Bluetooth 4.1 Data transfer rate. All you need to know about Bluetooth technology

Bluetooth technology is firmly established communication standard for wireless communication at low distances, connecting devices by means of one universal radar with a small radius of action. Initially, the range of the radio interface was laid in equal to 10 meters, but now the Bluetooth specifications are already defined and the second zone is also defined - about 100 m. It is not necessary that the connected devices are in the area of \u200b\u200bthe direct visibility of each other. In addition, the interacting devices can be in motion.

origin of name

The technology got its name in honor of the Scandinavian king of Harald Snezesta (Harald Bluetooth), glorified by the union of Danish and Norwegian lands. In 1994, Ericsson erected a monument to Harald in the Swedish city of Lund, refreshing the descendants of the episodes of world history and giving the name of the monarch new wireless technology for mobile communications.

Creation and development of technology

1994

2014: Bluetooth 4.2

In early December 2014, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group has released the technical specification of the Bluetooth 4.2 data transmission technology. The standard has significantly improved in terms of speed characteristics and information security.

The standard promises to officially add the possibility of direct connection to the network. That is, Bluetooth 4.2 support devices will be able not only to interact directly with each other, but also connect to the Internet (thanks to the support of the IPv6 / 6Lowpan protocol) through the appropriate access points.

The key idea of \u200b\u200bthe development of the standard is that using Bluetooth, any devices can be connected to each other. That is, in essence, we are talking about the so-called Internet of things (Internet of Things, IoT). According to Harvard Business Review and Goldman Sachs estimates, 28 billion things will be connected to the Internet of things in 2020. Bluetooth developers claim a certain (apparently meaningful) share of this cake. Given the fact that Bluetooth technology is quite energy efficient, the chances of success are high.

Also, the Bluetooth specification has become safer. From now on, active bluetooth devices will be more difficult to track or intercept the corresponding traffic until the user independently permit this in the settings. New Bluetooth gadgets will be able to transmit data at a rate of 2.5 times more than when using the previous version of the protocol. This was achieved by increasing the size of the standard data packet.

The first Bluetooth 4.2 support devices are expected to be presented in early 2015. The manufacturers are not called the exact deadlines.

2016: Bluetooth 5

On June 17, 2016, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (Bluetooth Sig) consortium presented the following version of Bluetooth standard - 5. Its appearance on the commercial market is scheduled at the end of 2016 or early 2017.

Bluetooth 5 will be offered four times the larger range of action, twice the speed of data transfer and an eight-increasingly enlarged capacity of the contactless radio message.

This is the first significant update of the standard since 2009, when the ether saw Bluetooth 4.

With an increase in the capacity of radio communications, it will be possible to transmit more complex, intellectual information. This will change the method of transferring information Bluetooth devices. The creation model will go to the past. It will come to her place the so-called contactless connection, claim to Bluetooth Sig.

The global supply of Bluetooth support devices by 2020 will reach 371 million units, according to ABI Research evaluation. The eight-increasing enlarged capacity of Bluetooth 5 radio communications will provide opportunities for the distribution of radio beacons and services with reference to the area in the fields of automation, industry and entrepreneurship.

Today, 8.2 billion Bluetooth devices are used in the world. Due to the further development of Bluetooth, including the release of Bluetooth 5, by 2020 this technology will be present in one third of all running internet devices of things.

Mark Powell (Mark Powell), executive director of Bluetooth Sig

2017

Bluetooth BlueBorne virus was able to open the neighboring device for 10 seconds

Armis Labs specialists have discovered a virus in September 2017, which can be distributed and infected smartphones and other devices via Bluetooth without user participation, writes Wired edition.

This method Hacking was assigned to the name BlueBorne, it uses vulnerability in the Bluetooth protocol, transmitted from one device to another, and the virus operates so that users do not suspect that their system is hacked.

According to the head of the research division of Armis Labs Ben Seri, BlueBorne can lead to the same massive infection as Wannacry virus. Infection can occur within ten seconds after scanning the nearest devices with the Bluetooth enabled, the program will detect vulnerability.

Three manufacturer of operating systems have already stated that they have released updates to eliminate vulnerabilities. Apple stated that BlueBorne was not afraid of IOS 10 systems or newer versions, Windows released the corresponding "patch" back in July, and Google released an update in August, but its installation may take some time. Linux is also developing a way to protect against a new virus, but running this operating system There are many devices (for example, televisions), which or do not receive updates, or do it too rarely.

