Peripheral external system. Overview of the main peripheral devices for a personal computer

Modern personal computers usually have at their disposal a plurality of peripheral devices.

Peripherals - These are any additional and auxiliary devices that are connected to the PC to expand its functionality.

Consider some of the peripheral devices.

Printer (Print - Print) - a device for printing text and graphics information. Printers are usually operating with A4 or A3 paper. The most common laser and inkjet printers are most common, matrix printers have already come out of everybody.

IN matrix printers The print head consisted of a series of thin metal needles, which when driving along a string in the right moment They hit through the painting tape, and thereby ensured the formation of characters and images. Matrix printers have low speed and print quality.

IN inkjet printers Pressing the pressure is thrown out of the holes (nozzles) in the printhead and then sticks to the paper. In this case, the formation of the image occurs as it were from individual points - "klyax". For inkjet printers Characterized high cost of consumables.

IN laser printers The laser beam, running along the drum, electrifies it, and the electrified drum attracts the particles of dry paint, after which the image is transferred from the boraner on paper. Next, the sheet of paper passes through the thermal drum and under the action of heat the paint is fixed on paper. Laser printers have high speed and print quality.

Plotter (Graft-building) - a device for outputting large drawings, drawings and other graphic information. The plotter can output graphic information on paper A2 format and more. Structurally, rolled paper can be used in it, or a horizontal tablet.

Scanner (Scanner) is a device that allows you to enter graphical information to the computer. Scanner when moving in the picture (text sheet, photo, drawing) converts the image in numeric format and displays it on the screen. Then this information can be handled using a computer.

Mouse manipulator (Mouse) - a device that facilitates the input of information into the computer.

CD-ROM drive - A device for reading information recorded on laser CDs (CD ROM - Compact Disk Read Only Memory, which means a CD only for reading memory). CDs can be stored a large number of information (up to 650 MB). Such discs are used to store reference information, large encyclopedia, databases, music, video information, etc.

The main indicator for the CD-ROM drive is the speed of reading information from the CD.

DVD drive It is the further development of laser technologies. It uses an improved technology for using a laser beam to record and read information from CDs. DVD abbreviation means Digital Video Disk (digital video disc) or in another interpretation - Digital Versatile Disk (digital multipurpose disk).

Unlike CD-ROM disks dVD discs Can use both surfaces for work. Moreover, the technology allows you to record two layers of data on each side.

Introduction

Chapter I. Peripheral Computer Devices

1.2 input devices

1.3 Output devices

Chapter II. Creating an educational presentation

2.1 Computer presentations

2.2 Software selection

2.3 Presentation Structure

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

The life of modern society is extremely difficult to imagine without a computer. Billions of people throughout the planet use them for work, rest and learning. The amazing features that the computer possesses today is simply not to count. PC has long been not considered the subject of luxury. This is an indispensable assistant, together with which people can make many familiar things easier and faster than before. For example, writing letters, maintain a convenient accounting of cash spending and streamline business notes, address lists and contacts in phone book. Also using a computer, you can view photos, play music and video recordings.

The computer network allows you to find the most useful and diverse information, because there are almost everything in the worldwide network! And using the network you can communicate with friends and relatives, even if you live very far from each other. But it would be impossible to perform all these actions without peripheral devices.

There are quite a lot of information sources on the "Peripheral Computer Peripheral Devices", however, to obtain a full-fledged picture, it is necessary to collect this fragmented information together, systematize and structure it.

All of the above allows you to formulate the purpose of the work: tools Graphic Editor Presentations MS. Power Point Create Electronic tutorial "PC peripherals".

Collect and analyze material on the topic "PC periphery".

Stru's the information obtained.

Develop an e-learning manual with the MSPowerPoint Presentations Graphic Editor.

Chapter I. Peripheral Computer Devices

1.1 Computer Hardware

Information is one of the most valuable resources of society, along with such traditional material types of resources, such as oil, gas, minerals, etc., and therefore, the process of its processing by analogy with the processing processes of material resources can be perceived as technology. Then the following definition is right.

