Introduction

The media is a mirror, a mirror without a doubt, multifaceted, reflection opportunities - mass - from the regional scale newspapers to central TV channels.

In modern Russia, printed publications reads not every family, and there is a TV in every home. And according to statistics, the ordinary citizen of our country spends daily to the television screen from three to three and a half hours. In the average Russian house, the TV works about seven hours a day (this does not mean that he is constantly looking, psychologists are confident that even the background broadcasting can have a fairly strong influence on consciousness and subconscious).

Society, maybe slowly aware of what new and influential power it acquired in the face of television. Television carries information, expands the horizons, worries, pleases and grieves a person; In any case, it makes his life richer and more diverse. It can not give bread, but can give every spectacle.

Television does not know either political or geographical boundaries, overcomes space and time. It makes a person an accomplice of events, even those who are committed without him.

Television creates the background of our life, changes our habits, attracts to the discussion of various problems, forms public consciousness.

None of other means mass media It does not have so short and at the same time rich history. And the TV continues to develop, both in technical terms and in meaningful. The general trend of the modern world is not developing the fastest of information space and information distribution channels. The effectiveness of television influence is colossal, newspapers and radio positions are given their own. True, both, and others, comes to the heels of the Internet.

Television as a variety of media

Television, as one of the media, is the most popular of the media, covering both layers of the population that remain beyond the influence of other media. This ability of television is explained by its specificity as means of creating, transferring and perceiving information.

First, this specificity is the ability electromagnetic oscillationscarrying a television signal penetratein the zone of the transmitter. With the advent of satellite television, the last limitation dropped, even more enhancing the position of the TV.

Secondly, the specifics of the TV (in contrast to the radio) in his screenthat is, in transmitting information by means of a moving image accompanied by sound. Exactly speech provides directly sensual perception of television images,and therefore, their availability for the widest audience. Unlike, for example, from radio, television information comes to the viewer in two planes:

· Verbal (verbal)

· Non-verbal, visual

The spelling nature of television communication is enhanced personification of information, Television B. big number Cases implies the personality contacts of the author or leading and participants in transmission with the audience. Teleinformation personification has long been established all over the world as the principle of broadcasting, as the essentual difference between television journalism from its other birth.

Thirdly, television is able to report in a spelling form about the action at the time of its accomplishment. The simultaneity of the event and its display on the television screen (simultaneity) is hardly the most unique property of television.

Simultaneitypresent in television transmissions not constantly, however, has great importance For the psychology of the audience perception, as if reminding the accuracy of the action taking place on the screen. The simultaneity that creates the effect of the viewer's presence at the site of events attached, as already noted above, television reporting is particularly reliable, documentation, realistic, which ensures the exclusiveness in solving information problems with television as one of the varieties of the media.

It is from these specific properties of television, in turn, in turn, many functional, structural, expressive, aesthetic features and the possibilities of television that took place with the development and improvement of their technical bases a special place in the mass media system. The availability of features determines both the functions that perform television in the modern world.

Television, as one of the media, is the most popular of the media, covering both layers of the population that remain beyond the influence of other media. This ability of television is explained by its specificity as means of creating, transferring and perceiving information. First, this specificity consists in the ability of electromagnetic oscillations carrying a television signal, penetratein the zone of the transmitter. With the advent of satellite television, the last limitation dropped, even more enhancing the position of the TV. Secondly, the specifics of the TV (in contrast to the radio) in his screenthat is, in transmitting information by means of a moving image accompanied by sound. Exactly speech provides directly sensual perception of television images,and therefore, their availability for the widest audience. In contrast, for example, from radio, television information comes to the viewer in two planes: verbal (verbal) and non-verbal, visual. The spelling nature of television communication is enhanced personification of information, Television in a large number of cases implies the personal contacts of the author or leading and participants in the transmission with the audience. Teleinformation personification has long been established all over the world as the principle of broadcasting, as the essentual difference between television journalism from its other birth. Thirdly, television is able to report in a spelling form about the action at the time of its accomplishment. The simultaneity of the event and its display on the television screen (simultaneity) is hardly the most unique property of television.

Direct ether, online.