Bluetooth Mesh.

In mid-July, the Bluetooth SIG organization, which is engaged in the development of wireless technology, announced Bluetooth format with multilateral data transmission.

Presented bluetooth Standard For data transfer uses a virtual network from a plurality of cells. Data on the network is transmitted from one cell to another until they reach the addressee.

Bluetooth Mesh standard can be applied, for example, if you need to send data from the sensor in one room to the computer to another in the same apartment. Information will be transmitted through intermediate nodes: smartphones, tablets, computers and any other devices that support technology.

Including Bluetooth Mesh may be useful when organizing the interaction of Internet devices (IoT) for the "smart" house. Sensors and sensors will be able to exchange data with a central node at large distances. Similar sending a signal directly to the receiver would require high energy costs than the transfer to the nearest cell. As a result, the Internet of the Internet of Things will be able to work longer from one battery, and they will not need to be connected by the wire.

The feature of Bluetooth Mesh is that it does not require a change in the hardware "filling" of the device. The standard can operate on all devices with Bluetooth 4.0 and 5.0, however, the software update will be required.

Toshiba Bluetooth Low Power Supplies Series Supports Bluetooth Mesh Standard

Toshiba solutions for cellular networks provide an enlarged range of action and increased reliability of Bluetooth data.

According to Myce, in a confidential document, it is predicted that Bluetooth LE, or Bluetooth Low Energy, will probably be one of the main directions focused on extending batteries for increasingly smaller devices.

"Of the main opportunities planned for the debut, the most interesting is the functions of positioning that can well be combined with the recent acquisition of Apple Wifislam, a small firm that has created the technology" internal GPS "based on Wi-Fi Standard," explained Appleinsider.

"The new iteration of Bluetooth is expected to be ready in 2014 and will be based on an extended packet structure, which allows initiating, tracking movement and positioning" internal GPS ".

Meanwhile, engineers also work on the integration of IPv6 in Bluetooth LE - it would allow to assign a unique identifier (IP address) to each Bluetooth-compatible device, allowing real world objects to be detected and accessible via the Internet.

It is not surprising that future Bluetooth versions will also offer a higher transmission rate, lower power consumption, extended range and increased confidentiality.

Competitive technologies

Wi-Fi Direct (Wi-Di) - Protocol wireless transmission Data that is based on Wi-Fi, but easier to configure. Its main advantages - the connection speed is 12 times higher than that of Bluetooth, communication range is up to 100 meters, and most importantly - good security.

Visible Light Communication (VLC) - In 2011, using light waves emitted by white LED sources, which are modulated at a certain frequency, scientists from Germany managed to reset the file from one computer to another at a speed of 10 megabits per second. In this case, no cables and wireless routers were used. Only light waves, whose oscillation is invisible for the human eye. The radius of the technology that was named Visible Light Communication or simply VLC about 5 meters. Developers emphasize the incredible data protection against interception.

What is Bluetooth and what "eaten" with it. Basics of technology and the creation date

Bluetooth connection is a standard wireless technology to exchange data on a meek distance, which uses short-wave microwave radio waves in the ISM range from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz, to exchange data between stationary and mobile devices, and building personal networks (Personal Area Network Pan).

The technology was created by the telecommunications supplier Ericsson in 1994 and so seriously entered the daily life that it was impossible to imagine life without it. Including a road life. Initially, the new technology was conceived as a wireless alternative to the RS-232 data cable interface. Using Bluetooth can connect various devices, avoiding problems with synchronization and without the use of excess wires.

The Bluetooth specification was developed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (Bluetooth Sig) group (Bluetooth Sig), which today has in membership more than 25,000 companies working in the field of telecommunication, computing equipment, network equipment and consumer electronics.

Bluetooth ascent began with the Agreement with IEEE, on the basis of which the Bluetooth specification has become part of the IEEE 802.15.1 standard. At this time, a number of patents were obtained, which appeared in the process of developing technology.

Secret name Bluetooth

Bluetooth is not quite the right English version of the Scandinavian Blåtand / Blåtann, (Staronorvezhi Blátǫnn) is a nickname king Harald of the Sanezube, who lived in the X century. He managed to unite the hostric Danish tribes into a single kingdom, according to legend he also introduced Christianity. According to Harald of the united peoples, Bluetooth did the same with the protocols, combining them into a single universal standard.

