How to assemble a computer yourself: Connecting components. Additional computer devices which devices are connected to the computer

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The question "How to connect a computer" is asked for many newbies, which have just bought the entire set of necessary peripherals, and now have no idea what to do about it. Are you one of them? Then let's get together what to connect to what, and how it all together to connect. Go!

What is needed to connect a computer?

To connect a computer and work with him we will need:

First of all, we will need the most necessary components that are higher than bold fonts. Without them, it is impossible to work with the PC. Therefore, we take the system block, monitor, clave and mouse out of the boxes. Each of them in the kit goes CD - put them aside, they will need them.

How to connect a computer to the monitor, I told in - there are your nuances there, so I will not stop in detail on them.

How to connect a mouse and keyboard to a computer?

Let's look at the rear panel of the computer and we will find many of the same type of connectors on it - USB 2.0 or USB 3.0. USB 3.0 is a more high-speed connector for connecting to the computer peripheral devices and it differs from the predecessor in the blue color of the connector. In case the devices you are going to attach, support this standard, that is, they have the same blue connector on the wire, it is better to use it for a higher response and data transmission speed.

Most of the modern connection equipment uses this particular connector - Klava, Mouse, webcam, printer, scanner, microphone, columns, flash drives, and so on. Therefore, we take successively our keyboard and mouse and attach to a USB connector on the back of the PC housing.

Today it is also possible to take advantage of wireless devices. They are always completed with small wireless bluetooth transmitters. It is also inserted into the USB port on the computer, and then when you turn on the computer, they themselves, or with our help, will be conserved.

If you got the old father's computer, then most likely he has two more connector for the mouse and clave (purple for clave and green for the mouse), but in modern realities they are almost never found. For connects to them, these devices are, of course, there must be appropriate forks, or USB adapters on PS / 2.

Connecting columns and microphone

The next step will make friends with a system unit with microphone and columns or headphones. For the simplest microphone or headphones, the usual output and the minijack output is suitable - pink for microphone and green for acoustics.

If you have purchased more advanced models, most likely they will connect also by the USB connector. The same applies to the rest - the printer, a webcam and everything else cling via USB ports.

How to connect a computer to the Internet?

To connect a computer, the Internet on the rear panel has another special connector - LAN. Insert either direct cable from the provider, or the patchkord, which connects the computer with the router.

Another way is to take advantage of the external wireless WiFi adapter, which also uses USB.

Connecting a computer to electricity

The last step is to feed on the PC power supply. To do this, take the thick cord from the box with a massive fork, which is inserted with one end to the power supply, the other - to the electrical outlet. It is best to connect a PC directly, but through a network filter or a uninterruptible power supply -0 so you save it from sudden voltage jumps and from the loss of not saved during data operation.

After that, we switch to the "ON" position to the button on the power supply and press the power button on the front of the case.

Voila! The computer started, but that's not all. Remember, I spoke about CDs lying in boxes? We take them and earn all the drivers for equipment for its correct work. After that, it will be possible to say for sure that the computer is fully assembled.

There are more questions, how to connect a computer? Then ask them in the comments!

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Owners 2-3 PCs and / or laptops are often found. For many users, the main computer performs the duties of the workstation, the second PC is busy with other tasks, and the laptop is allocated for the Internet or viewing video. This is a convenient way to distribute tasks, but when combining two PCs, many users experience difficulties with connectivity. To understand this will help this article contains information with popular connection methods and step-by-step instructions.

Purpose and methods for connecting a computer to a computer

The connection of two PCs is used to provide the Internet by the second PC for the means of the first. More for a sharing over the network. But more often the pairing is necessary to transfer a large amount of data.

5 methods of connecting two PCs are distinguished:

• Using the LAN cable.
• Network Wi F.
• Using USB connector.
• Through the Internet - cloud storage.
• Connecting a wireless disk.

A variant with the LAN cable is suitable for pairing a PC and a laptop, two PCs or two laptops. The connection requires a twisted pair cable, with compression for reverse data transfer. The direct cable used when connecting the PC and the router is not suitable, due to the different location of the last pair of wires. Therefore, when buying a cable of the required length or compression, you should specify the purpose - to connect the computers.

The pairing via Wi Fi is intended for connecting two or more laptops, with built-in modules. To connect the PC, the availability of a Wi Fi adapter, built into the motherboard or connecting via a USB interface.

Connection via a USB connector, similar to the method with the LAN cable, is not only performed via the motherboard network connector. This method is associated with connection difficulties, since the usual USB cable will not fit. We need a cord with an additional controller that allows you to control.

Method using the Internet, implies to connect a cloud disk on two or more computers. It is enough to install the client client service client, turn on automatic synchronization and send files, after which the information will appear on other PCs. This is the easiest and most affordable option if you only need to transfer files.

A disk with a wireless connection is similar to a cloud service, only the physical connected to the router is used instead of the virtual media. Data is transmitted to the drive, after which is available for download and viewing on other PCs. This method allows you to exchange information at high speed and without internet. At the same time, it is necessary to purchase additional equipment and memory storage.

Instructions with connecting two computers using LAN cable

We connect both PC cable.

On the first car, go to the "Network Management Center".

In the properties of the local connection, we are looking for a string with TCP / IPv4, where you specify the address - 192.168.1.1 and the mask 255.255.255.0.

Similar actions are done on the second PC, but change the address at 192.168.1.2, the mask remains unchanged.

After that, one and second device is available in the network environment.

Benefits:

• Easy settings.
• No additional equipment required.
• Do not need the Internet.

Disadvantages:

• You need a reverse crimping cable.
• The length of the connection affects the length of the cable.
• Busy network port.
• At the same time, only two computers are connected.

Instructions for connecting two computers using Wi Fi

Go to the "Network Management Center".