Information technology - A process using a set of funds and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain information of the new quality about the state of the object, process or phenomenon (information product).

IN modern society Basic technical means Information processing technologies are a personal computer that has significantly affected both the concept of construction and the use of technological processors and on the quality of the information. Implementation personal computer In the information sphere and the application of telecommunication means of communication determined a new stage of development information technology And, as a result, changing its name by attaching one of the characters: "New", "Computer", or "Modern". The adjective "computer" emphasizes that the main technical means of its implementation is a computer.

Computer technology - This is an information process, as a result of which an information product is created on the basis of computer data processing.

Application of a computer as a tool for working with information is very diverse and multifaceted. With it, you can view in a few seconds e-library and find the required information. Developed special computer programsAllowing, for example, shovel experiment with the form and texture of the shoe model being created. With the help of a computer, cars are now experiencing, study the structure of molecules, design at home and run space ships. So that you do not do - painted, played, they thought they printed the computer, obediently performs your teams. But the computer itself cannot produce all these actions, for this he needs special devices that are called periphery.

1.2 input devices

Input Devices - Hardware to convert information from the form, a clear person, into a form that is perceived by the computer.

Fig.1. Classification of input devices

Devices with keyboard input.

Keyboard. The standard device for entering information into the computer is the keyboard. With it, you can enter numeric and text information, as well as various commands and data. Typically entered from the keyboard information for control purposes is displayed on the monitor screen. The information entry location on the screen is indicated by a special icon called the cursor. The view of the cursor may be different depending on the program used and the operation mode. It may be a blinking dash, a rectangle, etc.

As a rule, the 101-103-key keyboard of the American standard is used. In addition to keyboard, the keyboard is membrane and sensory. The layout of the letters of the national alphabet is additionally applied to the alphan-digital field keys. If on the computer installed operating systemnot configured to work in the national alphabet mode (unlocated version), then additional special program - Keyboard driver. In localized versions, the keyboard driver is included.

Ergonomic keyboards are very popular on the modern computer market, special stacks for wrists, providing the most comfortable working conditions.

Manipulators.

Mouse . Near the keyboard is a mobile device called mouse. On the bottom surface of the mouse there is a ball. Moving mouse over a flat surface (table, rug) leads to a rotation of the ball. At the same time, it interacts with the sensors inside the mouse housing, resulting in a signal generated, which causes to move the mouse pointer on the monitor screen. On the top surface of the mouse are 2 or z buttons. Pressing a one or another button (* Click the computer perceives as an indication of the execution of some given action. The use of the mouse allows you to quickly and conveniently manage the work of various about grams.

The quality of the mouse is determined by its permissiveness, which is measured by the number of dpi dpi - DPI (DOTPERINCH). This characteristic is caused by how precisely the mouse pointer will move around the screen. For mid-class mice, the resolution is 400-800 DPI. Different types Mice are different from each other: a way to read information (mechanical, optical-mechanical and optical), the number of buttons (2 - and z - push-button mice), a connection with a computer connections (wired - connected with a cable; wireless, or "cheap mice - A compound connection is provided by an infrared signal that is perceived by a special port).

Mouse design involves various forms of structures. Ergonomic mice are most popular, which have a streamlined surface and provide the naturalness of the brush of hand on its surface. A new product is a wireless bat, working almost anywhere wherever you wish. On the table, it works as an ordinary mouse; If you raise and press the button on the base, then such a mouse can be used directly in the air at a distance of 10 meters from the stand.

Trekball Or a ball manipulator, reminds the inverted mouse. It is not necessary, like a mouse, moving on the table. In the trackball, the ball rotates with hand and rotation is also converted to moving the pointer across the screen. It is very convenient in cases where there is little space, as it does not require a rug and space for moving the manipulator on the table.