And a little more about the name. The word "blå" in modern Scandinavian languages \u200b\u200bmeans "blue", but at the time when the Vikings lived in its second meaning meant and "black". Therefore, most likely, Harald, of course, was a black front tooth, but neither blue. And in the translation of the Danish Harald Blåtand more correctly used to interpret how the Harald Blacktooth rather than Harald Bluetooth. Here is such a historical inaccuracy.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe title was proposed in 1997 by Jim Cardeshaw, who developed a system that allowed the mobile phones to "communicate" with computers. At the time of development, Jim read the historic novel of France G. Bengtsson "Viking Ships", who narrated about the Vikings and the King of Harald Sinzube. Thus, the novel and influenced the name.

The Bluetooth logo combines the two Scandinavian runes of Haglaz and Berkan.

1998

Five campaigns are formed by Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)

By the end of the year, Bluetooth Sig accepts his 400th member

Bluetooth name gets official status

1999

Bluetooth 1.0 specification has been released

Bluetooth in SIG organizes the first meeting of UNPLUGFEST developers

Bluetooth technology is awarded as "Best of Show Technology Award" on COMDEX

2000

The first mobile phone with support for Bluetooth comes to the market

The first PC Card appears

Prototype mouse for laptop and demonstrated on CeBIT 2000

The prototype of the USB module is shown at the COMDEX exhibition

The first chip combining radio frequency, the main frequency band, microprocessor and wireless functions software bluetooth ties

The first headset goes on sale

2001

First printer

First laptop

First Hands-Free Car Kit

First hands-free with speech recognition

Bluetooth Sig, Inc. formed as a non-commercial, unactatory company

2002

First keyboard and mouse set

First GPS receiver

The number of conditioned bluetooth products amounted to 500 units

IEEE approves that 802.15.1 Standard corresponds to Bluetooth wireless technology

First digital camera

Bluetooth implementation

Bluetooth operates at frequencies from 2400 to 2483.5 MHz (including the tolerances field from 2 MHz in the lower range and 3.5 MHz at the top). Accordingly, as can be seen, the principle of operation is based on the use of radio waves. Bluetooth radio communication is carried out in the ISM range using various household appliances and wireless networks.

Bluetooth uses radio technology that is called a jump-like frequency restructuring with an extended spectrum, Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum, FHSS. Bluetooth divides data on packets and transmits each package according to one of the designated 79 channels (operating frequencies). Each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz. Bluetooth 4.0 communication uses 2 MHz interval that accommodates 40 channels. The first channel is started at 2402 MHz and continues up to 2480 MHz in 1 MHz increments. For Bluetooth, the method of expanding the spectrum with a jump-like frequency rearrangement is used, the carrier frequency of the signal is vaccumously changes 1600 times per second.

The switching sequence between frequencies for each compound is a pseudo-random and known only to the transmitter and a receiver, which every 625 μs (one time slot) is synchronously rebuilt with one carrier frequency to another. Thus, if several pairs of the transmitter receiver work next to each other, they do not interfere with each other. This algorithm is also an integral part of the confidentiality protection system of the transmitted information: the transition occurs through the pseudo-random algorithm and is determined separately for each compound.

Bluetooth versions

Bluetooth 1.0

Devices of the first version 1.0 had a number of problems. They had mediocre compatibility with third-party techniques. In 1.0 and 1.0b, there was a mandatory transmission of the address of the device (BD_ADDR) at the establishment stage, which made it impossible to implement the anonymity of the connection at the protocol level and was the main disadvantage of the version.

Bluetooth 1.1

The first update 1.1 corrected many shortcomings found in version 1.0b. Added: Support for non-Signal Strength Indication (Received Signal Strength Indication). Power level indication.

Bluetooth 1.2

The subsequent update had improvements: quick connection and detection. It has become a resistant to radio cells, thanks to the use of adaptive frequency restructuring with an extended spectrum. Data transfer rates up to 1 Mbps. Enhanced synchronous connections (ESCO) appeared, improved voice quality in the audio stream. The Host Controller Interface (HCI) added support for the WART-conductive interface. IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2005 is accepted as the standard.

Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR

EDR provides the following advantages: an increase in the transmission rate 3 times to 2.1 Mbit / s, the ability to install multiple connections in connection with an additional bandwidth. Reducing energy consumption due to reduction of load.