In the next window, configure a new connection.

After the configuration wizard appears, select "Configuring a computer-computer wireless network proposed options.

In the "Change Advanced Sharing Options", activate the parameters specified on the image.

Benefits:

• The ability to connect more than one PC / laptop.
• Network cable is not required.
• Free Lan port.
• Not complicated setting.

Disadvantages:

• For pairing with PC, Wi Fi is required module built into the motherboard or connected via USB port.

Instruction how to connect a computer to a computer via usb

You must purchase an appropriate cable. In Chinese shopping areas there are offers from 7 USD and above. Cable length - 1.5 meters. At the same time, it is not necessary to count on the speed of 480 MB / s, indicated in the description. The maximum value is 13-15 MB, in suggestions with a larger value, the speed is above.

If you have a disk with drivers, you need to make a manual installation. More often than the driver are in the cable adapter, and the installation is made automatically when you first connected.

After connecting two PCs and the driver installation, a new removable disk will appear in the "My Computer" section. It is required to open on each computer alternately. Files move in the file manager that appears.

Benefits:

• Automatic installation of drivers and utility for moving files.

Disadvantages:

• The need to buy a specific cable.
• It is required to wait 2-5 weeks if buying in a foreign store.
• Low data transfer rate - 13-15 MB.
• Ability to connect only two computers.

Instructions How to connect a computer to a computer via the Internet

1. Register in one or more cloud services. Opportunities, advantages and disadvantages of popular cloud storages are described in several collections.
2. Download and install a client for each PC.
3. Enter login and account password.
4. Set folder sync.
5. Ensure active automatic synchronization.
6. After placing files to the synchronization folder, the information will appear on other PCs. At the download time it affects the internet bandwidth. High speed requires less time.

Benefits:

1. The ability to exchange information with multiple computers and mobile devices.
2. No purchase of additional equipment is required.
3. Not difficult registration, installation and configuration of the cloud service client.

Disadvantages:

1. The synchronization speed affects the internet bandwidth.
2. Free cloud warehouses on average 15 GB.
3. Mandatory internet.

Instructions How to connect a computer to a computer using a wireless disk

To organize a wireless connection, additional equipment should be purchased. Below are three options, with different capabilities and connection type:

1. Router having a USB port and HDD type drive.
2. Hard disk - HDD, with built-in battery and Wi Fi module.
3. Wireless card reader with Wi Fi module and USB then.

The option with the router is preferable if the computer is located at a distance, not achievable for Wi Fi network. In this case, the connection is performed via LAN port. Also, stationary connection allows the user to determine the type and format of the connected drive: USB flash drives, HDD and SSD; 2.5 or 3.5 inches.

Wireless disk, such as Seagate Wireless Plus, contains only 2.5-inch HDD drive and Wi Fi module. When connecting external power, it works as a disk array access point. The Silicon Power Sky Share H10 version, in addition, includes a 2600 mAh battery, which allows you to work up to 5 hours autonomously. The optimal option, with frequent movement, or if the computer is located at close range. The type and model of the drive determines the manufacturer exclusively.

The wireless card reader, such as the Kingston Mobilelite Wireless series, contains a USB port and an internal battery. This allows you to work autonomously 8-13 hours, as well as connect drives of various types and volume. Batteries are enough to work HDD / SSD 2.5 ", for HDD 3.5 '' additional power is required. Rational choice with frequent movement, or if you need to merge several computers located in the same room.

Benefits:

• No Internet is required.
• Combining multiple computers.
• High data transmission range - stationary router.
• The ability to determine the type and format of the drive is a stationary router and a wireless card reader.
• Offline operation mode, if there is an embedded battery - a wireless disk and a card reader.

Disadvantages:

• Weak coating area is a wireless disk and a cartrider.
• You can not choose another type and media format - wireless disk.
• In some wireless disks there is no battery.

To configure the router, you need to open the parameters, and set the settings for connecting. In the case of a wireless hard disk and a card reader, you need to use the branded utility. The program needs to set: the name of the access point and password. Actions are executed step by step and do not cause difficulties.

After setting, the equipment will appear as Wi Fi Access Point. Viewing, downloading and downloading files, performed using the File Manager.

Output

The preferred type of connection is affected by the number of PCs in the group, distance and set tasks. The LAN Cable connection is suitable for two remote computers. The Wi Fi network will help, if there are several machines, and the location does not exceed 10 meters. USB connector is optimal only if the network port does not work or is used for another connection. To combine multiple remote computers, cloud storage is suitable. And the organization of the wireless data warehouse - prevents the dependence of the Internet, as well as allow to distinguish large amounts of data.

(2 estimates, average: 3,00 out of 5)

The properties of the properties of the equipment used in conjunction with Windows are carried out using a special utility called Device Manager. To invoke the device manager window, you must perform the following steps:

• Open the Windows main menu, and press the "Parameters" button;
• In the list that opens, click on the inscription "System";
• On the left menu, select "On System";
• At the bottom of the window that opens, click on the inscription "Device Manager". The appearance of this utility is shown in the following Figure:

Device Manager is a special system program designed to graphically represent the hardware connected to the computer and managing this equipment. Using device manager you can:

• determine whether the device connected to the computer is correct;
• change computer hardware configuration settings;
• define drivers used for each device and get detailed information about any of them;
• install or change device drivers used;
• disable or connect any device in the system;
• eliminate conflicts of devices arising in the event of unauthorized sharing by them of the same computer resources;
• restore the previously remote driver or source settings for the configuration of any device.

In fact, the device manager makes it possible to fully control computer hardware resources and arbitrarily change the properties of the equipment that works on this machine. It should be noted that in most cases additional configuration of devices using the device manager is not required: Windows determines the optimal parameters of the equipment operation automatically during the installation process, therefore, the default system settings should only be changed in cases of hardware conflict or incorrect operation of any device.

