Period oscillation of the capacitor. Oscillating contour

The test for the knowledge of the Russian language is a selection of several wonderful dictations that will help you make fun of colleagues and friends and check your own knowledge of the Great and Mighty Russian :)

With pebble on pebble fluttered frivolous sparrow, and dutifully plastered terrace, artfully draped tapestries defenzivoy Kronstadt infanteriyskogo Battalion, scolding once panic in Bolivian unmanned cavalry, under artificial antique lampshade, camouflaged under the eccentric Moroccan minaret, freckled Sister-widowed Archpriest Agrippina Savvichna absently Attently by Tiradam Nimalo not surprised by the provincial propagandist, the college assessor, the incomplete warder and the indifferent fishing of Faddey Apollinarevich Parasheutov, was swept away with the sniffs and stuffed Anchoves of Blanmange in chocolate.

Frewell windwater vane, amateur driver by profession, amateur to dance and swimming, afraid of appendicitis and Qatar, decided to become a vegetarian. Once, I put my kolomyanka suit and skillfully having a hair block on the Temkin, he went to visit his feast of the apolinarium Nikitichna. Passing the terrace with balustrade, all forced by clay and aluminum pots, he as a privileged guest, went straight to the kitchenette. The hostess, seeing that this is no one as her buddy coaled so that he dropped the samovar's burner, and then began to sweep it with a copshushkami vinaigrette, and she served Montpanne with other disasses.

1. On the solar milking terrace near the hemp, the Savvishna Savishnaya Savishna has swept the college assessorer Apollo Sigismundovich by Vigret and other disassembly.

2. On the boardwalk near the asymmetric bush of the hemp, an unsavicing widow of the Savichna, Savvichna, Savvichna, swept the college assessor of Apollo Philippovich Vinaigrette with mollusks and various other disassembly under the acclomes of the accordion and cello.

3. pebble stone to fluttering sparrow, and on the terrace, artfully draped tapestries defenzivoy Kronstadt infanteriyskogo battalion, under artificial shade camouflaged under Moroccan minaret, freckles Sister-widowed protopriest Agrippina Savvichna regaled Collegiate assessor policeman guard and indifferent Lovelace Thaddeus Apollinarevich vinaigrette with sniffs.

4. On a board veranda near the hemp under the Cello Accompanitor, Savvishna Savvishna, Savvishna, washed by the vinegerette and dumplings of the College Assestor of Apollo Faddeic.

5. On the enormous terrace near boarded Konoplyanik with honeysuckle under the skillful cacophonous accompaniment cello and causeless crying Wolverines notorious widow Agrippina freckled clerk Savvishna Filippova regaled surreptitiously juniper jam, California vinaigrette with clams and other delicacies Bezyazykov collegiate assessor Apollonovich Thaddeus, who was sitting on the veranda, unbuttoned blue - Horseshoe fruct, spreading the fingers of the left hand and shook the nameless finger with the right armpit.

6. At a huge platform terrace, sitting on a otomanka, the freckled Agrippina Savvichna Savvichka was drowned by vinaigrette, dumplings and other disasses of the College Assistor Philip Apollinarevich.

7. On a boardy terrace near the hemp, the Indifferent Savishnaya Savishnaya Padder Savvishna swept the vinaigrette with ham, mollusks and other disassembly for the Cello Accompaniment of the College Assistor Apollo Ippolitovich.

In the 11th grade, students are aimed at a single state exam, solve tests. It would seem why they need dictation?

Recommended at the beginning of the year to conduct diagnostic work, throughout the year 3-4 control dictations can be carried out. All proposed dictations are different, there are texts with tasks. But this option is used at the request of the teacher.

Grade 11

Diagnostic dictation

No end to the world ...

Now the end of September, but the winds are not even years old. But because of the houses, from the backyards, the tops of yellow and crimson-red trees are pebbles.

The grass, which thumb up everything, too,, like the winds, would be quite green if old limes growing in the fence did not begin to drop yellowed foliage. And since yesterday there was a strong wind, the leaves were enough to burn everything in the village, and now through the fallen leaves looks over the green grass. Among the yellow-green brightly gligns the unwinning roadway.

In the sky there is some strange combination of naive blue and dark, thicker clouds. At times, it looks at a clear sun, and then clouds are still made, even blue clean sections of the sky, still yellow foliage, more green grass. And in the distance he glances through the semi-faded limes an old bell tower.

If from this bell tower, climbing in half the beams and stairs, look now in all directions of white light, then the horizons will immediately expand. We will cover the entire hill on which the village stands, we will see, maybe a river, worst the foot of the hill, the villages standing on the river, the forest, the subcovery that covered the entire landscape.

The imagination can raise us higher than the bell tower, then the horizons will again be turned out, and the village that has just been around us will appear, as it were, as it were, consisting of toy houses that spoke in a small pack in the middle of the earth having a noticeable planetary curvature.

We will see that the Earth is worked with many paths and roads. Those that brighter, eager, lead to cities that can now be seen from our height. (According to V. Soloukhin.)

Storm

Clouds appeared above the mountains - first light and air, then gray, with torn edges. And the sea immediately changed the paints - it became dark.

Clinging to the wooded peaks of the mountains, the clouds lowered the lower and lower, captured the gorges and dell, turned into heavy, impenetrable clouds. Only the mountains seemed to restrain them now, but the mountains could not do anything: the sisage of the paddle crawled from the mountains to the sea.

Clouds walked from the mountains, lowered the lower and lower, to the sea. They, as if reluctant, clouded the water with a haze - from the coast further. They crawled no longer only on the slopes, where the houses of the upper streets were sheltered, but they tightened the fog street lower, the main thing. Drivers turned on the headlights and more and more often gave signals. And the train went now, nervous buzz, with lit lanterns.

The sea is dark from the shore. Quiet, it seems to be loose, with a smooth surface and a slightly audible approach, it went on white, then black spots, then incomprehensible divorces, as if the other water was thrown into it.

Waiting lasted an hour. Thunder hit in the mountains, and rain flows, and the sea was shown. It poured the shore, beat about the concrete embankment, about the stairs and blocks the rocks, it thundered and shuddered, oh and triggered, cried and roared.

The sky above the sea was not gray and not black, but some kind of unnatural brown. Lightning cut the sky to the left, on the right, then ahead, then from behind, then somewhere over the coast. The sea absorbed them, swallowed with the brown sky and thunder blows.

(232 words.)

For mushrooms

On Saturday, early in the morning, barely tangible for the gray pellery of a wide, calm rain, I went to the forest for mushrooms. Comrade, a young officer, son-in-law hostess of the neighboring cottage, who called me that Volodya, then Sasha, although I was called and not so, and not a kind. His name was Valera. He provided me with a long officer's cloak, he himself also covered the same cape, only with a hood, and shoved in rubber fishing boots.

Rain went, like yesterday, a small sponge of Kashirka, who enveloped the village, turned out, and, when we approached the broth, I was impossible to go, not bay boots. Then the satellite kindly substituted his bursts than I used not without secret joy: I was only a soldier in the army, and I could not even dream that someday would be able to ride on the back of the officer. Crossing the river, we scrubbed the wet with a steep slope of the slide and found themselves in the Birch of Mescalese.

Between the trees, gossipped and broken, narrow paths, embarked in cattle, - the village herd is usually driven through this fishing line. Long herbal melchs between the paths glittered, densely shrouded with raindrops, in the grass were sticking out yellow valves, savory and docked. Valuev was so much that even became somehow unpleasant: innocuous full of mushrooms, which are even salted, called now some squeamy feeling. There were a lot of cheesegles - gray, pink, dense-crimson.

I got fun: I already knew, premeditated that I had fungi today. (235 words.)

Spring evening

Purely marked and still raw from the newly installed street, the street was deserted, but beautifully sustained a little heavy beauty. Large white houses with stucco decorations on the eaves and in the saint between the windows, painted in a thin-pinky shade of the Spring Rays of the setting sun, looked at the light of God concentrately and important. The snow washed off with dust from them, and they stood almost close to each other with such clean, fresh, satisfied. And the sky shone above them is also solid, light and pretty.