Bluetooth 2.1

Added technology of an extended device characteristics, energy-saving SNIFF SUBRATING technology, which allows you to increase the duration of the device from one battery charge of 3-10 times. The updated specification greatly simplifies and speeds up the establishment of communication between the two devices, allows you to update the encryption key without breaking the connection

Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR

In August 2008, Bluetooth SIG presented a version 2.1 + EDR. The new Bluetooth edition reduces energy consumption 5 times, increases the level of data protection and facilitates recognition and connecting Bluetooth devices due to a decrease in the number of steps for which it is performed.

Bluetooth 3.0 + HS.

On April 21, 2009, Bluetooth 3.0 + HS appeared. The data transfer rate (theoretically) has increased to 24 Mbps. A feature was adding AMP (Alternate Mac / PHY), addition to 802.11 as a high-speed message. Two technologies were provided for AMP: 802.11 and UWB.

Bluetooth 4.0

Four years, June 30, 2010, Bluetooth SIG approved the 4.0 specification. Bluetooth 4.0 included protocols: classic Bluetooth, high-speed Bluetooth and Bluetooth with low power consumption.

Bluetooth 4.1

SIG at the end of 2013 introduced the Bluetooth 4.1 specification. One of the improvements implemented in the Bluetooth 4.1 specification concerns collaboration Bluetooth I. mobile communications Fourth generation LTE. The standard provides for protection against mutual interference by automatically coordinating data packets.

Bluetooth 4.2

Bluetooth 4.2 was presented on December 2, 2014. Standard improved in its speed characteristics and information security.

Bluetooth 4.2 Add it is possible to directly connect to the network. That is, Bluetooth 4.2 support devices will be able not only to interact directly with each other, but also connect to the Internet (thanks to the support of the IPv6 / 6Lowpan protocol) through the appropriate access points. The key idea of \u200b\u200bthe development of the standard is that using Bluetooth, any devices can be connected to each other.

In addition to the safe and fast Bluetooth 4.2 bond, it will also be more energy efficient, all this will move the trend of recent months to network connection: more and more devices are starting to use Bluetooth, which, among other things, has a positive effect on the autonomy of work.

2003

First MP3 Player with Bluetooth Technology

Bluetooth version 1.2 Adopted Bluetooth Sig

Bluetooth products have increased to 1 million per week

First approved medical system Bluetooth

2004

SIG accepts version of Core Specification Version 2.0 Enhanced Data Rate (EDR)

Bluetooth technology is installed as a basic configuration for 250 million devices.

Deliveries surpassed 3 million units per week

The first stereo passionists

2005

Product deliveries rose to 5 million chipsets per week

SIG welcomes its 4,000 participant

SIG headquarters opened in Belview, Washington, regional offices began working in Malmo, Sweden and Hong Kong

SIG launches Profile Testing Suite (PTS) v1.0, tool for testing and conducting typical tests fully developed by the company's own

2006

First sunglasses

The first hours

First digital photo frame supporting Bluetooth

Bluetooth is set for 1 billion devices

Bluetooth device supplies reaches 10 million per week

Testing Profile Tuning Suite (PTS) becomes a mandatory part of the Bluetooth Qualification Slection Products

SIG announces that it will integrate ultra-wideband technology (Ultra-Wide Band, UWB) with Wimedia Alliance

2007

The first alarm clock radio

First TV

SIG welcomes 8,000 participants

Executive Director of Bluetooth Sig, Michael Foley, receives award Telematics Leadership Award

PTS Protocol Viewer is released as part of a newly published version 2.1.1 along with a significantly updated user interface.

The most common Bluetooth profiles

To use wireless technology Bluetooth, devices must be able to interpret certain Bluetooth profiles, which are certain areas of application and indicate general forms of behavior so that Bluetooth compatible devices can be used to communicate with other Bluetooth devices.

Profile - a set of features or features available for a specific Bluetooth device.

Exists wide spectrum Bluetooth profiles that describe different types Applications or device use scenarios.

List of basic profiles approved Bluetooth SIG with a brief description and purpose:

ADVANCED AUDIO DISTRIBUTION PROFILE (A2DP) Designed for music transfer, wireless headset or other devices.

Audio / Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) Created to manage standard TV functions, high-precision equipment. Allows you to create devices with remote control functions.

Basic Imaging Profile (BIP) Designed to send images between devices. With this profile, it is possible to change the size of the image and convert it to the format supported by the receiving device.