So, the main working space of the device manager utilities is vertically divided into two windows. The left window, the so-called console, appears on the screen when you click on the "Hide / Display of the Console Tree" button located on the device manager toolbar.

The hardware configuration of the computer can be represented in several versions, switching between which is carried out through the "View" menu of the device manager of the program:

• Type devices. This mode is installed in the Default Device Manager window. The hardware connected to the computer is displayed as a branching tree structure by device types: for example, "DVD / CD-ROM drives", "ports", "sound, video and gaming devices", etc. The list of devices relating to each type of devices is displayed below The title denoting this type. In order to deploy a list, you need to click on the "+" symbol next to the title designation, or double-click on the title itself;
• "Connection devices". The "Connection Device" mode displays the equipment used by the system, distributing it by logic groups according to the method of connecting them to the computer. For example, if you use multiple devices connected to the USB bus, they will be presented in one logical group;
• "Type resources." The "Type Resources" mode allows you to consider the resources used by the system, such as interruption requests, I / O range, port address and memory addresses according to the distribution of devices using them;
• "Connection Resources". With this mode, you can track the current status of all resources involved in the system according to the method of connecting to a computer using their devices.

By default, the device manager's hardware configuration window displays not all used in the equipment used in the system. In particular, the program does not show devices that do not support the Plug and Play standard. In order to access the settings of all computer equipment, check the box next to the Show Hidden Devices item in the View (View) menu. Re-clicking on this point will again hide all the "invisible" devices.

All equipment operations that can be done using the device manager are executed when pressed to the corresponding buttons located in the program toolbar. The purpose of these buttons is shown in the following table:

Browsing the list of hardware displayed in the hardware configuration window of the device Manager, you can determine which devices are already installed on your system, and which are not.

Peripheral (external) personal computer devices Connect to its interfaces and are designed to perform auxiliary operations. Thanks to these devices, the computer system acquires flexibility and versatility.

By destination, peripheral devices can be divided into:

• data entry devices;
• data output devices;
• data storage devices;
• data exchange devices.

Data input devices

Keyboard

Keyboard - Personal Computer Management Keyboard. Serves for input Alphanumeric (iconic) Data, as well as management commands.

The monitor and keyboard combination provides the simplest user Interface. Using the keyboard, control the computer system, and with the help of the monitor receive a response from it.

The composition of the keyboard
The standard keyboard has more than 100 keys functionally distributed across multiple groups.

Fig. 1. General view of the standard keyboard

Group alphanumeric keys Designed to enter sign information and teams dialed by letters. Each key can work in several modes (registers) And, accordingly, it can be used to enter multiple characters. Switching between lower Register (to enter lowercase characters) and upper register (To enter uppercase characters) perform keys Shift. (non-fixed switching). If necessary, rigidly switch the register use the key Caps Lock. (Fixed switching). If the keyboard is used to enter data, the paragraph is closed by pressing the key ENTERThis automatically begins inputting text from a new line. If the keyboard is used to enter commands, key ENTER Complete command entry and start its execution.

Fig. 2. Group of alphanumeric keys

For different languages, there are various schemes for fixing the symbols of national alphabets for specific alphanumeric keys. Such schemes are called keyboard layouts. Switching between different layouts are performed programmatically - this is one of the functions of the operating system. Accordingly, the switching method depends on which operating system there is a computer. For example, in Windows 2000, the following combinations can be used for this purpose: the left key Alt + Shift. or Ctrl + Shift.. When working with another operating system, the switching method can be installed on the help system of the program that performs switching.

The generally accepted layouts of the keyboard have their roots in the keyboard layouts of typewriters. For personal computers IBM PC. Typical are considered QWERTY (English) and Ytsukeng (Russian). The layouts are customary called the characters enshrined behind the first keys of the top line of the alphabetic group.

Group Function keys Includes twelve keys (from F1. before F12.), placed at the top of the keyboard. Functions attached to these keys depend on the properties of a specific currently running program, and in some cases from the properties of the operating system. Generally accepted for most programs is the agreement that key F1. Causes a reference system in which you can find a certificate of other keys.

Fig. 3. Function key group

Office keys Located next to the keys of the alphanumeric group. Due to the fact that they have to enjoy particularly often, they have an increased size. These include the keys discussed above Shift. and ENTER, register keys Alt. and Ctrl (They are used in combination with other keys to form commands), key Tab.(To enter tab positions when typing), key ESC (from English word Escape) to refuse to execute the last command and key Backspace. To remove just entered characters (it is above the key ENTER And often marked with an arrow directed to the left).

Fig. 4. A group of service keys

Office keys PRINT SCREEN., Scroll Lock. and Pause / Break Placed on the right of the function keys and perform specific functions depending on the operating system. Generally accepted are the following actions:

PRINT SCREEN. - Print the current screen status on the printer (for MS-DOS) or maintain it in a special area of \u200b\u200bRAM, called buffer exchange (for Windows).

Scroll Lock. - Switching the mode of operation in some (usually outdated) programs.

Pause / Break - Suspending / interrupting the current process.

Two groups control keys cursor Located to the right of the alphanumeric panel.

Cursor An on-screen element indicates the place of entering the iconic information. The cursor is used when working with programs that perform data entry and commands from the keyboard.

Cursor keys allow you to manage the input position.

^ Fig. 5. Cursor control keys groups

Four arrow keys perform a cursor offset in the direction indicated by the arrow. The action of the other keys is described below.

