circle part of the text frame, what to highlight it?

Select one of the answer options:

1. Yes, for this way to use the borders and fill.

2. Yes, and for this you need to use the parameters of the page

3. This can be done using the field item in the page parameters.

4. No, you can make a frame only for a whole page.

Question number 3.: ATTENTION In this issue, several Variants Answer are possible!
What items can we carry out when the document is output?

1. Specify the number of pages

2. Specify the seal of several pages on one

3. Specify printing 5 pages on one

4. Print only individual pages

5. Select print multiple copies

Question number 4.: Text editor is a program for ...

Select one of the answer options:

1. Processing graphic information

2. Video processing

3. Text information processing

4. Work with musical records

Question number 5.: How to remove the symbol standing to the left of the cursor ...

Select one of the answer options:

1. Press DELETE

2. Press BS.

3. Press Alt.

4. Press CTRL + SHIFT

Question number 6.: Specify the order to save the edited document under a different name.

3. Select the location and file name

Question number 7.: What action can we execute with the table?

Select multiple response options:

1. Association of cells

2. Change the number of rows and columns

3. Put one cell

4. Insert drawing instead of the border

5. Change the view of the table borders

Question number 8.: The cursor is

Select one of the answer options:

1. Text information entry device

2. Keyboard key

3. The smallest display item on the screen

4. The label on the monitor screen, indicating the position in which the keyboard entered

Question number 9.: How to turn on the drawing toolbar?

Select one of the answer options:

1. View - Toolbars - Drawing

2. Edit - Paste - Toolbar - Drawing

3. File - Open - Drawing

Question number 10.: How can I insert a drawing in a text document TR MS Word?
(ATTENTION In this issue, it is possible not a few answer options.)

Select multiple response options:

1. From the graphic editor

2. From the file

3. From the collection of finished pictures

4. From the File menu

5. From printer

Question number 11.: How in a text editor to print the symbol of which is not on the keyboard?

Select one of the answer options:

1. Use the symbol insertion

2. Use for this drawing

3. Insert from a special file

Question number 12.: Specify the sequence of actions performed when inserting the formula.

Specify the order of response options:

1. Select the Insert menu item

2. Press the object

3. Select MicrosOFTEQUATION

4. Write a formula

5. Press the left mouse button in the free area of \u200b\u200bthe screen.

Answers

"5" for 11-12 correct answers

"4" for 9-10 correct answers

"3" for 6-8 correct answers

"2" if the correct answers 5 and less

Test 1.4.2. "ELECTRONIC TABLES"

Option 1

1) In the B1 cell recorded formula \u003d 2 * $ A1. What kind will the formula acquire, after the B1 cell is copied to the C2 cell?

1) \u003d 2 * $ B1 2) \u003d 2 * $ A2 3) \u003d 3 * $ A2 4) \u003d 3 * $ B2N

2) Dan fragment of the spreadsheet:

A.	B.	C.	D.

The formula was introduced into the D2 cell \u003d A2 * B1 + C1. As a result, a value will appear in the D2 cell:

1) 6 2) 14 3) 16 4) 24

3) in the A1 cell of the spreadsheet of the formula \u003d D1- $ D2. What kind of formula will acquire after the A1 cell will be copied to the B1 cell?

1) \u003d E1- $ E2 2) \u003d E1- $ D2 3) \u003d E2- $ D2 4) \u003d D1- $ E2

4) in the spreadsheet value of the formula \u003d SRNVOV (A6: C6)equally ( -2 ). What is the value of the formula \u003d Sums (A6: D6)if the D6 cell value is 5?

1) 1 2) -1 3) -3 4) 7

5) Figure shows a fragment of the spreadsheet. Determine what will be equal to the value calculated by the following formula \u003d Amounts (B1: C4) + F2 * E4-A3

After moving the contents of the C70 cell into the C71 cell, the value in the D71 cell will change by absolute value to:

1) 2,2 2) 2,0 3) 1,05 4) 0,8

7) Dan fragment of the spreadsheet:

A.	B.	C.	D.

\u003d C1-B1	\u003d B1-A2 * 2	\u003d C1 / 2	\u003d B1 + B2

After performing the calculations, a diagram was built by the values \u200b\u200bof the range of cells A2: D2. Specify the resulting diagram.

8) 100 teachers take part in a teleconference of teachers of physico-mathematical schools. Among them are teachers of mathematics (M), physics (f) and informatics (s). Teachers have a different level of qualification: each teacher either does not have a category in general (without category - BK), or has II, I or higher (VC) qualifying category. The chart 1 reflects the number of teachers with different levels of qualifications, and in the chart 2 - the distribution of teachers in subjects.