Basic Printing Profile (BPP) With it, it is possible to send text, messages email, VCard on the printer. The profile does not require the presence of drivers.

COMMON ISDN Access Profile (CIP) Used to access devices to a digital network with services integration, ISDN.

CORDLESS TELEPHONY PROFILE (CTP) Supports wireless telephony.

Device ID Profile (DIP) Helps to determine the device class, its manufacturer and product version.

Dial-Up Networking Profile (DUN) The protocol provides standard Internet access or other telephone service via Bluetooth.

FAX Profile (Fax) provides an interface between mobile or stationary telephone, as well as personal computer which installed software to work with faxes.

File Transfer Profile (FTP_Profile) Provides access to K. file System Devices.

General Audio / Video Distribution Profile (GAVDP) Base for A2DP and VDP.

Generic Access Profile (GAP) Base for other profiles.

Generic Object Exchange Profile (GOEP) The base for other data transfer profiles is based on OBEX.

Hard Copy Cable Replacement Profile (HCRP) Replacing the cable connection between the device and the printer. Negative side The profile that makes it not universal- the need to install drivers.

Hands-Free Profile (HFP)

Human Interface Device Profile (HID) Provides support for devices with HID in which keyboards, mice, joysticks include, etc. Distinctive feature - uses a slow channel, works at low power.

HEADSET PROFILE (HSP) Used to connect wireless headset and phone.

INTERCOM PROFILE (ICP) Provides voice calls between Bluetooth compatible devices.

LAN Access Profile (LAP) Provides Bluetooth access devices to computing networks LAN, WAN or Internet via another Bluetooth device that has a physical connection to these networks.

SIM ACCESS PROFILE (SAP, SIM) Allows you to access the SIM card phone, which makes it possible to use one SIM card for several devices.

Synchronisation Profile (SYNCH) Allows you to synchronize personal data (PIM).

Video Distribution Profile (VDP) Allows you to transmit streaming video.

Wireless Application Protocol Bearer (WAPB) Protocol for organizing P-PO-P (Point-to-Point) Connections via Bluetooth.

Any sound starts with a source. Today there is a mass of wireless protocols to transmit sound. Some of them are much more interesting than Bluetooth, but have not yet received proper propagation. Today, Bluetooth is equipped with almost all smartphones, laptops and tablets, and to equip the device with its support in the presence of a USB output is a matter of five minutes.

Therefore, today we will restrict ourselves to the sound well-reproducing devices using a "blue tooth" (the guide is quite suitable for the choice of Bluetooth speakers). This technology has a rather long history and mass of pitfalls, the existence of which users do not always know.

The presence of a Bluetooth transmitter does not mean that the device can be used as a sound source for wireless audio equipment. Not every Bluetooth will allow you to listen to high-quality music without distortion. Not everyone comes up for listening to the files with a high bit rate and in Lossless formats.

What to pay attention to listening to music without wires - be it just mp3 or high-quality rip with vinyl record, we will tell in this article.

Let's start with the most important: this parameter does not directly indicate whether you can listen to the music using the device.

VersionBluetooth

In modern devices, you can most often meet the support of Bluetooth 3.0 or 4.0, in some top smartphones and other gadgets - 4.1. In this case, it may well be that the acquired headset supports connection only by version 2.1. Adapters are inversely compatible, but when connected, the most slow protocol is running.

The difference between the protocol versions for the regular user is minimal at the expense of backward compatibility. The main thing that rushes into the eyes - with each new version The power consumption of devices is reduced, and starting with 3.0 the second module for high-speed data transmission at a speed of 24 Mbps is added.

Version 2.1 + EDR transmits data at no more than 2.1 Mbps. This is enough to play a low bitty audio stream. To play an audiovideo movement, it is recommended to use the Bluetooth version of not below 3.0.

It is necessary to take into account that for full use The device as a player is extremely desirable for Bluetooth version 4.0 and above, and better - with reduced power consumption.

You can identify such an adapter thanks to the following categories.

ProfilesBluetooth

Profiles - a set of specific features supported by devices. Of all those used in Bluetooth, the following are interesting for listening:

HEADSET PROFILE (HSP) We are required to communicate a headset and smartphone and a wireless transmission of a monozoque with a bit rate of 64 kbps.
Hands-Free Profile (HFP) It also provides mono transmission, however with higher quality.
ADVANCED AUDIO DISTRIBUTION PROFILE (A2DP) We are needed to transmit two-channel audio streams.
Audio / Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) Provides control of the functions of reproducing devices (without it is not possible to change the volume of music).