Page Up./ Page Down - Transfer the cursor to one page up or down. The concept of "page" usually refers to the fragment of the document apparently on the screen. In graphic operating systems (for example, Windows), these keys perform "scrolling" content in the current window. The action of these keys in many programs can be modified using the service register keys, first of all Shift. and Ctrl. The specific modification result depends on the specific program and / or operating system.

Keys HOME and End. Transfer the cursor to the beginning or end of the current line, respectively. Their action is also modified by the register keys.

Traditional keypad Insert. It consists in switching data entry mode (switching between modes insert and replacement). If the text cursor is inside the existing text, then in the insert mode there is a new signs without replacing existing characters (the text seems to be lifted). In replacement mode, new signs replace the text that was previously input positions.

In modern programs action key Insert. May be different. Specific information should be obtained in the program help system. It is possible that the action of this key is customizable, it also depends on the properties of a specific program.

Key Delete.designed to remove signs located on the right of the current cursor position. In this case, the position of the entry position remains unchanged.

^ Group Additional panel keys Duplicates the effect of digital and some iconic keys of the main panel. In many cases, to use this key, you must first turn on the switch key. Num Lock. (on the status of switches Num Lock., Caps Lock. and ^ Scroll Lock You can judge the LED indicators, usually located in the upper right corner of the keyboard).

Fig. 6. Additional panel keys

The appearance of an additional keyboard panel refers to the beginning of the 80s. At that time, the keyboard were relatively expensive devices. The initial purpose of the additional panel consisted in reducing the wear of the main panel when calculating computing, as well as when managing computer games (when the switch is turned off Num Lock. The optional panel keys can be used as the cursor keys).

Principle of keyboard action
The keyboard refers to standard tools for personal computer. Its basic functions do not need support for special system programs (drivers). The required software to start working with the computer is already available in the microcircuit of the constant storage device as part of the basic I / O system (BIOS), And therefore the computer reacts to keystrokes immediately after switching on.

The principle of the keyboard is as follows.

1. When you press the key (or key combination), a special chip embedded in the keyboard issues the so-called skop code.
2. Scan code enters the microcircuit that performs functions port. Keyboard. (Ports - special hardware and logic devices responsible for the connection of the processor with other devices.) This microcircuit is located on the main computer board inside the system unit.
3. The keyboard port gives an interruption processor with a fixed number. For keyboard interrupt number - 9 (INTERRUPT 9, INT 9).
4. After receiving an interrupt, the processor postpones the current work and according to the interrupt number addresses the special area of \u200b\u200bRAM, in which the so-called is interrupt vector. Interrupt vector is a list of address data from a fixed recording length. Each entry contains a program address that must serve an interrupt with the number that matches the recording number.
5. By defining the address of the start of the program processing the interruption, the processor proceeds to its execution. The simplest keyboard interrupt program is "sewn" in the ROM chip, but programmers can "substitute" instead of their program if the data in the interrupt vector changes.
6. The interrupt handler guides the processor to the keyboard port, where it finds the scan code, loads it into its registers, then under the control of the handler determines which symbol code corresponds to this scan code.
7. Next, the interrupt handler sends the resulting symbol code into a small area of \u200b\u200bmemory, known as keyboard buffer And ceases to work, by giving a processor about it.
8. The processor stops processing the interrupt and returns to the deferred task.
9. The entered symbol is stored in the keyboard buffer until it takes it to the program for which it is intended, such as a text editor or text processor. If the characters go to the buffer more often than being closed from there, the effect of buffer overflow occurs. In this case, the input of new characters is terminated for a while. In practice, at this point, when you press the key, we hear a warning beep and do not observe data entry.

Special keyboard

The keyboard is the main data entry device. Special keyboards are designed to improve the efficiency of the data entry process. This is achieved by changing the keyboard form, the layout of its keys or the connection method to the system unit.

Keyboards having a special form calculated with the requirements of ergonomics are called ergonomic keyboards. It is advisable to apply in workplaces intended for entering a large number of iconic information. Ergonomic keyboards not only increase the performance of the typesetter and reduce overall fatigue during the working day, but also reduce the likelihood and degree of development of a number of diseases, such as tunnel syndrome of hands and osteochondrosis of the upper spines.

The layout of the standard keyboard keys is far from optimal. It has been preserved since the early samples of mechanical typewriters. Currently, there is a technical possibility of making keyboards with an optimized layout, and there are samples of such devices (in particular, they relate to keyboard courtyard). However, the practical implementation of keyboards with non-standard layout is questionable due to the fact that working with them must be studied specifically. In practice, only specialized jobs are equipped with similar keyboards.

By connection method, the system block is distinguished wired and wirelesskeyboard. Transmission of information in wireless systems is carried out by an infrared beam. The usual radius of such keyboards is several meters. The source of the signal is the keyboard.

Examples of various types of keyboards

Standard Wireless Keyboard

Contactless keyboard Using switches controlled by a magnetic field and radiation. When controlling the magnet field, the inclusion effect is achieved by changing the resistance of the magnetoresistive element or the Hall sensor

Optoelectronic keyboard With optoelectronic sensors, in which, when you press the key, the flap is entered between the radiation source (light) and the receiver (for example, the photoresistor). The flaps may have code openings and with multi-element receivers allows you to immediately get a binary symbol code that aligns the key with the decoder. They are close by characters to magnetic switches.

Touch keyboard Do not have mobile elements and only touching the fingers is required. This requires a certain skill. Ku feedback closes either through the indicator or through the beep. The principle of operation is based on the fact that at the time of the touch of contact pads, the tank changes in the electrical circuit and the static potential on it, which is enhanced by a special circuit and the signal is formed at the output signal to the same pressing of the mechanical keyboard key.