Simultaneitypresent in television programs is not constantly, however, it is of great importance for the psychology of the audience perception, as if recalling the reliability of the action taking place on the screen. The simultaneity that creates the effect of the viewer's presence at the site of events attached, as already noted above, television reporting is particularly reliable, documentation, realistic, which ensures the exclusiveness in solving information problems with television as one of the varieties of the media. It is from these specific properties of television, in turn, in turn, many functional, structural, expressive, aesthetic features and the possibilities of television that took place with the development and improvement of their technical bases a special place in the mass media system. The availability of features determines both the functions that perform television in the modern world.

Information function

The appointment of all media is to meet the information needs of a person, society, states. This also applies to television, which differs only by the fact that it is capable of distributing information more fully, more expensive and emotionally more saturated than radio or print media. Speaking about the information function of television, it is probably necessary to limit the narrow and concrete interpretation of the concept of "information". Regular receipt by people of economic, political, social and cultural information in the modern world was the norm of life. From here it stems the fact that information programs are the reference points of the Mesh broadcasting of any television companyAnd all other transmissions are located in the intervals between news releases. Special consideration requires an accented appeal of telephony to the events deviating from the norm: armed conflicts, catastrophes, natural cataclysms, etc. It is possible to explain this phenomenon of the pursuit of sensational materials for the sake of increased visual interest, raising the rating and, accordingly, the profitability of the broadcasting company. However, recognizing this factor, it is necessary to note another. For any system - information from the technical device to the biological organism and human society is important information about deviations from the norm. The machine reports this on the inclusion of the corresponding indicator, a living organism - painful sensation. The desire to reflect abnormative phenomena in the life of society can be considered such a "indicator", the "pain of society". This informative feature is performed by television news releases. This is a global practice that does not allow substitution of campaigning information. Another thing is to find the necessary tonality for messages about catastrophes and wars. The world standard, tested by decades: news release, despite the abundance of bad news, should not leave the spectators of the mood of depression and hopelessness. Everything is good in moderation. For prompt lighting of events of this kind, which, naturally, nothing is known in advance, three conditions are needed: the professionalism of the staff, the technical equipment of the television company and the high level of organization.

A televisionlike one of the media is the most mass media, encompassing those segments of the population that remain beyond the influence of other media.

Secondly, the specifics of the TV (in contrast to the radio) in its scope, that is, in the transmission of information by means of a moving image accompanied by sound. It is the screen that provides directly sensual perception of television images, which means their availability for the widest audience. In contrast, for example, from radio, television information comes to the viewer in two planes: verbal (verbal) and non-verbal, visual. The idiotic nature of television communication is enhanced by personification of information, television in a large number of cases involves the personality contacts of the author or leading and participants in the transmission with the audience. Teleinformation personification has long been established all over the world as the principle of broadcasting, as the essentual difference between television journalism from its other birth.

Thirdly, television is able to report in a spelling form about the action at the time of its accomplishment. Simultaneous events and display on the television screen ( simultaneity) It is hardly the most unique property of television. Simultanity is present in television gears not constantly, however, is of great importance for the psychology of the audience perception, as if reminding the reliability of the action taking place on the screen. The simultaneity that creates the effect of the viewer's presence at the site of events attached, as already noted above, television reporting is particularly reliable, documentation, realistic, which ensures the exclusiveness in solving information problems with television as one of the varieties of the media.

It is from these specific properties of television, in turn, in turn, many functional, structural, expressive, aesthetic features and the possibilities of television that took place with the development and improvement of their technical bases a special place in the mass media system. The availability of features determines both the functions that perform television in the modern world.

All media support the normal functioning of society, which applies to their impact. A certain community of people constituting the audience of the television media is already made up of the fact that a certain number of people consciously looks at this or that program. Television task - The development of this feeling of the involvement of everyone to everyone. Strengthening the value for the value for the value installations (onto universal, national and other valuables), as well as countering destructive trends in relation to society, should be dominant TV, as well as any other media. And in this sense, the implementation of the integrative function of the TV is significantly complicated where the composition of the audience is complicated: in national, confessional terms. It is also necessary to account for the interests of various social and age groups.

About TV They speak as a means of controlling the people for the actions of the authorities (speaking by the language of television terminology - the audience for the system). Especially strongly similar attitude to the media in general and to TV in particular in the population of post-Soviet states. People are waiting for the reaction of the authorities to critical performances concerning certain phenomena of life, on the inertia, which came from the Soviet system, while the media is only a way to convey information about these phenomena to their audience.