For a full listening of music you need A2DP. It not only provides the transmission of the audio stream, but also manages the data compression before the transmission.

However, even if the transmitter, and the reproducing device (for example, a smartphone and wireless headphones) Equipped with Bluetooth 3.0 or 4.0 and support work with the necessary protocol, you need to pay attention to the codec that is used.

CodecsBluetooth

The most important thing to play music via the A2DP protocol is a codec that is compressed by the audio flow transmitted to the headset. In total, there are three codecs at the moment:

Subband Coding (SBC)- The codec used by the default A2DP and created by the profile developers. Unfortunately, SBC pums greatly rude than mp3. And it became, not suitable for listening to music.
Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)- A more advanced codec using other compression algorithms. Sounds significantly better than SBC.
APTX- here it is, right choice! At least due to the ability to transfer files to MP3 and AAC without additional manipulations and transcoding. So, without worsening sound. However, it is worth a reservation. There are several APTX versions for playing different bitrates. Each of them is designed for its sound flow.

Version	Number of supported channels	Maximum discretization frequency, kHz	Quantization, bit	Maximum bitrate	Compression ratio
APTX	2	44,1	16	320 kbps	2:1
Enhanced APTX	2, 4, 5.1, 5.1+2	48	16, 20, 24	up to 1.28 Mbps	4:1
APTX Live.	n / D.	48	16, 20, 24	n / D.	8:1
APTX LOSSLESS.	n / D.	96	16, 20, 24	n / D.	n / D.
APTX Low Latence	N / D.	48	16, 20, 24	n / D.	n / D.

»
The main features of the last two versions of the codec are the maximum reduced retention of sound reproduction and a reduced load on the processor when encoding. The Low Latency version allows you to achieve a delay of 32 ms between the source of the audio stream and the reproducing device. This will reduce the distortions introduced by equipment while listening to music.

Thus, with certain preferences, you can select a specific codec. If the Lossless stream play is not assumed, and the high audio delay is not critical - it is worth limited to the standard APTX and not overpay for support for subsequent versions.

It is worth remembering that the necessary profile and codec must be supported as a smartphone (or another source of audio stream) and the headset itself (or Bluetooth column). Otherwise, the A2DP algorithm will automatically start working using SBC.

C Bluetooth Any two devices always work using the lowest version, the simplest codec and protocol. So, if one of them does not have the support of the necessary technology, it will not be possible to fully enjoy the quality of the sound.

For listening to music for a long time, Bluetooth support is required not lower than version 3.0, APTX codec and A2DP profile. To listen to music with a high bit rate, support for the APTX Lossless codec is needed - no other will fit, because the music will be compressed when transmitting to a reproducing device.

Come and remember how it all started.

How do you personally feel about the wires? Let's find a very extraordinary and even a few amusing situation.

Apple Watch is connected to the smartphone through the Lightning port (do not work without it); The athlete has no choice what to listen to music - only wires, only hardcore; The whole "smart" technique in the house works only when connecting the smartphone "on the shoela" ...

Not too rainbow perspective, right?

Scary sleep Gajetoman

And all this could be today's reality, if 20 years ago, large corporations did not think about creating a single wireless data technology with a small radius of action - Bluetooth.

It's time to unite

Over the creation of a single standard of wireless data transfer at once a number of manufacturers in the face of Ericsson, Nokia, Intel, Toshiba and still dozens of others thought. Combining the effort and gathering all the engineering potential into a single group, on May 20, 1998, the above companies were officially entered into the so-called SIG Group - Special Interest Group.

The purpose of this "group with common interests" was to implement the technology of wireless data transmission Bluetooth. And the most important thing is the new technology was to become a unified, putting a cross on the confusion and compatibility of devices if you need a wireless pairing.

Dell, Xircom, Motorola, Compaq, Qualcomm - All these brands very soon are part of SIG.

And today the composition of SIG includes more than 30,000 companies from around the world. Bluetooth has long been perceived as a given and number of devices in which this wireless communication protocol is integrated is not calculated.

In the meantime, the approximate number of devices that support the Bluetooth connection has about 8.2 billion devices.

First went: Bluetooth 1.0-1.2

In the 98th, many businessmen dreamed about her

The firstborn of the wireless protocol was the Bluetooth 1.0 announced in 1998. Without flaws and mistakes, the first version did not succeed.