Keyboard with replaceable push-button layouts
According to the creators, the Zboard should significantly ease the life and wallet of computer owners, passing them in passing them from the need to memorize numerous "special" key combinations. The keyboard is designed primarily at home users, although it can be useful and using a computer as a professional tool. On the right side of the keyboard is the inconspicuous latch. It is easily folded, the panel with the keys is removed, it is threefolded (which is why the space key is made double), it is placed in the case size with a book in a soft cover and put on the shelf. And the shelf is already waiting for a number of similar cases with keys for other applications.

The selected interchangeable panel is installed on the keyboard base, the latch closes, the corresponding indicator and a completely new keyboard is ready for operation.

The device driver independently learns exactly which the replacement module is placed in the database and quickly overrides the location of each key, update the shortcuts and connect the corresponding macros used for the required game or business application.

The most convenient unusual and individual keyboard layout turns out to be in games. This is achieved by a well-thought-out position, form and designations of control keys, which significantly accelerates the training of the game and facilitates its successful passage.

Now many possibilities that hiding somewhere in the depth of the menu can be implemented with one click of the key. In addition, it disappears the need to memorize the special control keys of this game, as a rule, not too similar to similar combinations of characters in another gaming program.

Layout keys for different games

Layout keys for Adobe Photoshop

Enter graphic information

To enter graphic information, use:

• scanners
• graphic Tablets (Digitizers)
• digital cameras.

Scanners

Scanner (Scanner)- A device for copying graphic and text information and enter it into a computer.

With the help of scanners, you can enter icon information. In this case, the source material is entered in graphical form, after which it is processed by special software. (Images recognition programs).

Tablet scanners
Designed to enter graphic information from a transparent or opaque sheet material. The principle of operation of these devices is that the light beam reflected from the material of the material (or the transparent material has passed through), is fixed by special elements called instruments with charging link (CCD). Typically, the elements of the CCD are structurally decorated as a ruler disposed by the width of the source material. Moving the line relative to the sheet of paper is performed by mechanical stretching of the line when the sheet is fixed or pulling the sheet with a fixed setting of the line.

Manual scanners
The principle of operation of manual scanners mainly corresponds to the tablet. The difference lies in the fact that the pullout of the CCD line in this case is performed manually. Uniformity and accuracy of scanning are unsatisfactory, and the resolution of the manual scanner is 150-300 DPI.

Drum scanners
In this type of scanners, the starting material is fixed on the cylindrical surface of the drum rotating at high speed. The devices of this type provide the highest resolution (2400-5000 DPI) due to the use of non-CCD, but photoelectron multipliers. They are used to scan the source images having high quality, but insufficient linear dimensions (photoregatives, slides, etc.)

Photocner
It serves to obtain an image from slides or film. The scanner has removable cartridges for refueling slides or films.

Barcine scanners
This type of manual scanners is designed to enter data encoded in the form of a barcode. Such devices are used in retail chain.

Form scanners
Designed for data entry with standard forms filled with mechanical or
Form scanners do not require high scan accuracy, but speed plays an increased role and is the main consumer parameter.

Digitizers

Digitizer (Digitizer) -device for digitizing drawings and other images. Digitizer allows you to convert images to a digital form for processing in the computer.

Digital cameras

Digital camera -this is a camera that writes the image is not on the film, but on the receiving screen - the iconoscope.

The image from the iconoscope is translated into a digital form and is stored in the camera's memory. Depending on the camera's memory media used, it can store from several frames to dozen frames. After shooting the camera, joins the computer and frames in the form of files are rewritten to the computer.

DSCU30.	DSC-U60.	DSC-P92.
MVC-CD350.	MVC-CD500.	DSCF717.

Digital cameras, Like scanners, these devices perceive graphic data using charge-connected instruments combined into a rectangular matrix. The main parameter of digital cameras is the resolution, which is directly related to the number of CCD cells in the matrix. The best consumer models currently have up to 1 million CCD cells and, accordingly, provide image resolution up to 2700x2050 points. Professional models have these parameters above.

Light pencil

Light pencil- This is a device resembling the usual steering wheel with a wire. At the end of the handle there is a light receiver that can register a change in the brightness of the screen points.
Light feature can be specified on screen items and manage them. For example, you can draw. Analogue of the light pen - the light pistol is used in gaming consoles.
Fig. 7. Light pencil

Data output devices

Monitor

Monitor - device visual data presentation. This is not the only possible, but the main output device. Its main consumer parameters are: size and step mask step, maximum image regeneration frequency, protection class.

Monitor size It is measured between the opposite corners of the kinescope tube diagonally. Unit of measurement - inches. Standard dimensions: 14 "(symbol" means inch); 15 "; 17"; 19 "; 20"; 21 ".

The image on the monitor screen is obtained as a result of irradiation of the phosphor coating with an acutely plated bunch of electrons overclocked in a vacuum flask. To obtain a color image, a luminophore coating has a point or strips of three types, glowing in red, green and blue. In order for all three beams on the screen strictly at one point and the image was clear, in front of the phosphor put a mask - a panel with regularly arranged holes or slits. Part of the monitors is equipped with a mask of vertical wires, which enhances the brightness and saturation of the image. The smaller the step between the holes or slits (step masks), The clearer and more accurate image. Mask step is measured in millimeter shares. Currently, monitors are most common with a step of a mask 0.25-0.27 mm. Outdated monitors may have a step to 0.43 mm, which negatively affects the organs of vision when working with a computer. Models of increased cost may be less than 0.25 mm.

Regeneration frequency (updates) Images shows how many times a second monitor can completely change the image (so it is also called frame frequency). This parameter depends not only on the monitor, but also from properties and settings. video adapter Although the limit features determine the monitor after all.