Paul walked and, feeling in full harmony with the surrounding, lazily thought about how well you could live, if you do not demand a lot from life, and as arrogant and stupid, those who, having a pennies, demand themselves from life to rubles.

Thinking so, he did not notice how the streets went out. In front of him, there was a whole sea of \u200b\u200bwater, it was cold in the rays of the sun, far on the horizon slowly lowered into it. The river, as well as the sky reflected in it, was solemnly late. Neither waves, no ripples visible on its polished cold surface. Wide sparkling, she, precisely tired by this scope, calmly fell asleep. And on it Tomno melting a purple-gold velvet strip of rays of sunset. Far, the evenly shrouded in the evening, the narrow tape of the Earth was visible, separating water from the sky, cloudless and deserted, like the river covered it. It would be nice to sail a free bird between them, powerfully cutting with a blue fresh air! (223 words.)

the fire

Nobody knows exactly when the man mastered the fire for the first time. Maybe Zipper lit a tree near his primitive housing? Or a hot lava, spent on the dawn of mankind volcano, brought our long-time ancestors to the first idea of \u200b\u200bfire?

But the fire has long been needed by a person. And after all, no wonder one of the most beautiful and proud languages \u200b\u200bof antiquity is devoted to someone who discovered the mystery of the fire for a person. That was, as they say in legend, fearless and independent Prometheus. He himself took place from the family of the gods-workers, but, contrary to their strict ban, brought fire to the residents of the Earth - to people. The angry gods climbed the internet to the ground and ordered him to eternal flour.

From time immemorial, the fire has become a constant faithful sign of man. Traveler, caught at night on the road, seeing away the fire, probably knew: there are people!

The fire was needed by a person for light, for power: He was illuminated and heated housing, helped cook food. And then the person learned to use it warm to get from the water the mighty couple, moving machines.

Frequently, the fire was considered a written sign of Raduishia and Friendship. The fire scared the beast from human housing, but a man called to man. And still say people who invite: "Come on the light!"

But, like many other benefits, who mined for themselves, taking nature, a man, good fire became evil and misfortune for many. Fire seized greedy, predatory people who have forced others to give them all their strength. The fire spawned a weapon, which was so called a gunshot. (By L. Kassile.)

Control dictation according to the first half of the year

Child education

Continue himself in his child is great happiness. You will look at your child as the only one in the world, a unique miracle. You will be ready to give everything, if only your son was good. But do not forget that he should be primarily a man. And in man the most important thing is a sense of debt before those who make you good. For good, which you will give to the child, he will survive a sense of appreciation, thanks only when he himself will do good for you - Father, mother, in general for people of older generations.

Remember that childhood happiness is selfishly selfishly: good and good, created for the child of the elders, he perceives as something of granted. As long as he did not feel, did not survive on his own experience, that the source of his joys is the work and sweat of the senior, he will be convinced that his father and mother exist only to bring happiness happiness. It may turn out that in an honest labor family, where the parents of the soul do not have a child in children, giving them all the strength of their hearts, children will grow with heartless egoists.

How to achieve the golden grains that you will give your son, turned into golden placers for other people? The most important thing is to teach a child to understand and feel that for each sparkle of his joys and benefits, someone burns its power, his mind; Every day of his serene and carefree childhood, someone adds care and a match. When you have a child will be born, learn to see him, understand, feel people - this is the most difficult. (In the city of Sukhomlinsky.)

Grammatical task

1 option

1. From 1 paragraph, write down the word (-A), which (s) is formed (s): with a submissive way; 2. A complex toothfix method.

2. Of 1 paragraph 3 sentences, write out the verification phrase with the connection of the adjoining; 2. Of 1 paragraph 6 sentences with communication.

3. Among the provisions of 2 paragraphs, find such in which there is a separate definition; 2. Separate circumstance. Write its number.

4. Among the proposals of 2 paragraphs, find a complex proposal with the apparent exemption; 2. With the apparent definition. Write its number.

Option 2

1. Of 2 paragraph, write out all the most strongest pronouns; 2. Of the 3 paragraph, all determination pronouns.

2. Among the proposals of 1 paragraph, find complex offers, which include a single impersonal; 2. Of 2 paragraph. Write the numbers of these complex suggestions.

3. Among the proposals of 3 paragraphs, find a complex offer with consistent subordination of the apparent; 2. Of 1 paragraph with parallel subordination of the apparent. Write the number of this challenging offer.

4. Write out the phraseology of 2 paragraph; 2. Write down the contextual antonyms of 3 paragraph.

Orlik

Orlik in the past is a big craft Sloboda. Lived and worked here skoes, shubbniki, bondari, blacksmiths, tailors. Women and girls embroidered, knitted with crochet, on the needles, coup, failed carpets and tracks.

Crochet - bright, unique phenomenon of national culture. His story leads us to the distant past. At first, knitting was exclusively male craft, and the hook looked like a flat, smooth wand. Then they did at the end of the ledge, so that the thread did not slip up, so it became much easier to work. There was time, and this occupation completely passed into the hands of women. With the help of a simple tool - the hook - the extraordinary beauty and grace of the product are created.

In the Eagle and the surrounding villages, the time of the century knitted very beautiful things: curtains on the windows and tablecloths, covered on the bed and capes on the pillows, lace to sheets, pillowcases, towels.

How many lace, so many patterns. They shared each other, they lowered something, something was added, a new, individual one was obtained. From under sensitive agile hands, a magic fabric is coming out, a thin openwork miracle. How much soul, how many feelings in it are invested!

There was a Russian song, brisk and cheerful, long and sad, unchanged satellite. It is free to pour out of a close hut, and a cherished dream, and a desire, and hope, are ringing.

Grammatical task

1 option

1. Determine the method of education of the word Past (2 paragraph, 2 sentences); 2. Satellite (5 paragraph, 1 offer).

2. Of the 5 paragraph of the last sentence, write out the verification of the pronunity with the connection; 2. Of 1 paragraph 2 sentences with coordination.

3. Among the proposals of 5Abzac, find such in which there is a separate definition; 2. Among the proposals 1-2 paragraphs find such in which there is a separate application. Write its number.

4. Write out of 1 paragraph 1 sentences with a grammatical foundation; 2. Write down the grammatical basis of 2 paragraph 1 sentences.

Option 2

1. From 4 paragraph, write down all the prepositions; 2. Of the 2 paragraph of all adverbs.

2. Among the proposals of 2 paragraphs, find a complex proposal, which includes one-point impersonal; 2. Among the provisions of 2 paragraphs find an uncertain personal. Write the number of this challenging offer.

3. Among the proposals of 1-2 paragraphs, find it, which includes an additive goal; 2. Among the proposals of 3-4 paragraphs, find an offer with homogeneous members and
summarizing word. Write the number of this offer.

4. Determine lexical meaning the words "Bondari" (2 sentence 1 paragraph); 2. Determine the lexical meaning of the word "lability" (4 paragraph, 1 sentence).

Samovar

Samovar is designed to warm the water for tea. The first self-friendly factory opened in Tula in a thousand seven hundred seventy-eighth year, so coal samovars in the museum collection, perhaps more than two hundred years.

Inside the samovar there is a furnace where the coals are imposed, which are burning and give their heat water, poured into samovar. Charcoal is an indispensable fuel, and reserved them in advance. If you suddenly fall into the coal in the furnace, then an ordinary boot came to the rescue, the old, worn, already unsuitable. He was put on the top of the furnace, and his boots in the hands of a man performed the same work as blacksmithing mehs in the mountain oven.

The hostess had closed all the time, as coals are burning: whether they are smoldering well or barely or barely. Sometimes it does not please - and water will pop up in samovar. Most likely, you need to put a new one: suddenly there is someone who will come. Hardworking mistress so won their samovar that as in the mirror it looks like. The owner will admire the mistress and smile. And a smile, as you know, all colors.