Joystick Or the control knob, was designed specifically for games. Just like the mouse and the trackball, it allows you to move the cursor or graphic object across the monitor screen. The joystick is a handle deviating in all directions, and several buttons on a small panel - to perform the simplest action.

Joysticks have various number Buttons The number of cursor moved directions across the screen. In order to comply with the ergonomic requirements, the joystick handle has a form that repeats the face of the hand with a handle girth.

Sensory devices.

Touch screen. Touch, or tactile, the screen is a surface that is covered with a special layer. Touching a specific location of the screen provides a job selection that must be executed by a computer or commands in the on-screen menu. So, for example, during the Olympics touch screens Help athletes, coaches, correspondents quickly choose the information you are interested in about the results of the competition, team composition, etc. An indication of the finger in the corresponding menu.

The touch screen also allows you to move objects. It is convenient to use, especially when necessary fast access To information. Such input devices can be seen in banking computers, airports, as well as in the military field and industry.

Light feather. The light feather is similar to the usual pencil, on the tip of which there is a special device - a photosensitive element. Pen touch with the screen closes photo electric chain And determines the place of entering or correction of data. If you move the fold on the screen, you can draw or write on the screen, like on a sheet of paper.

grafopostroiters etc.) and interactive devices (terminals, LCD tablets with sensory input, etc.)

Mass Memory Devices (Winchester 1 NGMD - hard-magnetic drive drive. , Drives 2. NGMD - a drive on a flexible magnetic disk. , streamers 3. NML - Magnetic Tape Drive., Drives by optical disks, Flash memory 4 EEPROM - reprogrammed permanent memory with electric erasure. and etc.)

Communication devices with control object (ADC, DAC, sensors, digital regulators, relays, etc.)

Data transfer tools for long distances (telecommunication means) (modems, network adapters).

Input Devices

Keyboard

The main device input information to the computer is keyboardwhich is a combination of mechanical sensors that perceive the pressure on the keys and a certain electrical circuit closed in one way or another. Currently, two types of keyboards are common: with mechanical or with membrane switches. In the first case, the sensor is a traditional mechanism with contacts from a special alloy. In the second case, the switch consists of two membranes: the upper - active, lower passive, separated by the third membrane-gasket.

As a rule, inside the case of any keyboard, except the keys sensors are located electronic circuits Decifractions and microcontroller. The exchange of information between the keyboard and the motherboard is carried out using a special serial interface with 11-bit blocks. The basic principle of the keyboard is to scan the key switches. Circuit and opening any of these switches corresponds to a unique digital code - scan code. In the case when the key is released, the IBM PC AT keypad precesses scan code F016. When the keyboard controller records pressing or releasing the key, it initiates the hardware interrupt IRQ1. If in keyboards of computers of the IBM PC XT computers, the data transmission can be carried out in only one direction, then in the IBM PC-type keyboards, this connection is already possible in two directions, i.e. the keyboard can receive special commands (setting the auto-signal delay parameters and frequency parameters) . Connecting Keyboard K. system board Performed by electrically identical connectors 5 DIN 5 DIN (Deutsche Idustrie Norm) - German Industrial Standard. or 6 mini-din, the latter was first presented in IBM PS / 2, from where he inherited his "winter" name. To ensure bidirectional exchange, use a single data line requiring, however, output with open collector.

Mouse

The first computer mouse created Douglas Endzhelbart in 1963 in the Standford Research Center. The spread of the mouse was obtained due to the growth of popularity software Systems With a graphical user interface. Mouse makes convenient manipulation as widespread in graphic packages objects, like windows, menus, buttons, pictograms, etc.