Image regeneration frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz). What it is higher, the clearer and more stable image, the less the fatigue of the eyes, the more time you can work with the computer continuously. With the regeneration frequency of about 60 Hz, the fine flickering of the image is noticeably naked eye. Today, this value is considered unacceptable. The minimum is considered to be 75 Hz, regulatory - 85 Hz and comfortable - 100 Hz and more.

Protection class The monitor is determined by the standard that corresponds to the monitor in terms of safety requirements. Currently, the following international standards are considered generally accepted: ^ MPR-II, TSO-92, GSO-95, GSO-99 (given in chronological order). Standard MPR-II. Restricted the levels of electromagnetic radiation limits secure for humans. In Standa TSO-92. These norms were preserved, and in GSO-95 and GSO-99 standards are tightened. Ergonomic and environmental standards first appeared in the GSO-95 standard, and the GSO-99 standard set the most rigid norms by parameters determining the image quality (brightness, contrast, flicker, anti-reflective coating properties).

At the moment, the most common monitors are monitors equipped with electron beam tubes, but liquid crystal monitors (LCD - Liquid Crystal Display) have become increasingly often used.

Fig. 8. Various types of monitors

Touch screen - Used to control the computer using the touch screen to the screen. Typically, the touch screen is applied in reference rooms in museums, at exhibitions, train stations and at airports.

The touch screen can be built into a regular monitor or placed on top of the monitor screen, in this case it is connected to one of the port ports. The resolution of the touchscreen is small. The smallest element of the touchscreen is 1/256 part of the screen.

There are two technologies for creating touch screens:

1. Capacitive touch screen - fixation of the change of electrical capacity when contacting the finger with the screen (have wider use).
2. On two perpendicular sides of the touch screen are emitters of infrared or ultraviolet light, and on two opposite sides are the receivers of this radiation. When the finger overlaps the invisible rays, it is fixed by receivers.

Touch screens are widely used in tuning computers.

Speakers

Kolonki is needed to output sound from a computer. Computer columns are active, since the signal level at the outlet from the sound card is weak and requires gain. Choosing computer speakers is quite wide. Sometimes, instead of speakers, the linear input of the music center is connected. You can connect speakers and the center simultaneously through a special device - splitter.

Printers

Print devices (printers) are used as data output devices, allowing you to receive copies of documents on paper or transparent media.

Printer (Printer),or the printing device is designed to display information on paper. All modern printers can display text information, as well as drawings and other images.

There are several thousand printers models that can be used with personal computers, they can all be divided into four main types - matrix, inkjet, laser and photodiode.

Matrix printers
Earlier were the most common, but at present they are displaced inkjet and laser.

The principle of printing these printers is such: the printer's print head contains a vertical range of thin metal rods (they are called needles). The head moves along the printed line, and the needles hit the paper at the right moment through the painting tape. This ensures the formation of characters and images on paper. The movement of the needles is controlled by miniature electromagnets. In low-cost printer models, print head with 9 needles is used. Print quality from such printers is low. A better printing is provided with printers with 18 and 24 needles.

Inkjet printers
In these printers, the image is formed by microscopic paint drops flying on paper through small holes. Piezocrystals are used as elements that are ejecting ink jets. Piezocrystals have an extension property if electricity is supplied to them. Piezocrystals are installed in the printhead in such a way that they are expanding in the direction in which the ink droplets should fly. This printing method provides higher print quality compared to matrix printers, it is very convenient for color printing.

Resolution inkjet printers - 300 dpi, i.e. On one inches (1 inch \u003d 2.54 cm), 300 well distinguishable points are placed. This characteristic shows the size of the point. The more resolving the ability, the smaller the point, and the better the image.

Laser printers
Provide currently the best (often better typographic) print quality. In these printers, a laser beam managed by a computer is used for printing.

The laser printer has a roller covered with semiconductor substance, which is electrified from laser light. The beam using a rotary mirror is sent to the roller place where the image should be. This place is electrified and "stick" the smallest particles of dry paint, which is in a container under roller. After that, the roller rolled along the sheet of paper and the paint goes onto the paper. So that the coloring powder fixed, the special mechanism carries out the paper through the heating element and the paint sinters.

Photopriberent
With the advent of digital cameras, it became necessary to use them not only to create digital photo images, but also for printing ordinary paper photos. For this purpose, sublimation printers were developed. Sublimation printing technology was previously applied to color copiers.

In sublimation printers, the coloring powder is also applied as in photodiode printers, but then with the help of heating elements, each particle of the powder melts very quickly and sinters. It turns out a clear, bright image. Printing is carried out on paper, as a formulation similar to the usual photo paper, but without the gelatin layer. Paper for photos of printers is matte and glossy.

The image file is fed to the photo printer from the computer or directly from the flash memory card. For flash memory cards in printers, there are appropriate ports, for example, on the HP Photosmart 7550 photo printer, on the right above, you can see ports for flash cards and a map inserted into one of four ports.

Plotter

Plotter (Plotter) or a grafthrower - a device for the output of various drawings, geographical maps, posters and other images on large format paper.
Plotters are monochrome and colored. According to the application technology, plotters are divided into feathers and inkjet.
Large industrial plotters

Command Management Devices

Mouse

Mouse - Manipulator control device. It is a flat box with two-three buttons.

Moving mouse on a flat surface is synchronized with the movement of a graphic object (mouse pointer) on the monitor screen.

In addition to the usual mouse, there are other types of manipulators, for example: trekball, Penmaus, infrared mice.

Trekball Unlike the mouse is stationary, and its ball is driven by hand palm. The advantage of the trackball is that it does not need a smooth working surface, so the trekballs have been widely used in portable personal computers.

Penmaus It is an analogue of the ballpoint, at the end of which, instead of a writing node, a node is set to record the magnitude of the movement.

Infrared mouse It differs from the usual presence of a wireless communication device with the system unit.