The appointment of all media is to meet the information needs of a person, society, states. This also applies to television, which is characterized by the fact that it is capable of disseminating information fully, faster, more expensive and emotionally more saturated than radio or print media.

History of information television.

1895 entered the history of mankind as a year of opening radio and cinema. But even earlier, in many countries of the world, attempts to transfer the image to the distance along the wires were made.

In 1880, P.I. The Bakhmetyev was proposed a scheme that lightened later as the basis of television: for transmission, the image should be previously decomposed on the elements that are transmitted and again collected into a single integer.

In 1888-1889 Professor A.G. Forces discovered the principled possibility of direct transformation of light energy into electric.

In 1907, B.L. Roseng patented the principle acting in modern TVs: To convert electrical signals to the luminous image, a cathode electron-beam tube is used (created by the Englishman V. Crox and improved by German F. Brown). B.L. Roseng around the world is considered the founder electronic television.

In practice, for the first time, the moving image was transferred to the distance by electronic way on July 26, 1928 in the laboratory in Tashkent by Soviet inventors. In parallel, Russian emigrants V. Zvorkin and D. Sarnov worked on the idea of \u200b\u200belectronic television. The world's first color television system was based on the development of the Russian scientist A. Polookov, Armenian A. Adamyan, American F. Farnsworth, the British C. Swinton and L. Berda. The world's first television session was implemented in 1928 in Germany, experimental broadcast began in 1935.

From 1936 to 1939, regular transmissions of the BBC, interrupted by the war were carried out. In the US, television history began in 1939.

April 30, 1931 The first experienced television transfer was carried out from Moscow, from October 1, 1931, regular sound transmissions began in the middle-raccion. Television receivers in most cases were self-made, manufactured radio amateurs.

The real mass production of electronic TVs began in the 1950s, it was the KVN-49 TV brand (according to the first letters of the names of the designers - Koenigson, Warsaw, Nikolaevsky) with a 18 cm screen diagonally.

In 1950, television had three countries in the world - the USSR, USA, England. By the 1960s - television broadcast was in 20 countries of Europe. By the beginning of the 80s, according to UNESCO, television existed in 137 countries of the world.

In the 2nd half of the 50s, the construction of television has begun in the USSR cable linesIn Europe, in the 50s, there was already a dense cable network. In the 1960s, with the improvement of technical means for land broadcast, a network of radio relay stations began to grow, through which the television signal is transmitted to the distance along the ether - from one station to another. At about the same time, satellite television broadcasts began to develop.

Another technical problem, which was solved as TV development, there was a fixation of a television image. Already in the 50s in most countries where television existed, came to the conclusion about the inconvenience of use in the television of the film. The output was found by the American company "AMPEX", founded by the Russian emigrant by Anatoly Mikhailovich Peksin, proposing the equipment and technology for recording the image and sound to the ferromagnetic film. It was nothing more than a VCR record.

In the process of creative formation of television and television journalist, it is necessary to celebrate the date January 1, 1968When the first issue of the "Time" information program was released. A certain splash occurred in the second half of the 80s, during the period of restructuring: during this period there are euphoria of direct ether (live broadcasts from the congresses of People's Deputies of the USSR, journalistic programs in live air - "Look", "12th floor").

Since 1991, the history of television of new independent states formed in the territory of the USSR begins its own countdown. The 90s were marked by another fact: almost all theorists of television converge in the opinion that the undivided domination of the airtal television comes an end. By the end of the decade, the group was finally formed. newest technologies Telecommunications: Cable Broadcasting, Direct satellite television, Broadcasting B. computer network The Internet. In addition, a group of potentially promising "megakanal" technologies is formed: digital TV, fiber-optic systems for 500 or more interactive channels, cellular radio and TV, etc.

The most important trend of the end of the millennium was the global crisis of state television. Centralized forms of broadcasting around the world go back in the past, television broadcasting occurs - first, interactive (bilateral) television technologies are promising - secondly. However, these are prospects for the 21st century, in the next few decades the classical essential television Only complemented by the latest television technologies, at the same time stimulating their development.