Previously, in any hives, the most prominent and honorable place was assigned on the table. I had to move the family to a new hut - first of all the samovar was transported, and then everything else. If in the late autumn or in the winter cold cut someone to the long road, then the hot samovar was often put in Sanya. Near him, like a furnace, you can warm up on the road and boil the drink, if you want. The coal samovar is wonderful that, while the coals did not overcome the coals, the water remains hot.

Grammatical task

1 option

1. Of the 3 sentences 2 paragraph, write out the word (s), which (s) is formed (s): with a submissive way; 2. Of the 1 paragraph, 1 sentences with a suffix.

2. Of the 1 sentences 4 paragraph, write out the verification of the printence with the connection; 2. Of the 1 sentences 3 paragraph with coordination.

3. Among the proposals 1 paragraph, find such in which there are separate definitions; 2. Find the introductory words in the text. Write their numbers.

4. Among the proposals of 4 paragraphs, find a complex offer with consistent subordination of the apparent; 2. Of 2 paragraph with consistent subordination of the apparent. Write the number of this challenging offer.

Option 2

1. Of the 3 paragraph, write out all the subordinate unions; 2. Of the 3 paragraph, all writing unions.

2. Among the proposals of 3 paragraphs, find complex suggestions, which includes a single impersonal; 2. Of 4 paragraph. Write the numbers of these complex suggestions.

3. Among the proposals 1Abzac, find it, which includes an appropriate effect; 2. Among the provisions of 2 paragraphs find the definition appropriate. Write the number of this challenging offer.

4. Write the spaticral word out of 3 paragraph; 2. Write the term of 2 paragraph.

Maucharic song

1) In the spring, it is good in the forest: the air is especially fresh and plowchuch, there is a smell of heavy leaves everywhere and taught the earth. 2) The impressions associated with the spring hunting on delayers are indelible in my memory. 3) still not at all at all, and the transparent night silence floats over the sleeping forest, in which each rustling and whisper is clearly heard. 4) A branch crawls under the leg, crawling the ice crust, tightened with a shallow, but wide swamp, and quiet again.

5) When you go through the woods, you stop from time to time and listen. 6) I want to get to the point of the current when the deraha has not yet started his song. 7) listen carefully, and suddenly suddenly hesitated in the air a sharp, ripped cry. 8) Soon he answers the other - and the swamp begins ringing rolls.

9) They are tensely peering in the forest Mol, remember looking at the clock arrows. 10) In the East, in the depths of the forest, between the tops of the trees, there will be almost imperceptible light, and the night darkness begins to dissipate. 11) But already in Dali Forest, the sounds of the Songs of the Song Songs are heard for an inexperienced hunter. 12) Characteristic tip, chirping is heard from the remote tape and fills the predestous forest silence, shimmering in the air with mysterious and exciting sounds. 13) It is only a delay to silenced, as you freeze in place and stand motionless. 14) In the allest light, the shutter seems to be a massive sharp shape of a black tree. 15) Only a slightly noticeable movement of this figure indicates that this is not a dead object. (According to V. Astafyev.)

Tasks

I option

AT 2. Among the proposals, find a comprehensive circumstance. Specify its number.

IN 3. Among the proposals 7-15, find a simple person. Specify its number.

AT 4. From Proposition 4, write down the noun 3nd decline.

AT 5. Among the proposals 1-3, find a complex with an unconquoy connection. Specify its number.

AT 7. From Proposition 12, write out a word having two consoles.

AT 8. Specify the way the word education is intense (Proposition 9).

AT 9. From proposals 13-15, write out the exclusive adjective.

II option

AT 2. Among the proposals, find a simple with a separate definition. Specify its number.

IN 3. Among the proposals 5-8, find a complex with an impersonal part. Specify its number.

AT 4. From Proposition 11, write down the noun 3nd declination.

AT 5. Proposals 1-4 find an offer with writing and supervisory links. Specify its number.

AT 6. From Proposition 15, write down the adverb.

AT 7. From Proposition 2, write out a word having two consoles.

AT 8. Specify the method of education of the word little by little (Proposition 10).

AT 9. From Proposals 1-5, write brief adjectives.

Joy

1) was unmearable joy, incomprehensible to the avoyful urban resident, waking up a child in his cozy spallen in a small reed bed in the morning dawn from a shepherd horror. 2) The first ray of the Sun through the pretented shutters of the golden font, freshly stained floors, recently painted walls hung with pictures on the themes of children's fairy tales. 3) Which only transfusions in the sun paint here did not play! 4) A Rosoyful freshness of the early colors is embroidered into the open manifestation of an old window. 5) Long Domishko, having embarrassed, goes to the ground, the lilac buoyo blooms above him, as if hurrying his white-lilac luxury to cover his poverty.

6) on the wooden steps of the balcony, also rotten and swinging under their feet, descend to swim to the river located near the house. 7) Closed gateways of a small mill raised the waters of the sponge, forming a non-trap, but deep dock. 8) Pupils of silver fish are leisurely pass in greenish transparent water, and on the old half-hearted barrel, which lacks several boards, a huge green frog sits, watching sunbursters playing on ash-gray board walls - a favorite place of a frog of a couple.

9) Top branch of thick hazel, sits on the top of a blue-green young tree chatty than forty. 10) What she just does not crack! 11) There is a ringing twitter, and, increasing, gradually many-voiced bird gomon fills the garden. 12) Glass door leading from the terrace is open. (According to D. Rosenta.)

Tasks

I option

IN 1. Find a proposal in the text reflecting the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe text. Specify its number.

AT 2. Proposals 1-5 find an offer with homogeneous additions and a separate definition. Write its number.

IN 3. Among the proposals 4-7 find the non-union complicated. Specify its number.

AT 4. From offer 11, write out the pretext.

AT 5. From Proposition 2, write down the noun 3nd declination.

AT 6. From offer 4, write down the adverb.

AT 7. Specify the method of education of the word Intrunning (Proposition 6).

AT 8. Write the phrase (offer 12), built on the basis of management.

AT 9. Write out the grammatical offer of Proposition 1.

II option

IN 1. How else could it be the text? Write down 2 of your header to the text.

AT 2. Among the proposals 7-12, find a simple sentence with a separate definition. Specify its number.

IN 3. Among the proposals 6-8, find a complex with different types of communication. Specify its number.

AT 4. From Proposition 1, write down a particle.

AT 5. From Proposition 5, write down the noun male genus.

AT 6. From Proposition 8, write down the adverb.

AT 7. Specify the method of education of the word blue-green (Proposition 9).

AT 8. Write the phrase (offer 3), built on the basis of coordination.

AT 9. Write down the grammatical foundations of supply 8.

Steppe

1) Spring steppe like a green sea. 2) And in the summer, when white woven thickened, the steppe would be white. 3) Sweet the gorbal waves from the mother of pearl, the pearl ripples will be satellite. 4) Picky clones, steals, rustle. 5) And the wind, like Berkut, falls on open wings, missticking and famously. 6) And then suddenly the steppe will appear with a naked snowy plain, and it seems to be lifting on it, curls and stele.

7) At the sunrise, like lunar ripples on the water: the steppe trembles, crushes, wounds. 8) At noon, she is like a huge flock of curly sheep: sheep pick up one to another, fragically fuel and endlessly flow and flow to the edge of the earth.

9) But the miracle is wonderful - the steppe at sunset! 10) Steaming overflowing fluffy sweaters toward the rolling sun, like the pink languages \u200b\u200bof cold ghost fire. 11) And until he drowshes the sun, throughout the steppes, these ice-colored flashes will rush. 12) The Moon will pop up over the gloomy stepma - accurate air bubble from the water! - And stacks of the nice hay are like inney. 13) Good steppe and day, and at night! (N. Sladkov.)

Tasks

I option

IN 1. Find a proposal in the text reflecting the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe text. Specify its number.

AT 2. Provides 1-5 sentences, find a proposal with a comparative turnover. Specify its number.

IN 3. Among the proposals 3-6, find a simple unpropered. Specify its number.

AT 4. From offer 8, write down the return verb.

AT 5. Specify the way the word education will pop up (offer 12).