Among key problems are a very unstable signal and a constant interruption of the compound. Moreover, manufacturers began to mark the absence of proper compatibility of devices. For example, two different companies that released two device compatible with each other, could not be sure that the user could connect them via Bluetooth.

The situation immediately rushed to save and in a year introduced an updated Bluetooth 1.0b. It became better, but the ideal was still far away. Bluetooth 1.0 (b) required the mandatory transfer of the address of the device, which means to talk about any anonymity did not make sense. This became the main disadvantage of the protocol at the stage of origin. In 2000, a presentation of the updated Bluetooth 1.1 took place. Now users can determine the level of the wireless signal signal and transmit data on non-sinked channels.

Legendary Bluetooth 1.2 Compatible Headset from Motorola

Bluetooth 1.2 became the first global update, which received a number of improvements at once: from increasing the data transfer rate (up to 1 Mbps) and improving noise immunity to support the A2DP profile, which first allowed to transmit stereo sounds.

It's time to grow up: Bluetooth 2.0 - 2.1 (EDR)

Lover Developer Dream - Bluetooth 2.0 Module for Arduino

In 2004, manufacturers waited Bluetooth 2.0. Among the innovations of this version:

Increased data transfer rate. According to the documentation, Bluetooth 2.0 has possess throughput In 3 MB / s, but practice is a merciless thing. Maximum that it was possible to squeeze from Bluetooth 2.0 - 2.1 MB / s.
The emergence of EDR technology, which testified to the more advanced version of the protocol, directly affecting the speed.
Additional bandwidth to synchronously connecting multiple devices.
Minor reduction in power consumption.

The next update is dated 2007. For three years, engineers worked on the possibility of reducing the voyage of the protocol in relation to the battery of portable devices and together with Bluetooth 2.1 announced new technology Sniff subrarating. The energy efficiency of the new "syneseum" increased to 10 times, and the interface of devices was much easier.

In the same year, NFC technology (NEAR Field Communication) comes out for due protection.

Almost Wi-Fi: Bluetooth 3.0 + HS

These are the smart watches Link Dream were in 2009

April 21, 2009 was accepted new standard Bluetooth 3.0. This time, engineers set themselves the goal of a significant increase in the rate of data transmission. The theory turned out the indicator of 24 Mbps.

Bluetooth 3.0 included two versions of the radio system: standard 2.0 (up to 3 MB / s) and compatible with 802.11, high-speed (up to 24 MB / s).

Depending on the size of the transmitted file, the radio system version changes. Despite the use of the 802.11 standard, Bluetooth 3.0 is incompatible with any Wi-Fi specification.

Sitting on a diet: Bluetooth 4.0 - 4.2

iPhone 4S became the first smartphone that received support for Bluetooth 4.0

The third version of Bluetooth lasted just a year. A number of manufacturers did not have time to "gathering" to a new standard, as June 30, 2010, SIG argues Bluetooth 4.0 - a new word in the life of wireless technology.

The main focus of technology is extremely low power consumption. The developers made a bet on the integration of Bluetooth 4.0 into miniature gadgets, sensors, sensors and other devices in which it is impossible to place the capacious battery.

As a result, Bluetooth 4.0 earned a completely different principle. Instead of constant activity, it turns on only at the time of sending or receiving data, significantly saving the battery charge of the device.

For example, from the CR2032 battery, a miniature sensor can work for several years:

The radius of action is increased to 100 meters, the data transfer rate, in favor of energy efficiency, reduced 1 Mbps.

Over the next four years, Bluetooth 4.0 has received two more updates: 4.1 - with an emphasis on compatibility with LTE networks and 4.2 - with an increased driving rate (2.5 times) and improved safety.

Bluetooth 5.0.

The history of the development of the protocol continues to be created right before our eyes. June 17, 2016 SIG announced a new specification.

In order to appreciate updated technology It will take a little time. The first devices with Bluetooth 5.0 will appear not earlier than the end of this beginning of the next year, but today the developers have promised:

4 times the increased data transfer rate compared to version 4.2
two-time increase in signal range
reduced power consumption compared to Wi-Fi modules

But the most interesting thing is that Bluetooth 5.0 has received the "Smart" console, which means "intellect" of mobile gadgets will become even more advanced. The rainbow future is just beginning!