The first mouse when moving rotated two wheels, which were associated with the axes of variable resistors. Moving the cursor of such a mouse was caused by a change in resistance of variable resistors. Most modern mice have an optical-mechanical design (Fig. 16.1). With the surface on which the mouse is moved, a heavy columnable ball of relatively large diameter comes into contact. When moving the mouse, this ball can rotate the two perpendicular rollers pressed to it. The axis of rotation of one of the rollers is vertical, and the other is horizontal. On the axis of the rollers, sensors are installed, which are disks with slots, on different directions of which the optocouplers "LED photodiodiod" are located. The order in which the photosensitive elements of the same axis are illuminated, determines the direction of movement of the mouse, and the frequency coming from them pulses is the speed.

Fig. 16.1.

Another popular mouse design is fully optical design. Using the LED and the lenses systems focusing its light, the surface area is highlighted under the mouse. The light reflected from this surface, in turn, is collected by another lens and falls on the receiving sensor of the image processing processor chip. This chip takes pictures of the surface under the mouse with high frequency And processes them. Based on the analysis of a series of consecutive snapshots, which is a square matrix from pixels of different brightness, the integrated DSP processor calculates the resultant indicators indicating the direction of movement of the mouse along the X and Y axes, and transmits the results of its work to the peripheral interface. The main characteristics that ensure the reliability of the optical mice are determined by the technical parameters of the sensors used (Table 16.1).

Table 16.1. Parameters of some sensors for optical mice

Mark Sensor.	HDNS-2000	ADNS -2620.	ADNS -2051	ADNS -3060
Resolution, CPI (dots per inch)	400	400	400/800	400/800
Size "snapshots", pix.		18x18.	16x16	30x30
Max. Speed, cm / s	30	30	35	100
Max. Acceleration (in jerk), m / s 2	1,5	2,5	1,5	150
Snapshot frequency, frame / s	1500	1500/2300	500-2300	500-6400

The first mice were connected to the PC through a special adapter fee (mice with a bus interface - Bus Mouse). Then great distribution received a method of connecting mouse through the RS-232C serial interface. Mice with a serial data interface most often work with a Microsoft protocol developed. Data is transmitted at a speed of 1200 bps, 7 data bits are used without carrying parity And one stop bit. One transmission contains three 7-bit numbers encoding 8-bit horizontal (DX) and 8-bit vertical movement (DY), as well as 2 bits (LB, RB) of the buttons status (Table 16.2). Moves is set as a number with a sign (-128: +127) in special units - counts defined by the mouse resolution - COUNTS PER INCH (CPI), which is usually 400 CPI. In addition to the Microsoft protocol, the Logitech protocol is also common (differs from the Microsoft protocol in the mode of transmitting the middle button) and the Mouse Systems protocol (5-byte, information about the "old" and "new" mouse position) is transmitted.

Table 16.2. Microsoft Protocol for Mice with Serial Interface

	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
byte 1.	1	LB.	RB.	dY7.	dY6.	dX7.	dX6.
byte 2.	0	dX5	dX4.	dX3.	dX2.	dX1	dX0.
byte 3.	0	dY5.	dY4.	dY3.	dY2.	dY1.	dY0.

In 1987, IBM has released a series of personal computers PS / 2, in which a selected serial interface was presented for connecting a mouse with a 6 mini-din connector. One of the advantages of new ports compared to consistent was low supply voltage - 5 V instead of 12 V, as well as independence from other devices, while serial mice were often interfered with internal modems, since four COM ports of PCs were only two IRQ. It is also necessary to note the disadvantages of this interface. The most significant is the higher risk of outputting the port when connecting or disconnecting the mouse when the computer is running. Although the serial ports of the mouse and keyboards in PS / 2 have a similar electrical interface and even identical connectors, motherboard Does not recognize the mouse and keyboard if you are not connected to "your" port, because Data transmission protocols are different, and, in addition, the data line in the keyboard port is bidirectional. The Microsoft PC 97 specification offers a single color marking of these ports: for the keyboard - violet, for the mouse - green. The wide distribution of PS / 2 ports occurred with the introduction in 1997. intel ATX standard. And already in 2002, the Microsoft PC 2002 specification was asked to refuse these ports in favor universal interface USB.