AT 6. Among the proposals 1-10, find a complex one with a pressing time. Specify its number.

AT 7. From Proposals 1-5, write out words with an alternating unstressed vowel at the root.

AT 8. Write the phrase (Proposition 6), built on the basis of adjustment.

AT 9. Write down the grammatical offer of supply 7.

II option

IN 1. How else could it be the text? Write down 2 of your header to the text.

AT 2. Among the proposals 9-11, find a proposal with a comparative turnover. Specify its number.

IN 3. Among the proposals 7-10, find a complex offer with a simple unpropered part. Specify its number.

AT 4. From Proposals 9-13, write out the derivative of the pretext.

AT 5. Specify the method of formation of the word floast (offer 11).

AT 6. Among the proposals 11-13, find a complex one with pressing time. Specify its number.

AT 7. From proposals 6-8, write out words with an alternating unstressed vowel at the root.

AT 8. Write the phrase (offer 7), based on coordination.

AT 9. Write down the grammatical foundations of supply 11.

Balaclava

1) At the end of October, when the days are still in autumn gentle, Balaclava begins to live a kind of life. 2) Learned by burdensome suitcases and Baulas are leaving the last resort workers, during a long summer summer enjoyed the sun and the sea, and immediately becomes spacious, freshly and homely delusito, for sure after the departure of the sensational unnecessary guests. 3) The fishing network spread across the embankment, and on the polished cobblestones, they seem gentle and thin, like a web.

4) Fishermen, these workers of the sea, as they are called, are crawling through the dismoccated networks, as if gray-black spiders, separated by air veil. 5) Captains of fishing barcasces Accurated fuel fuel hooks, and the stone wells, where the continuous silver trickle is hammering water, pumaded, gathering here in a free minute, darkly women are local residents.

6) Running behind the sea, the sun sits down, and soon the starry night, replacing a short evening dawn, envelops the earth. 7) The whole city is immersed in a deep sleep, and that hour comes when neither sound comes nowhere. 8) Only occasionally squats the water about the coastal stone, and this lonely sound further emphasizes with no disturbed silence. 9) Feel like night and silence merged in one black embrace. 10) Nowhere, in my opinion, you will not hear such a perfect, such ideal silence, as in the night balaclava. (According to A. Kuprina.)

Tasks

I option

AT 2. From Proposals 1-3, write a separately agreed definition.

IN 3. Among the proposals 6-10, find a simple person. Specify its number.

AT 4. From Proposition 7, write down all pronouns.

AT 5. Among the proposals 1-5, find an offer with an introductory design. Specify its number.

AT 6. From Proposition 5, write out the word with an alternating vowel in the root.

AT 7. Specify the method of education of the word fishing (Proposition 5).

AT 8. Write the phrase (Proposition 3), built on the basis of adjustment.

AT 9. Among the proposals 5-10, find complex with the apparent definitions. Specify their numbers.

II option

IN 1. How else could it be the text? Write down 2 of your header to the text.

AT 2. From Proposals 4-5, write off the detached circumstance.

IN 3. Among the proposals 1-3, find a complex with a single impersonal part. Specify its number.

AT 4. From offer 8, write down all the particles.

AT 5. Provides from Proposals 6-10, find the offer with the introductory word. Specify its number.

AT 6. From offer 1-3, write out words with alternating vowels in the root.

AT 7. Specify the method of education of the word coastal (Proposition 8).

AT 8. Write the phrase (Proposition 1), built on the basis of coordination.

B9. Song of Proposals 1-4 Find a complex time with the pressing time. Specify its number.

Maslenitsa

1) Maslenitsa ... 2) Thaw more and more, the snow is olive. 3) From the sunny side hanging glass fringe icicles, melted, roll about the ice. 4) Jump on one ice skate, and it is felt like it gently cuts like a thick skin. 5) Farewell, winter!

6) It is also visible by the checkboxes: they circle with huge "wedding" flocks, and the claying of their gomon manites somewhere. 7) You sit on the bench, spend the skate and follow the black flocks for a long time in the sky. 8) disappeared somewhere.

9) And the stars appear. 10) The breeze is damp, soft, smells like baked bread, delicious smoking birch, pancakes. 11) On Saturday, after the pancakes, we go ride from the mountains. 12) Zoological Garden, where our mountains are arranged (they are wooden flooded with shiny ice), is littered with blue snow, only in the snowdrifts are cleared. 13) Nor birds or animals can be seen. 14) Hidden mountains on the ponds. 15) Fresh flags on the mountains are flying on the mountains.

16) High sledges with velvet benches rushing from the mountains on the ice tracks, between the snow shafts with the Christmas tree stuck. 17) We climb on the top of the mountain and roll down. 18) flashes Christmas trees, glass, multi-colored balls hanging on wires. 19) Snow dust flies, falling on us Christmas tree, Sanok upstairs, and we are in a snowdrift. (According to I. Shmelev.)

Tasks

I option

IN 1. In one-two sentences, formulate the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe text.

AT 2. Among the proposals 10-16, find an offer with a refinement. Specify its number.

IN 3. Among the proposals 7-14 find an offer with a plug-in design. Specify its number.

AT 4. From proposals 17-19, write out the communion.

AT 5. Among the proposals 9-13, find simple impersonal. Specify its number.

AT 6. From Proposals 9-15, write out the word with an alternating unstressed vowel in the root.

AT 7. Specify the way the word education is damp (Proposition 10).

AT 8. Write the phrase (Proposition 4), built on the basis of adjoining.

AT 9. From Proposition 6, write down the first grammatical basis.

II option

IN 1. How else could it be the text? Write down 2 of your header to the text.

AT 2. Proposals 16-19 find a simple proposal with a separate definition. Specify its number.

IN 3. Among the proposals 1-6, find the offer with the appeal. Specify its number.

AT 4. From Proposals 9-15, write out the exclusive adjective.

AT 5. Among the proposals 6-10, find a simple person. Specify its number.

AT 6. From proposals 16 - 19, write down the word with an alternating unstressed voice in the root.

AT 7. Specify the method of forming the word Maslenitsa (Proposition 1).

AT 8. Write the phrase (offer 18), built on the basis of management.

AT 9. Write down the grammatical foundations of Proposition 4.

Old Topol.

1) I seek a lot on my century old poplar! 2) For a long time, a thunderstorm punch split the top of the poplar, but the tree did not die, coped with the ailment, throwing up instead of one two trunk. 3) Spotlights, like older hooked fingers, stretched to the skate of the seal roof, as if they were going to grab the house in a shock. 4) In the summer, the rustic shoots of hops were born on the blesses.

5) The poplar was a majestic and huge, called the Old Believers of the Holy Tree. 6) His winds were bent, mercilessly seclodes, borrowed winter blizzards, covering the flap of the fragile shoots of the juvenile on the grinding blesses. 7) And then he, all the gray-haired from Inea, tapping with branches, as the bones, stood the gripped, thorn the crowned wind. 8) And rarely, who of people detained on it, as if he was not on Earth. 9) Unless the crows, flying out of the village in the flood, rested on his double-headed vertex, Chernoma Kyami.

10) But when spring and old man came, revolving, the brown glue kidney juices, the first meeting the southern thermal shower, and the roots of him, penetrated into the depths of the earth, carried the living juices into the powerful trunk, he somehow immediately dressed in the sputum greens. 11) And noisy, noisy! 12) Quiet, peaceful. 13) Then he saw everything, and he was needed to everyone: and the men were sitting in the sultry days under his shadow, the mistress in the corn outstands is difficult to live, and the random travelers, and the children. 14) He met the cool and gentle trembling of foliage. (According to A. Cherkasov.)

Tasks

I option

IN 1. In one-two sentences, formulate the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe text.

AT 2. Provides 1-5 sentences, find a proposal with a comparative turnover. Specify its number.

IN 3. Among the proposals 1-7, find a complex. Specify its number.

AT 4. From Proposition 2, write adjective.

AT 5. From Proposition 5, write out a word having two roots.

AT 6. From Proposals 1 - 4, write down the word with an alternating unstressed vowel at the root.