For computer games and in some specialized simulators, manipulators of a lever-pressure type are also used (Joysticks) and similar to them joy Pada, gamepada and spool-pedal Devices. The devices of this type are connected to a special port exhibiting on the sound card, or to the port USB.

Main characteristics of mouse

Functionality

The simplest mice have only two buttons, but models can occur with five buttons or two scroll wheels.

Additional buttons require special support from the driver side - by default, Windows "understands" only three buttons, and the third (average) is not used very efficiently. On additional buttons, the service functions are usually placed - minimizing windows, launching favorite programs, etc.

Another popular element of the control is the scrolling wheel (scrolling). It is usually located between the main mouse buttons. If you scroll through this wheel, the current document in the editor or web browser will start moving inside the window in the same direction. It eliminates the need to "travel" to the cursor to the scroll bar and back. For those who are mainly working with office documents and web pages, the scroll wheel is a good help in the work. As a rule, the wheel can be not only scrolling, but also press, i.e. it is part-time the third button.

Sometimes instead of the wheel you can see a small lever, a swing key or a trackball (navigation ball). However, most users still find a wheel more convenient.

Mansion stand wireless mice. Some jobs do not allow the connection of the system unit and the mouse with a wire, even a two-meter "tail" (and more often cables are 150 cm long) turns out to be not long. In this case, you will come to help the manipulators associated with the system unit on the radio channel or using infrared rays. The scheme of their work is always the same - the receiver is connected to the "mouse" connector of the system unit, and there is a transmitter inside the mouse. True, a wireless mouse is needed, therefore, batteries or batteries are usually installed in its enclosure.

There are manipulators with an unusual set of features, such as the built-in fingerprint scanner or with a speaker playing music when a new e-mail came to the computer.

Design

Classic design is a symmetrical light gray case with strongly rounded edges. Today you can easily buy both a classic mouse and completely extraordinary. In search of the most ergonomic forms, constructors sometimes create manipulators, very far from any symmetry. Blue, silver mice are popular and distributed, and a little search, it is not difficult to buy a device of any color, translucent and even painted under God's cow

Ergonomics

The mouse is obliged to be comfortable. Ergonomic form manipulators are adapted for human brush better than symmetrical, but they are mainly designed for right-handers. It is convenient to put on her left hand just will not work. Check - When your palm lies on the body, your fingers must be conveniently located on the buttons. It is unacceptable if you have to encourage the brush or press your fingers to press the key or reach the scroll wheel.

In addition, the mouse must securely lie in the hand. This contributes to rubber inserts on the ends, a special form (narrowing at the bottom), the use of ribbed surfaces.

Evaluate also pressing the keys. It should not be too tough so that the fingers are not tired. Pay attention to your feelings. When it is not clear, there has already been a click or not - it is incorrect. Assessing the scroll wheel, remember that the big rigidity (resistance) is quickly tired, and small will lead to too intense scrolling on the screen. The first option is worse, but the second is not too attractive.

Interface

The mouse connects to a personal computer using the RS-232 (COM) interfaces, PS / 2 and USB. The first is in every computer, the second - in any, produced over the past 4-5 years, the third is almost in anyone released in 1999 and later. The most popular today PS / 2 interface is a special mouse driver is usually not required, the manipulator works consistently in most programs and operating systems. You can also connect the USB mouse too, but this method has a number of disadvantages. First, compatibility issues may arise, the USB mouse does not always behave perfectly; Under Windows NT, such a manipulator will not work at all. Secondly, the periphery for the USB bus is produced a lot, but the overwhelming majority of PCs have only 2 USB ports. If you take one mouse port, you will have problems with simultaneous connection, such as a scanner and a digital player. Therefore, for most users is most convenient yet PS / 2. Understanding this, most USB manufacturers are equipped with a special adapter that allows you to connect their products to both the USB port and the PS / 2 port.

Data Storage and Exchange Devices

Zip-drives

Zip-driveswe are manufactured by Iomega specializing in creating external data storage devices. The device works with disk carriers, in size slightly exceeding standard flexible discs and having a capacity of 100/250 MB. Zip-drives are available in the internal and external execution. In the first case, they are connected to the controller of hard drives of the motherboard, and in the second - to the standard parallel port, which negatively affects the rates of data exchange.

Modem

Modem - A device intended to exchange information between remote computers via communication channels is customary to be called a modem (modulator + demodulator). In this case, under the communication channel, physical lines are understood (wired, fiber optic, cable, radio frequency), the method of their use (switched and dedicated) and method of transferring data (digital or analog signals). Depending on the type of communication channel, the reception-transmission device is divided into radio models, cable modems and others. The most widespread use of modems focused on connecting to switched telephone communication channels.

Internal modem	External modem

Streamers

Stremmer (Stream - Long Tape) - a device for recording information on a magnetic tape.

Stremmer is used to archive information from the hard disk.

Stremmer is a tape recorder that records information at a very high speed - from units to tens of MB per second. For example, STRMMERS produced by IBM in 2003 have a speed of 30 MB / s.

Media information for strimmers are cassettes and tape cartridges. Cassettes have up to 60 GB, cartridges up to 160 GB. These volumes allow you to save on a cassette or cartridge information from all over hard disk.

Like many other devices, the strimmers are internal and external. Internal strimmers are inserted into the same grooves of the system unit as CD-ROM, external are performed in a separate case and connected to the computer through the external port.

Internal strimmers with a cassette	External strimmers with cartridges

External portable strimmer	External strimmer with cassette

The presence of all the system block listed in the first part is already enough for normal operation of the computer, without any of them, there will be no computer! Those. If your computer has only a housing, a power supply, a motherboard (with the integration of video, sound, network), a processor with a cooler, RAM and Winchester, and of course the monitor, keyboard, mouse, then your computer will already work!