Wireless Bluetooth Headsets - This is the category of those devices that have remained the engine for the development of technology for 18 years. The headsets were evolution from a low-quality frequent sound with minimal time autonomous work Stylish image accessories for which it is simply pleasant to talk.

Our choice in the Bluetooth segment:

Ignarious and crystal sound with Plantronics Explorer 500.
Unique design and excellent voice transfer quality

Data transfer technology on small distances Appeared back in 1994, when two engineers from Ericsson decided to end the wires with the wires when exchanging data between mobile devices. Such technology was named Bluetooth ("Blue Tooth"). The name of the technology was received on behalf of Harold of the first bluenespet, which was the king of Denmark and Norway, glorified by uniting the Scandinavian tribes to his rule in the second century.

Communication standard description

Initially, the development was carried out at frequencies that are not subject to additional licensing. These are 79 channels operating at 2402 MHz to 2480 MHz, which are specifically highlighted for medical and scientific equipment.

The exchange of information between the receiver and transmitters is carried out by constant changing channels approximately 1600 times per second. To which channel switch will occur, only the receiving and transmission device will know, the notification occurs through special identification keys. This method reduces the possibility of interference to a minimum and allows the conjugate devices not to conflict with each other. Bluetooth Standard It is one of the most secure ways to exchange information, because it is impossible to connect to the device without permission. The only problem of this type of communication is a very small radius of action, but on the other hand, this also increases the level of security.

By power of radio transmitters, the standard is divided into three large groups or class:

Class 1 is used mainly in medical equipment, for whose work there is enough transmitter with very low power.
Class 2 with medium power transmitters can be seen in modern mobile phones, tablets and other peripheral devicesoh.
Class 3 uses very powerful transmitters and finds its application at industrial enterprises, for example, to manage individual machines or the entire production process in general.

Connection is possible not only between two devices. The number of simultaneously connected devices is limited to the 71st apparatus, while one device acts as the main or master device, And all the rest work as presenters (Slave). The device that works as a slave, in turn, can perform the leading for connected to it. So you can create a whole network that is called Pic Sail. At the same time, more than ten picosets cannot be combined.

Evolution of Standard

From the moment the standard appears in the 94th year, the standard was called Bluethooth 1.0. It was still a very raw product. He had a lot of security vulnerabilities due to the fact that it was necessary to transfer to open video Device address. Also difficulties were with the conjugation of devices from different manufacturers. Speed \u200b\u200bbluetooth Also left much to be desired. In version 1.1, it was possible to see the signal level and supported support for non-encrypted channels.

Research constantly continued, but the next version bluetooth 2.0 appeared only in 2007. It was significantly increased bluetooth speedwhich reached almost 2.5 MB / s, and in version 2.1, energy consumption parameters were significantly revised and reduced. Improved safety and adjour speed of devices.

In April 2007, Bluetooth 3.0 standard was presented. Together with the use of an asynchronous multiprocessing technology, the rate of data exchange was 24 MB / s, but energy consumption increased. An increase in power consumption did not give peace to developers, because for mobile devices This is a rather critical moment. After the improvements at the end of the year wide, the public was able to see bluetooth 4.which is still used.

The main difference from previous versions This is very low battery resource consumption. This is also achieved by the fact that the signal is not constantly transmitted, but only as necessary, i.e. The transmitter is in constant standby mode, and is turned on to work only if necessary.

The connection between devices is now occurring in 5 ms, and the distance between devices can now reach 100 meters within the limits of direct visibility. The degree of data encryption in bluetooth 4. There is a 128 bit algorithm. This standard has become a reference to connect peripheral devices, such as headphones, external speakers, "smart" clock and many others.

In various versions bluetooth data transfer rate Next:

2 - up to 1 MB / s;
0 - up to 3 MB / s;
0 and v4.0 - up to 24 MB / s.

Manufacturers try to develop devices so that they support various bluetooth versionsFor greater compatibility between devices.

The use of bluetooth in everyday life

Currently, the transfer of information using bluetooth is quite popular, and interest in technology is constantly growing. You can call many areas of activity where it found its application:

data exchange between two mobile phones;
download photos from a digital camera without using a wired connection;
connecting a mouse, keyboard, printer, scanner and other peripherals to a computer or laptop;
synchronization of data between PC and mobile device;
connecting a headset, smart clocks and other devices to a mobile phone.

Fantasy developers about where Bluetooth is limitless. A new and new products that support work on this technology are permanently available on the market.