Other input devices - manipulators

The trackball is a "inverted" optical-mechanical mouse - the device itself is not given the device itself, but only its ball. This allows you to significantly improve accuracy. cursor Management And, in addition, save space, so trekballs are often used in laptops.

Touchpad (TouchPad or TrackPad) is an input device used in laptops, it serves to move the cursor depending on the movements of the user's finger. Used as a replacement computer mouse . Sensory panels differ in size, but usually their area does not exceed 50 cm2. The operation of the touch panel is based on measuring the tank of the finger or measuring the container between the sensors. Capacitive sensors are located along the vertical and horizontal axes of the panel, which allows to determine the position of the finger with the desired accuracy. Since the operation of the device is based on measuring the capacity, it will not work if you drive on it with any non-conductive object, for example, the base of the pencil. In the case of using conductive objects, the touch panel will work only with a sufficient area of \u200b\u200bcontact, so, for example, work with wet fingers is very difficult. Advantages touch panels are:

there is no need for a flat surface, as for the mouse;
the location of the touch panel is usually fixed relative to the keyboard;
to move the cursor, only a small movement of the finger is sufficient;
working with them does not require special addiction, such as, for example, in the case of the trackball.

The disadvantage of sensory panels is a low permission, which makes it difficult to work in graphic editors and 3D games.

The joystick is an analog coordinate device input device, which is usually executed in the form of two repetitive sensors with a power supply +5 V. The joystick handle is associated with two variable resistors that change their resistance when it is moved. One resistor determines moving along the coordinate x, the other - on Y. The joystick is usually connected to the play port adapter located on the Multi-Function I / O board (Multi I / O Card) or sound card (In the latter case, the play port connector is combined with the MIDI interface). Obviously, the main element of the game adapter is the ADC. The adapter takes up to four digital signals of type "enabled-off" (buttons) and up to four analog signals, which allows you to connect two 2-button joysticks.

The light feature works with a small optical detector located on its tip. In the course of the screen scan, the electronic beam is initiated by an optical detector pulse when the beam reaches the point of the screen, over which the pen is located. The occurrence of this pulse relative to the horizontal and vertical synchronization signals allows you to determine the position of the light pen. In essence, the light pen is the extension of the video system. The connector for connecting the light pen was required for video adapters

According to the kinematic mechanism of the scanner:

manual scanners - the problem of smooth and uniform movement of the scanning head according to the corresponding image (from which the quality of the scanned image depends) is assigned to the user;
tablet scanners - the scanning head moves relative to the paper with a stepper motor;
roll scanners - separate sheets of documents are stretched through the device so that the scanning head remains in place (not applicable to scanning books and magazines);
projection Scanners - Entered Document put on the scan surface to the image up, while the scanning unit is also located on top, and only the scanning device is moving (it is possible to scan the projections of three-dimensional items).

To communicate with the computer, scanners tend to use one of the universal peripheral interfaces: SCSI, IEEE 1284 or USB.

For demigination application Program Interface Scanner Drivers (as well as digital cameras) in 1992 by Aldus, Caere, Eastman Kodak, Hewlett Packard and Logitech, the TWAIN 6Clovo specification was developed. Twain was taken from "Ballads about the East and West" R.Kipling: "... And Never The Twain Shall Meet ..." (and two will never meet), reflecting the complexity of the computer and scanner that existed at the time. After frequently writing the name of the specification, the larger letters had a prejudice that this abbreviation, and were offered such options: Technology without An Interesting Name (technology without an interesting name) or Toolkit Worthout Any Important Name. .

External, or peripheral, devices are components of a personal computer that are placed outside system Block. They are involved only at a certain stage of the process processing process. First of all, it includes devices that fix output results: printer, scanner, modem, various external drives and so on. It is worth noting that the concept of "computer peripherals" is sufficiently conditionally. For example, here can include external DVD drive, since it is an independent unit and connects to the system unit using a special cable. And on the contrary, the internal modem is the extension board, is in the system unit and cannot be attributed to the class peripheral equipment. The term "periphery" itself is used to designate devices connecting the computer and the external world (devices with which it is carried out as an input of information in the PC and its output). The list of this equipment is in principle unlimited. It is curious that monitors are not included in it.