Floppy - Drive (FDD). For 2010, it is no longer relevant, but nevertheless ... The drive is designed to read information from the flop-magnetic drive volume 720kb - 1.44 MB. Drives differ in size - 3.5 "and 5.25" inches. 5.25 "disk drives are already entered into history, but 3.5" inch still use.

Optical drive (CD / DWD). The optical drive is designed to read or write information from / to optical discs. The drives are distinguished by the type and speed of reading / write information, and optical discs by type and volume.
* CD-ROM The drive is designed to read information from a CD-ROM or CD-R disc. CD-ROM discs, 700 MB discs, recorded once in production and write something or erased from such a disk.
* CD-RW The drive is designed to read information from CD-ROM, CD-R and CD-RW discs with a volume of 700MB, as well as records of information on CD-R and CD-RW discs, and CD-RW discs - overwritten, t. e. You can repeatedly record and erase information.
* DWD-R / RW The drive is designed to read information from CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW discs with a volume of 700MB, DWD-R and DWD-RW discs with a volume of 4.7 - 9,4GB, as well as records of information on CD-R, CD-RW, DWD-R, DWD-RW discs.

There are two more types of drives HD-DWD and DVD Blu-Ray, more precisely, one is already a DVD Blu-Ray, he won the formats war and the future. The volume of the DVD Blu-Ray disk can reach 100GB!

Video card. The video card is designed to accelerate work with graphics and reduce the load on the central processor. Video card can be both built-in motherboard and external, in the form of a single board. What is a good external video card - it can be replaced in case of breakdown, but with a built-in harder.

The video card has its own graphics processor with a cooler and memory, it allows you to significantly reduce the load on the central processor in applications using complex graphics (games, graphic editors ...).

Sound card. The sound card is designed to work with sound. The sound card can also be both built-in and external.

LAN card. The network card is designed to connect a computer to the network, and it does not matter to local or global (Internet). It can also be both built-in and external. Sometimes you have to insert two network cards, for example, to connect two computers at home or in the office. To connect to a network of more than two computers you will need a switch, we will talk about it in a separate article.

Monitor.The monitor is designed to display information. What can be said about the monitor, the monitor is the face of the computer that should delight your eyes! Therefore, choosing the monitor must be paid to the following parameters:
For CRT:
- screen size in inches (15 "- 22") - the more, the better;
- the size of the point (0.32 - 0.20 mm) - for the CRT monitors, the smaller the better;
- the maximum frequency of the expandment, or the frequency of frames - the more, the better;
- maximum resolution - the more, the better;
For LCD (LCD or TFT):
- screen size in inches (10 "- 30") - the more, the better;
- the size of the point is the distance between the centers of neighboring pixels, the less, the better;
- Format (ordinary and widescreen) - the ratio of width to height, for example: 4: 3, 16: 9, 16:10, 5: 4;
- Contrast - the ratio of the brightness of the bright and theotte dots itself. In some monitors, the adaptive level of the backlight, the contrast digit that is reduced for them does not apply to the contrast of the image than this indicator above, the better;
- Brightness - the amount of light, emitted by the display, is usually measured in candelas per square meter than this figure is higher, the better;
- response time - the minimum time required by the pixel to change its brightness than this indicator is less, the better;
- viewing angle - than this indicator is more, the better;
- The type of matrix - the technology on which the LCD is made.

Keyboard. The keyboard is designed to enter text information into a computer using alphanumeric keys, to control processes using control keys (Enter, Backspace, Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Tab, Esc, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock, Pause, Print Screen ), to control the cursor (-\u003e,<-, Page Up, Page Down, Home, End, Delete, Insert). Кроме того, на клавиатуре есть ещё функциональные (F1-F12) и
digital keys (as on the calculator).

Keyboards are now available for every taste - solid, soft, large, small, special (convenient for quick text set), with various additional function keys for more convenient work on the Internet, for more convenient work with musical and graphic applications, etc.

Mouse. Main Mouse Purpose - Cursor Management. Mice, like keyboards, there is a great set, and they differ in such characteristics:
- by type - two-button, three-button, with two buttons and wheels, with three buttons and wheels (the third button is one click instead of two);
- by type of connection - wired, wireless;
- in size - small, medium, large;
- according to the digitization method of the surface - mechanical (ball), optical;
- By way of connecting to the motherboard - COM, PS / 2, USB.

Printer. The printer is designed to print text or graphic information. Printers are matrix, inkjet and laser. Printers are distinguished by image formation: matrix - knock, inkjet - drip, laser - bake.

Scanner. The scanner is designed to digitize and transmit information from paper into a computer. It can be both text and any graphic information. Multifunctional devices are now more relevant. These are devices that have a printer and a scanner in one case. Accordingly, such a device can be used as a copier. Those. MFP is 3 in 1: printer, scanner, copier.

Modem. The modem is a device for receiving, data transmission via telephone network.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS). If you have interruptions with electricity, then you simply need UPS - it is some time after turning off the electricity saves the supply of electricity for the computer. During this time, you may well have time to save data and turn off the computer correctly.

Accommodation columns, headphones. Here, I think everything is clear.

Webcam. This miracle of technology allows you to make a video phone from a computer, i.e. With the help of a webcam you can see and hear each other, while at the same time on different continents. Due to its size and small cost, the webcam is a very convenient device for creating a different video conferencing, and it can also be used to organize video surveillance.

Flash drive. Finally, we lived to the time when you don't have to wear a whole bunch of floppy or disks with you, but you can simply take one small, but remote flash drive!
The flash drive is a device for storing information. Its volume can reach up to 64GB!

Now you know what a computer consists and which devices to it can still be connected.