AT 7. Specify the way to educate the word live - to be (offer 13).

AT 8. Write the phrase (Proposition 8), built on the basis of adjustment.

AT 9. Write down the grammatical basis of supply 3.

II option

IN 1. How else could it be the text? Write down 2 of your header to the text.

AT 2. Among the proposals 6-9, find a proposal with a comparative turnover. Specify its number.

IN 3. Among the proposals 10-14, find a complex with a generalizing word. Specify its number.

AT 4. Write out of the offer 7 valid communion.

AT 5. From Proposition 9, write out a word having two roots.

AT 6. From Proposals 10-14, write out the word with an alternating unstressed vowel at the root.

AT 7. Specify the method of education of the word hooked (Proposition 3).

AT 8. Write the phrase (offer 14), built on the basis of coordination.

AT 9. Write the grammatical foundations of Proposition 13.

Spring in the mountains

1) Spring in the mountains sometimes makes long waiting for himself, but when it appears, it goes quickly. 2) At the bottom, in the valleys, shoots are already green, young trees are firmly up to their feet, and the blurred foliage begins to discard the shadow. 3) Then spring gives their business in the summer, and herself, picked up a bright green, flowery hem, worn out on the ground, is in the mountains.

4) In the mountain range, the Spring has its own laws and its unique charms. 5) In the morning, Snowfall is picked up, after dinner, the sun will take place, they will shivel, the snow will evaporate, the flowers of one-day will evaporate, and in the evening the earth will already get dry. 6) Overnight in the rivers and streams wrapped ice. 7) And we look at the top from the top - and the Spirit captures, to which the clean and uncooked gaze of spring is in the mountains. 8) The sky is clean, blue, nor a spin. 9) Earth, like a young girl in a new dress, green, washed with dew, and seems to be shyly laugh ... 10) And if you cry, then your voice will be heard for a long time in the altitude gave over the ridges of the mountains, in clean air it flies away -long away...

11) None snow, fogs, rains and winds to keep the spring, she, like a green fire, buys from the mountain to the mountain, from the top to the top, and above, under the most eternal ice. (On Ch. Aitmatov.)

Tasks

I option

IN 1. In one-two sentences, formulate the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe text.

AT 2. Among the proposals 1-5, find an offer with a refinement. Specify its number.

IN 3. Among the proposals 3-7, find a simple with homogeneous additions. Specify its number.

AT 4. From Proposition 3, write out the communion.

AT 5. Among the proposals 1-3, find a complex with the nonsense and writing tie. Write the number of this offer.

AT 6. From Proposals 1-4, write down the word with the prefix to -s, -s.

AT 7. Specify the method of education of the word will merge (offer 6).

AT 8. Write the phrase (Proposition 9), built on the basis of adjustment.

AT 9. Write down the grammatical foundations of the sentence 7.

II option

IN 1. How else could it be the text? Write down 2 of your header to the text.

AT 2. Among the proposals 8-11, find the offer with the refining circumstance. Specify its number.

IN 3. Among the proposals 6-10, find a proposal with a comparative turnover. Specify its number.

AT 4. From Proposition 3, write down all pronouns.

AT 5. Among the proposals 4-8, find a complex with an unconquoy and writing. Write the number of this offer.

AT 6. From Proposals 5-10, write out words with the prefix on-at, -s.

AT 7. Specify the method of education of the word far-far (offer 10).

AT 8. Write the phrase (offer 11), built on the basis of adjustment.

AT 8. Write down the grammatical foundations of Proposition 2.

Control outcome dictation for academic year

swallow's Nest

Nikolai Sergeevich and his wife for the first time in his life came to Abkhazia from Moscow and lived at the Summer Dacha artist Andrei Tarkilov, who rarely been here.

Under the roofs of peasant houses, by which they passed to the sea, the swallow beds were pulled. Strange, but under the roof there was not a single nest, although the house was built more than ten years ago. Old rural teacher explained this:

Andrey rarely happens here, and the swallows come with a nest under the roof of the human house, because they are looking for protection.

And here the wife of Nikolai Sergeyevich somehow said that it would be happy for her to wake up under the swipe of swallows. And he suddenly replied that it could be arranged: We must ask the old teacher permission to transfer one swallow nest from under the roof of his house to himself. In the eyes of the teacher, a superstitious horror flashed, but he was a very patriarchal person: it is necessary to give a guest to give what he asks.

Watchman, guarding the store, noticed Nikolai Sergeyevich, deep at night going somewhere with a stepladder, but soon he lost him out of sight. When Nikolai Sergeyevich removed the nest, it seemed to him that he would not hold the balance and crashes down. And every time, presenting your drop, he mentally pulled his hands up so as not to crush the swallows.

When he turned to the house, he learned the watchman again and noticed that now this man without a stepladder presses something to himself - most likely the precious thing. Calculating it, the watchman understood that the man went faster, and assured that he is a criminal.

Nikolai Sergeyevich seemed to fall, and he pulled his hands forward to not damage the nest. Swallows flew out of the nest, and the chicks were attached to herbal slope groove. The last, the suicide movement of Nikolai Sergeevich leaned his hand toward the swallow nest, and she, already dead, fell on the nest. (According to F. Iskander.)

Uncle Sasha

We drove quickly. Uncle Sasha, unbuttoning a raincoat, from which the Red Order of the Star flashed on the jacket, still continued to look at the road running towards the road. Mim with a deaf roar, the prehistoric beast, a giant truck, and in his body could be seen a grayish-yellow bell. Behind the twins dump trucks were used, they were also carrying a swarm: people hurried to hurry with cleaning.

The plain in these Kursk fields began to culled little, and the height mark probably exceeded two hundred meters. In ancient times, this land was unable to defeat the glacier who gave out from the north; Divided in half, he crawled on, bypassing the hills on the right and left. So, it is not by chance at these heights that did not overcome the ice shell, the unprecedented battle flashed out, from which he thought of Sasha's uncle, the saved peoples could start a new one's council. The enemies who threatened Russia with new glaciation were stopped and dropped from heights. Never forget those days, no longer confuse those events.

In August, forty-third Sasha, then a young lieutenant artillerist, jumped half a day to his native village - Prokhorovka. From the surrounding fields, the mutilated tanks remained here after an unprecedented battle, and they formed a monstrous cemetery, among which it was not difficult to get lost. But the defeated tanks seemed to be still like people hate each other. Now this tank cemetery is not: it is rapidly and sowed bread, and the iron scrap of the war has long been absorbed by the Martin furnaces. People fired and smoothed the trenches, and only on the hills remained in the Kursk land carefully guarded fraternal graves. (On E. nosov.)

(232 words.)

stroll

Early in the morning, when everyone slept, I went out on the tiptoe from the stuffy hut and seemed to be not in the parisader, but went into a quiet, inexplicable transparency of water.

The highly untouched grass was touched by the wicket itself. I escaped with the mound to the left and went along the river towards her flow. Nothing remarkable was around. The car stopped the car, and the noisy company, who arrived in it, was located on vacation, stretching in the form of an awning a linen sheet.

The path reinforced the sandy quarry and led me to the spacious meadow, according to which the trees grew alone and group.

The fixed air that has not yet become hot, pleasantly refreshes the larynx and the chest. The sun, not included in virtue, heats carefully and affectionately. Through some half an hour, the sailty pine forest surrounded me. Near the road stretched out unusually well-groomed, wrapped trails. At times in some way came across neatly messenger light chocolate mats Cuccushkina flax - this indispensable inhabitant of pine forests.

On the stem of the mouth with a mouse mouse mouse up and down some kind of bird.

There was a swampry with coffee-brown, but not at all muddy water. I moved through it, jumping on a slippery log, with a log - on the abandoned by someone crashed. And here is a sponge with such a jetty, despite hot days, water.

The wagon, which I wanted to find by anything, turned out to be a loyal. One side was adjacent to the forest, an extensive meadow was spread on the other side. (According to V. Soloukhin.)