Types of external equipment

Peripheral devices are divided into:

basic, which are a mandatory component for the normal operation of the computer;
other used as needed.

Main types of external equipment

This type includes devices that control the cursor, and partially modems (in the case of a terminal or a disknaya station). In principle, almost any equipment can be connected to the computer that can produce electrical pulses or manage them. Peripherals are connected to a PC using external interfaces or specialized adapters and controllers that are a means for docking equipment from a computer bus. Remember that it is necessary to distinguish the values \u200b\u200bof the concepts "controller" and "adapter". Yes, they are both used to conjugate, but the controller is capable of performing independent actions after it receives a program from the program manager (some particularly complex have their own processor).

Currently, the following types of hardware are widely used, designed to conjugate a computer core with external equipment:

Classification of external equipment

Peripheral devices depending on the functions performed are divided into the following types:

to enter information: keyboards, mice, trackballs, etc.;
to display information: printers (matrix, inkjet, laser);
for storing information: external drives, CD and DVD drives, hard drives, streamers;
for information sharing: modems, fax modems.

Separately, it is worth mentioning sources uninterrupted powerdesigned to save information and the correct completion of work in the event of an electricity outage.

Conclusion

As you can see, the external PC devices have become an integral component of any information system. They perform collection, storage, search, transmission and processing of data. Each specialist has a huge selection of auxiliary devices to solve a variety of tasks.

PC peripheral devices provide the ability to exchange information between the computer and the user. Without all these devices, all the possibilities and all the power of any personal computer are useless.

PC peripheral devices are called all external devices connected to, they are distinguished from component elements enclosed in the system unit box. The interaction of the computer with the "external world" is carried out using the periphery. And - these are inalienable peripheral devices of any personal computer, but besides them there are many other useful devices.

The information conclusion devices along with the monitor are attached. The need for printing devices even in the transition to the electronic document proof will never disappear, and the material printed on paper in many cases is more convenient than to consider texts and pictures on the gadget monitor.

The first matrix printers appeared, but due to the low speed of operation and the loud crossed sound during printing, they quickly replaced first inkjet, and then laser printers. Today's inkjet printers are distinguished by a low price and the possibility of color printing, to their "minuses" should be attributed to the relatively low speed of printing and high cost of cartridges, which, but does not prevent them from using them at home. In offices, the inkjet printer is used only when color printing is required.

For printing official documents more suitable laser printers, the price of which is higher than that of inkjet printers, but the low cost of printing, which is determined by the low cost of refueling and large printing on one gas station quickly justify their cost. High print speed and silent add "pluses" of these devices.

The following is the importance of the peripheral device of a personal computer, in our opinion is a scanner. The scanner translates images into computer memory, after which you can do with the image all that allows us software PC. The most common use of the scanner is the translation of photos in electronic view, save paper documents to an electronic database, as well as scanning texts for subsequent editing them.

The scanners currently existing today are: manual scanners, tablet (most convenient in the office and at home) and broaching scanners. It is clear that the quality of the picture depends on the staticness of the scanned image during its shooting, which is why tablet scanners received the greatest distribution, despite the fact that it is pretty bulky devices.

Multifunctional devices (MFPs), combining the printer, scanner and copier are becoming more popular. Due to its multifunctionality, MFP allows you to save the space of the desktop. But such devices also have their drawbacks that are in the average indicators of their functions and low reliability, and when breakdown in any one component, such as a printing device, a scanner and a copier will have to be carried in the repair shop.

Of course, the list of peripherals for the PC does not end, these include all devices that we can connect to a computer, these are sound columns, and game joysticks, and webcams and microphones, etc. But most important devicesIn our opinion, printers and scanners are especially for work.