Press, radio, television conducts a permanent job with a large audience, bonus sound, visual, verbal notifications. In Russian, the term "media" appeared in the 70s of the 20th century, there was a concept of "QMS" (mass media). The modern title is massive. This is a system consisting of a variety of channels: books, newspapers, almanacs, magazines, brochures, television and radio broadcasts, Internet sites.

Printed publications

Mass Media's oldest institutes are newspapers, books, magazines, almanacies, weekly. The product coming out of printing is the source data in the form of alphabet. It can also be drawings, schemes, posters, graphics, photos. Reader can perceive independently this information, he does not need for this auxiliary technical means, such as radio, TV or computer. After reading this or that article, everyone can analyze it.

Printed publications are important storage facilities. With the help of typography, a person was able to express his most daring thoughts. Here it is appropriate to bring as an example of the myth of ancient Greece about Tsar Kamma. This lord was able to sow the teeth of the dragon. At the place of their germination, warriors appeared with weapons. In this myth, a peculiar allegory with the alphabet was carried out: the Word can conquer a label and quickly, like weapons. Many political leaders were able to expand their power thanks to the printed word. The "civilized" man did a printed edition.

To date, the press in the issue of efficiency is a little losing electronic mass media. This is due to the fact that the preparation of printed circulation, numbers, their delivery is needed a lot of time. "Real news" journalists consider "bad news", that is, they need to give a little negative mood. Therefore, the press can be considered quite constructed.

Modern media

In the modern world of the media forms the opinion of the Company to this or that event. Sometimes massia is entertaining, rather than informing agents. Today, the audience greatly affects ways to submit information, because everyone has the opportunity to express their vision of what is happening. Thanks to this, the system is actively developing feedback. Often the mass media mechanism use advertisers to distribute advertising messages. Sometimes the cinema can be attributed to the media.

Characteristic traits masssed

The main feature of the media is periodicity, the news should be out of less than once a day. The next distinguishing feature is masses, they are designed for a large audience. Another important factor can be considered forced when one broadcaster is going to many listeners. Here are the main activities of Massmenia:

Russian mass media

For Russia, their distinguishing features that define media are characteristic. Any publication must have massacre and output at least 1000 copies. Domestic newspapers, magazines, mailing should be periodically, that is, at least once a year. The publication should be forced: many listeners have information from one source.

Russian media necessarily undergo fixation in Roskomnadzor. Print editions are definitely transferred to the library where the whole year is stored. Mass media is protected by rights and guarantees. Also prohibited all censorship attempts.

Each edition has its own ways to transfer the source data and the presentation of their public. Today, Russia has 23 channels that are intended for the whole country. In addition to these main channels, 117 cable and satellite lines broadcast, 15 of them are broadcast outside of Russia.

In certain areas of the country, their broadcast programs come out. In general, more than 3,000 TV channels broadcast throughout Russia.

The most common Russian mass media are newspapers and magazines. On average, more than 27,000 newspapers and weekly are registered in the country, over 20,000 magazines, about 800 almanacs. In major cities of Russia, almost 12% of the population reread every day press. The magazines are interested in much more readers, over 60%. Information television shows are the most popular.

Internet position in the media

To date, the Internet has become among the young generation the most common source of information. The pages of the Internet are so moving the most fresh news in different areas of human activity, from the most remote corners of the planet. Internet media is the most modern and convenient media. What sites do not meet here! It is very convenient, because at any time unverified information can be replaced.

The Internet is constantly being improved, the Internet media changes, entitled to themselves an increasing audience. Many traditional mass media have their websites on the Internet, which includes advertising.

Mass Communication and Mass Media

Systematic transmission of messages through television, radio, press, video and recording to provide a political, ideological, psychological, economic impact is called mass communication. It can affect the behavior and action of people. The object of influence of mass communication is a man. There are four types of audience:

• consumer;
• professional;
• hawk;
• spiritual.

And what are the most common forms of mass communications? The verbal, figurative, music information is transmitted very quickly using the following forms:

• educational;
• religious;
• propaganda;
• cultural mass;
• advertising.

Thanks to mass communications, harmonious identity development is ensured, social control over the masses is ensured. This is also the driving force of public progress. The exchange of information allows you to bring sociocultural samples to personalities, thanks to which they build views on the family, the state, religion. The meaning of the word "Communication" in this case is "Communication and Communication". It is important to remember that the culture of individual people depends on the media.

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