Turgenev works

Evening wind barely rustle in the dense foliage of Turgenev oak, in the park empty after day revitalization, bird votes are mounted. Imprivant, impending light shadows of the summer night give the ghostity, light and imperceptible, outlines of trees, peeling between linden silhouette of a silent home ...

So it was probably many, many years ago in the estate empty after the death of the owner: neither a single light in a long row of gated windows, no one on the herbal grass alley ...

It is not difficult to imagine and conceived on a bench under the beloved oak of the owner, another young man, drunk in his head of dreams and plans. He then only started fulfilling the fate of the Labor, firmly losing in the foundation of the domestic literary heritage. I passed the century as there is no writer, and all the same fresh and disgraceing His "Hunter's Notes", their poetry and humanity are not subject to time. And from the pages of the "noble nest", "fathers and children", "on the eve", "First Love", "Asi", other novels and the associations arise captivating, unfavorable images of Russian girls, whom we call "Turgenevskaya".

Meanwhile, we live in the world with an immeasurable precipice from the heroine of Turgenev and his time: showed ideas and assessments, sometimes we seem to be small and fumes who worried their feelings and hopes, naive ideas. But the incomparable artistic height of Turgenev works made them immortal: his books will read our distant descendants, the literary taste and dignity of the syllable and the language of the works of our compatriots will be aligned until "our great, mighty and free Russian language!" (According to O. Volkov.)

The electromagnetic field may exist in the absence electrical charges or currents: it is such "self-sustaining" electrical and magnetic fields are electromagnetic waves, which include visible light, infrared, ultraviolet and x-ray radiation, radio wave, etc.

§ 25. oscillating circuit

The simplest system in which its own electromagnetic oscillations is possible is the so-called oscillating circuit consisting of a condenser interconnected and inductors (Fig. 157). As with a mechanical oscillator, for example, a massive body on an elastic spring, its own oscillations in the circuit are accompanied by energy transformations.

Fig. 157. oscillatory contour

Analogy between mechanical and electromagnetic oscillations. For an oscillatory circuit, an analogue of the potential energy of a mechanical oscillator (for example, the elastic energy of the deformed spring) is the energy of the electric field in the condenser. The analogue of the kinetic energy of a moving body is the magnetic field energy in the inductance coil. In fact, the energy of the spring is proportional to the squad of the equilibrium position and the condenser energy is proportional to the square of the charge kinetic energy of the body is proportional to the square of its speed and the magnetic field energy in the coil is proportional to the current

The total mechanical energy of the spring oscillator E is equal to the amount of potential and kinetic energy:

Energy oscillations. Similarly, the total electromagnetic energy of the oscillating circuit is equal to the amount of energy of the electric field in the condenser and the magnetic field in the coil:

From the comparison of formulas (1) and (2), it follows that an analogue of rigidity to the spring oscillator in the oscillatory circuit is the inverse capacitance of the capacitor C, and the analog of the mass - the inductance of the coil

Recall that in the mechanical system, the energy of which is given by expression (1), there may be their own non-over-eyed harmonic oscillations. The square of the frequency of such oscillations is equal to the ratio of the coefficients during the bias and speed squares in the expression for energy:

Own frequency. In the oscillatory circuit, the electromagnetic energy of which is given by expression (2), their own unsophisticating harmonic oscillations can occur, the square of the frequency of which is also obviously equal to the ratio of the corresponding coefficients (i.e. the coefficients during the squares of the charge and strength of the current):

From (4), the expression for the oscillation period, called the Thomson formula:

With mechanical oscillations, the dependence of the displacement X from time to time is determined by a cosine function, the argument of which is called the oscillation phase:

Amplitude and initial phase. Amplitude A and the initial phase A are determined by the initial conditions, i.e. the values \u200b\u200bof displacement and speed with

Similarly, with electromagnetic own oscillations in the circuit, the capacitor charge depends on the time by law

where the frequency is determined in accordance with (4), only the properties of the contour itself, and the amplitude of the charge fluctuations and the initial phase A, as at a mechanical oscillator, is determined

the initial conditions, i.e., the values \u200b\u200bof the charge of the capacitor and the current at a way, the intrinsic frequency does not depend on the method of excitation of oscillations, while the amplitude and the initial phase are determined by the conditions of excitation.

Energy transformations. Consider more energy transformations in mechanical and electromagnetic oscillations. In fig. 158 schematically depicts states of mechanical and electromagnetic oscillators through time intervals in a quarter of a period

Fig. 158. Energy transformations in mechanical and electromagnetic oscillations

Twice for the period of oscillations, the energy turns from one species in the other and back. The total energy of the oscillatory circuit as the total energy of the mechanical oscillator, in the absence of dissipation remains unchanged. To make sure it is necessary in formula (2) to substitute the expression (6) for and the expression for the current force

Using formula (4) for getting

Fig. 159. Charts of the charge time of the power capacitor power capacitor and the magnetic field energy in the coil

The constant total energy coincides with the potential energy at the moments when the charge of the capacitor is maximum, and coincides with the energy of the magnetic field of the coil - the "kinetic" energy - at the moments when the capacitor is drawn to zero, and the current is maximum. With mutual transformations, two types of energy make harmonic oscillations with the same amplitude in the antiphase with each other and with a frequency relative to their average value. This is easily ensured from fig. 158, and using the formulas of trigonometric functions of half argument:

The graphs of the dependence of the power of the electric field power condenser and the magnetic field energy are shown in Fig. 159 for the initial phase

The quantitative patterns of their own electromagnetic oscillations can be established directly on the basis of laws for quasi-stationary currents, without referring to the analogy with mechanical oscillations.

Equation for oscillations in the circuit. Consider the simplest oscillating circuit shown in Fig. 157. When walking around the contour, for example, counterclockwise, the sum of the voltage on the inductance coil and the condenser in such a closed sequential chain is zero:

The voltage on the capacitor is associated with the charge of the plate and with a capacity with the ratio of inductance at any time is equal to the module and the opposite by the sign of self-induccus, so the current in the circuit is equal to the rate of change of the capacitor charge: substituting the current strength into the expression for the voltage at the inductor and the inductance denoting the second time derivative of the capacitor in time through

We now get expression (10) takes

I rewrite this equation otherwise, by definition:

Equation (12) coincides with the equation of harmonic oscillations of a mechanical oscillator with its own frequency, the solution of such an equation is given a harmonic (sinusoidal) function of time (6) with arbitrary values \u200b\u200bof amplitude and the initial phase A. It follows all the above results regarding electromagnetic oscillations in the circuit.

Flowing electromagnetic oscillations. Until now, their own oscillations were discussed in an idealized mechanical system and an idealized LC loop. Idealization was disregarded by friction in the oscillator and electrical resistance in the circuit. Only in this case the system will be conservative and the energy of oscillations will be saved.

Fig. 160. oscillatory contour with resistance

Accounting for dissipation of oscillations in the circuit can be carried out in the same way as it was done in the case of a mechanical oscillator with friction. The presence of electrical resistance of the coil and connecting wires is inevitably connected with the release of joule heat. As before, this resistance can be considered as an independent element in the electrical circuit diagram of the oscillating circuit, counting the coil and the wires perfect (Fig. 160). When considering a quasistationary current in such a contour to equation (10), add voltage to resistance

Substituting in the reception

Entering designations

rewrite equation (14) as

Equation (16) for has exactly the same form as the equation for the oscillations of the mechanical oscillator with

friction, proportional speed (viscous friction). Therefore, in the presence of electrical resistance in the circuit, electromagnetic oscillations occur along the same law as the mechanical oscillations of the oscillator with viscous friction.

Dyssipation of the energy of oscillations. As with mechanical oscillations, it is possible to establish the law of descending with the energy of own oscillations, applying the Joule-Lenza law to count the highlighted heat:

As a result, in the case of small attenuation for periods of time, many large periods of oscillations, the rate of decrease of energy oscillations turns out to be proportional to the energy itself:

The solution of equation (18) has the form

The energy of its own electromagnetic oscillations in the contour with resistance decreases under the exponential law.

The energy of oscillations is proportional to the square of their amplitude. For electromagnetic oscillations, this follows, for example, from (8). Therefore, the amplitude of fading oscillations, in accordance with (19), decreases by law

Lifetime of oscillations. As can be seen from (20), the amplitude of oscillations decreases at times during the time equal to independently of the initial value of the amplitude. This time X is called the lifetime of oscillations, although, as can be seen from (20), fluctuations formally continue infinitely long. In fact, of course, the oscillations make sense to speak only until their amplitude exceeds the characteristic level of thermal noise in this chain. Therefore, in fact, fluctuations in the contour "live" a finite time, which, however, can several times higher than the lifetime of x.

It is often important to know not in itself the time of living of oscillations X, and the number of full oscillations, which will occur in the circuit during this time x. This number is multiplied to called the voltage of the contour.

Strictly speaking, fading oscillations are not periodic. With a small attenuation, it is possible to relate to talk about the period under which the time interval is understood between two

transferred maximum values \u200b\u200bof the charge of the capacitor (the same polarity) or maximum current values \u200b\u200b(one direction).

The attenuation of oscillations affects the period, leading to its increase compared to an idealized occasion of the absence of attenuation. With a small attenuation, the increase in the oscillation period is very slightly. However, with a strong attenuation of oscillations, it may not be possible at all: the charged condenser will be discharged aperiodically, that is, without changing the direction of current in the circuit. So it will be at allve.

Exact solution. The patterns formulated above are leaking oscillations follow from the exact solution of the differential equation (16). Direct substitution you can make sure it is

where - arbitrary constants whose values \u200b\u200bare determined from the initial conditions. With a small attenuation, the multiplier at the cosine can be viewed as a slowly changing amplitude of oscillations.

A task

Recharge capacitors through the inductor inductance. In the chain, the diagram of which is shown in Fig. 161, the charge of the upper capacitor is equal to the lower is not charged. At the moment the key is closed. Find the dependence on the charge time of the upper capacitor and current in the coil.

Fig. 161. Only one condenser is charged at the initial moment of time.

Fig. 162. Charges of capacitors and current in the circuit after closing the key

Fig. 163. Machined analogy for electrical chainshown in Fig. 162.

Decision. After closing the key in the chain, oscillations occur: the upper capacitor begins to discharge through the coil, chargeing the bottom; Then everything happens in the opposite direction. Let, for example, with a positively charged, the upper condenser occupy. Then

after a small period of time, the signs of capacitor charges and the current direction will be such as shown in Fig. 162. Denote by the charges of those covers of the upper and lower capacitors, which are interconnected through the inductor of inductance. Based on the law of conservation of electric charge

The amount of voltages on all elements of the closed circuit at each time is zero:

The voltage sign on the condenser corresponds to the distribution of charges in Fig. 162. And the specified current direction. The expression for current through the coil can be written in any of the two types:

Except from the equation using relations (22) and (24):

Entering designations

refer (25) in the following form:

If instead of entering a function

and take into account that that (27) takes the view

This is the usual equation of unlucky harmonic oscillations, which has a solution

where and - arbitrary constant.

Returning from the function to get for the time of charge of the upper capacitor, the following expression:

To determine the constant and and we take into account that at the initial moment, the charge and current for the strength of the current from (24) and (31) we have

Because hence it follows that substituting now in and considering what we get

So, the expressions for charge and current strength are

The nature of charge oscillations and current is especially visible at identical values capacitors of capacitors. In this case

The charge of the upper capacitor oscillates with an amplitude near the average value equal to half the oscillation period, it decreases from maximum value At the initial moment to zero, when the entire charge turns out to be on the lower condenser.

The expression (26) for the frequency of the oscillations is of course, it was possible to write immediately, because in the circuit under consideration the capacitors are connected in series. However, it is directly difficult to write expressions (34), since under such initial conditions, the capacitors can not be replaced with one equivalent.

The visual representation of the processes occurring here gives a mechanical analogue of this electrical circuit shown in Fig. 163. The same springs correspond to the case of capacitors of the same capacity. At the initial moment, the left spring is compressed, which corresponds to a charged condenser, and the right is in an undeformed state, since the equivalent of the charge of the capacitor is the degree of springs deformation. When passing through the average position, both springs are partially compressed, and in the extreme right position, the left spring is not shaped, and the right-hand compressed as the left at the initial moment, which corresponds to the complete flow of charge from one condenser to another. Although the ball makes ordinary harmonic oscillations near the equilibrium position, the deformation of each of the springs is described by the function, the mean value of which is different from zero.

In contrast to the oscillatory circuit with one condenser, where during oscillations there is a repeated application of recharging, in the considered system, the initially charged condenser is not completely recharged. For example, when it is charged to zero, and then restored again in the same polarity. Otherwise, these oscillations do not differ from harmonic oscillations in the usual circuit. The energy of these oscillations persists if, of course, you can neglect the resistance of the coil and connecting wires.

Explain why from the comparison of formulas (1) and (2) for mechanical and electromagnetic energy, it was concluded that the analogue of rigidity K is an analogue of the mass of inductance and not vice versa.

Give the rationale for the output of expressions (4) for the own frequency of electromagnetic oscillations in the contour from the analogy with the mechanical spring oscillator.

Harmonic oscillations in -Conter are characterized by amplitude, frequency, period, oscillation phase, initial phase. Which of these values \u200b\u200bare determined by the properties of the oscillatory circuit itself, and which depend on the method of excitation of oscillations?

Prove that the average values \u200b\u200bof electrical and magnetic energy at their own oscillations in the circuit are equal to each other and make up half of the total electromagnetic energy of oscillations.

How to apply the laws of quasi-stationary phenomena in an electrical circuit for the output of the differential equation (12) of harmonic oscillations in -Conter?

What differential equation satisfies the current in the LC circuit?

Swipe the equation for the rate of decrease in the oscillation energy at low attenuation is similar to how it was done for a mechanical oscillator with friction, proportional speed, and show that for periods of time, significantly superior periods of oscillations, this decrease occurs according to the exponential law. What is the meaning of the term "small attenuation" used here?

Show that the function given by formula (21) satisfies the equation (16) for any values \u200b\u200band a.

Consider the mechanical system shown in Fig. 163, and find the dependence on the time of deformation of the left spring and the speed of the massive body.

Contour without resistance with inevitable losses. In the problem considered above, despite the non-completely ordinary initial conditions for charges on capacitors, conventional equations for electrical circuits could be applied, since the conditions of the quasistationarity of the flowing processes were performed. But in the chain, the diagram of which is shown in Fig. 164, with formal external similarity with the scheme in Fig. 162, the conditions of quasistationarity are not performed if one condenser is charged at the initial moment, and the second is not.

We will discuss more reasons for which the conditions of quasistationarity are disturbed. Immediately after the closure

Fig. 164. Electrical circuit for which the conditions of quasistationarity are not satisfied.

the key all processes are played only in the condensers interconnected by each other, since the increase in current through the inductance coil occurs relatively slowly and at first the branch of the current in the coil can be neglected.

When the key is closed, fast fading oscillations occur in the circuit consisting of capacitors and connecting their wires. The period of such oscillations is very small, since the inductance of connecting wires is small. As a result of these oscillations, the charge on the plates of capacitors is redistributed, after which two capacitors can be considered as one. But at the first moment it is impossible to do this, because, together with the redistribution of charges, the redistribution of energy occurs, part of which goes into heat.

After attenuation of rapid oscillations in the system, oscillations occur, as in the circuit with one capacitor of the capacity of which at the initial moment is equal to the initial charge of the capacitor, the condition of the justice of the above reasoning is the smallness of the inductance of the connecting wires compared to the inductance of the coil.

As in the considered task, it is useful and here to find a mechanical analogy. If there are two springs, corresponding to condensers, were located on both sides of the massive body, then here they should be located on one side of it, so that the oscillations of one of them can be transmitted to another with a fixed body. Instead of two springs, you can take one, but only at the initial moment it should be deformed inhomogeneously.

We take the spring for the middle and spread its left half at a certain distance the second half of the spring will remain in the undeformed state, so the load in the initial moment is shifted from the equilibrium position to the right to the distance under the initial conditions of our task, when half of the spring is stretched, the energy reserve is equal for As it is easy to figure out the rigidity of the "half" springs. If the weight of the spring is small compared to the bulge of the ball, the frequency of its own spring oscillations as an extended system is much greater than the frequency of the ball oscillations on the spring. These "fast" fluctuations will appear in the time constituting the small proportion of the besera oscillation period. After attenuation of rapid oscillations, the tension in the spring is redistributed, and the shift of the cargo almost remains equal as the load during this time does not have time to move noticeably. Spring deformation becomes homogeneous, and the energy of the system is equal

Thus, the role of rapid fluctuations of the spring was reduced to the fact that the energy supply of the system decreased to the value that corresponds to a homogeneous initial deformation of the spring. It is clear that further processes in the system do not differ from the case of homogeneous initial deformation. The dependence of the bias of the cargo on time is expressed by the same formula (36).

In the considered example, as a result of rapid oscillations turned into internal energy (in heat) half of the initial stock of mechanical energy. It is clear that, exposing the initial deformation not half, but an arbitrary part of the spring, one can turn into internal energy any share of the initial stock of mechanical energy. But in all cases, the energy of cargo oscillations on the spring corresponds to the energy supply with the same homogeneous initial springs deformation.

In the electrical circuit, as a result of fading rapid oscillations, the energy of the charged capacitor is partially highlighted in the form of joule heat in the connecting wires. With equal tanks, it will be half the initial stock of energy. The second half remains in the form of the energy of relatively slow electromagnetic oscillations in the contour consisting of the coil and two connected parallel capacitors C, and

Thus, the idealization is fundamentally unacceptable in this system, in which the oscillation energy is neglected. The reason for this is that fast fluctuations that do not affect inductance or massive bodies are possible in a similar mechanical system.

Oscillatory contour with nonlinear elements. When studying mechanical oscillations, we saw that oscillations are far from always harmonic. Harmonic oscillations are the characteristic property of linear systems in which

the returning force is proportional to the deviation from the equilibrium position, and the potential energy is the square of the deviation. Real mechanical systems with these properties, as a rule, do not possess, and fluctuations in them can be considered harmonic only with small deviations from the equilibrium position.

In the case of electromagnetic oscillations, the contour may impress that we are dealing with ideal systems in which oscillations are strictly harmonic. However, this is true as long as the capacitor and the inductance of the coil can be considered permanent, i.e., independent of charge and current. Condenser with dielectric and coil with a core, strictly speaking, are non-linear elements. When the condenser is filled with a ferroelectric, i.e. the substance, the dielectric permeability of which strongly depends on the applied electrical field, the capacitance of the capacitor can no longer be considered constant. Similarly, the inductance of the coil with a ferromagnetic core depends on the strength of the current, since the ferromagnet has a property of magnetic saturation.

If in mechanical oscillatory systems, the mass, as a rule, can be considered constant and nonlinearity occurs only due to the nonlinear nature of the current force, the nonlinearity may occur in the electromagnetic oscillatory circuit, both due to the condenser (an analogue of the elastic spring) and the inductance coil ( Analog mass).

Why for an oscillatory circuit with two parallel capacitors (Fig. 164) is not applicable idealization in which the system is considered conservative?

Why fast fluctuations leading to dissipation of oscillations in the circuit in fig. 164, did not occur in the circuit with two consecutive capacitors shown in Fig. 162?

What causes can cause electromagnetic oscillations in the circuit?

Thomson formula Named in honor of the English physics of William Thomson, who brought it out in 1853, and binds the period of own electrical or electromagnetic oscillations in the circuit with its capacity and inductance.

Thomson formula looks like this:

$T\; \backslash u003d\; 2\; \backslash \backslash \; PI\; \backslash \backslash \; SQRT\; (LC)$

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Notes

Trailer characterizing the Thomson formula

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"There were a big mind, and now, as I learn to see, weakened," said Gerasim. - In the cabinet? - Pierre nodded his head. - Cabinet as sealed, remained. Sofya Danilovna ordered, if you come from you, then let go of the book.
Pierre entered the same gloomy office, in which he was still at the lifetime of benefactor with such a thrill. This Cabinet, now dusty and untouched with the death of Joseph Alekseevich, was still gloomy.
Gerasim opened one shutter and came out of the room on the tiptoe. Pierre walked around the office, went to the closet, in which the manuscripts lay, and took out one of the most important events. These were genuine Scottish acts with notes and explanations of benefactors. He sat down for a written dusty table and put the manuscript in front of him, revealed, closed them and, finally, moved them away from herself, leaning his head on his arms, thought.

Type of classes: The lesson of primary familiarization with the material and the practical application of knowledge and skills.

Duration: 45 minutes.

Objectives:

Didactic - to summarize and systematize the knowledge of the physical processes occurring in the electromagnetic oscillatory circuit

create conditions for the assimilation of new material using active learning methods

Educational i - show the universal nature of the theory of oscillations;

Developing - develop cognitive student processes based on the application of the scientific method of knowledge: similarity and modeling; forecasting the situation; work out from schoolchildren to effectively process educational information, continue the formation of communicative competencies.

Educational - continue the formation of ideas about the relationship of the phenomena of nature and a single physical picture of the world

Tasks lesson:

1. Educational

ü Formulate the dependence of the period of the oscillating circuit from its characteristics: containers and inductance

ü Examine techniques for solving typical problems on "oscillatory contour"

2. Developing

ü Continue the formation of skills to compare phenomena, draw conclusions and generalizations based on the experiment

ü Work on the formation of skills to analyze properties and phenomena based on knowledge.

3. Railing

ü Show the value of experienced facts and experiment in a person's life.

ü reveal the value of the accumulation of facts and their clarifications when cognizing phenomena.

ü Get acquainted students with interconnection and conditionality of the phenomena of the surrounding world.

TSO:computer, projector, mead

Preliminary preparation:

- Individual estimated sheets - 24pcs

- Route sheets (color) - 4pcs

Technology card lesson:

Stages lesson	Active methods	ICT support
1.Organizational	Epigraph lesson	Slide number 1,2
2. Actualization of knowledge (Generalization of the previously studied material - checking the knowledge of formulas on the topic of mechanical and electromagnetic oscillations)	Catch a mistake! Formulas are given with errors. Task: Fix errors, then mutual testing, estimates	Slide number 3. Slide number 4. Slide number 5.
3.Motivation activities : For which this topic is being studied in the course of class 11 physics (Teacher Teachers) The oscillating contour is the main part of the radio. The appointment of the receiver is to receive oscillations (waves) of different frequencies. The simplest oscillating circuit is a coil and a capacitor with the characteristics of the inductance and the container, respectively. How does the receiving ability of the contour from the coil and the condenser depend?	Keywords KMD (collective mental activity) groups are given 5 minutes to move of cerebral attack give a common interpretation of these terms and assume how they will appear in the subsequent lesson.	Slide number 6.
4. Male Find out the dependence of the period of the electromagnetic oscillatory circuit on the capacitance of the condenser and the inductance of the coil. Learn to apply the formula when solving tasks.	(Objective put students themselves using key terms)
5. Formation of new knowledge (Using learning experience when studying a new material) What formula is already known to you already known? T \u003d 2π / Ω; ω \u003d 2πν. What formula for cyclic frequency was received on the past lesson? Tie these two formulas and get the formula that the King of Victorian Physics William Thomson brought: Historical certificate of Lord Thomson	Virtual Laboratory (Video Experiment) Virtual Laboratory (Interactive Model) "Thick" questions: Explain why ...? Why do you think ...? What is the difference …? Suppose that will be if ...? "Thin" questions: What? Where? How? Can ...? Will it …? Do you agree …? Basket - Method (analysis of the practical situation in groups)	Slide number 9. Slide number 10. Slide №11,12
6. Control of the knowledge gained One task to disassemble on the board In groups, come up with a condition of high-quality or settlement task, record on the route list, the following group solves this task, the speaker shows on the board