The operational maintenance of cable lines of communication. Maintenance and repair of cable lines

Maintenance Cable lines are necessary in any case as it guarantees the duration of operation. Not only the cables themselves, but also connecting and locking valves, installed equipment, the equipment should not only meet the standards, but also constantly maintained in this state.

The tracks are laid on the desired distance from ravines, cliffs, water bodies. Some soils require strengthening, to avoid collaps and landslides, as they can change the depth of the occurrence, a specific project, which is unacceptable.

When the track crosses the roads, other engineering networks, the cables are stacked in the main pipe and are additionally protected by an additional pipe. In those places of the route, where it is especially vulnerable to warnings are certainly established. Ground parts of the track are protected by embankment, looking by the turf and dyeing grass.

What implies the correct operation of cable lines of communication

The process of operating cable lines means that the object is guaranteed:

uninterrupted work of structures, including dangerous, emergency, especially complex conditions;
their content in a state corresponding to current technologies and safety standards;
fulfillment of all regulations regarding the issues of operation of operation;
increasing the profitability of enterprises, by reducing the costs of unforeseen repairs and additional service;
introduction of innovation new technique and equipment;
mandatory and timely maintenance of cable lines of communication.

The volume, methods, composition and schedule of those serviod are established and change individually for each object from its length, composition and technical characteristics.

Maintenance of cable lines. Methods and organization of production

The use of one or another method depends on the seasonal state, and from the area of \u200b\u200bthe site, and from many other factors.

There are three methods of maintenance:

Centralized, in which all staff is concentrated in the control control. In this case, a motorized inspection is performed. Create and actively work specialbrigids, with provision modern means Communication and movement.
Decentralized (district) - apply if there is no real opportunity to make a complete inspection. The track is broken down to the plots, for each of which the serving brigade is fixed, located in close proximity to the serviced area.
Combined. When the maintenance of different parts of the track is performed using the other method.

Principles of maintenance of cable lines of communication

Maintenance, as well as for many other systems and networks, is carried out two types:

current;
planned warning.
Both types of maintenance are manufactured, including:
technistor health and compliance with the rules for ensuring the protection and creation of all conditions for the safety of both the trace itself and all of its parts;
prevention of faults;
monitoring the stability of the characteristics of cables;
minor repairs;
ensuring the constant emergency content of materials of materials;
normal I. operational elimination accidents and damage;
maintaining mechanisms and other entrusted property in proper condition;
installation and maintenance in due quantity and status of warning signs;
preparatory work for changing the season, ensuring security in the implementation of subversive, earthy, hydroelectric and construction work in the area of \u200b\u200blines.

All actions and data related to the work of maintenance are registered in a special journal.

Control of the technical condition of cable lines

Operation of cable lines has its own characteristics, as it is not always possible to detect defects in it by simple inspection. Therefore, insulation status checks are carried out, control over the load and the cable temperature.

Cables in terms of insulation test are the most difficult element of electrical equipment. This is due to the possible large length of cable lines, the inhomogeneity of the soil along the length of the line, the inhomogeneity of the insulation of the cable.

To identify coarse defects in cable lines, it is produced on a voltage of 2500 V. However, the readings of the megoometer cannot serve as a basis for the final estimates of isolation statusSince they are largely dependent on the length of the cable line and defects of end sealing.

This is due to the fact that the power cable capacity is large and during the measurement time it does not have time to fully charge, so the megoometer readings will be determined not only by the steady leakage current, but also charging, and the measured value of the insulation resistance will be significantly understated.

The main method of monitoring the condition of insulation of the cable line is. The purpose of the test is to identify and timely eliminate the developing defects of cable isolation, couplings and end seals in order to prevent the occurrence of damage during operation. At the same time, the cables voltage up to 1 kV are not tested by increased voltage, and the insulation resistance is measured by a megaommeter with a voltage of 2500 V for 1 min. It should be no less than 0.5 MΩ.

Checking short cable lines within one distribution device is carried out no more than 1 time per year, since they are less susceptible to mechanical damage and their status is more often controlled by personnel. The test of the increased voltage of cable lines of more than 1 kV is carried out at least once every 3 years.

The main way to test the insulation of cable lines is verification of increased direct current voltage. This is explained by the fact that the installation on alternating current under equal conditions has much greater power.

The test installation includes: transformer, rectifier, voltage regulator, kilovoltmeter, micro ammeter.

When checking the insulation, the voltage from the megaommeter or the test unit is supplied to one of the cable veins, while its remaining cores are securely connected to each other and ground. The voltage smoothly rises to the normalized value and is withstanding the required time.

The condition of the cable is determined by the current leak. With a satisfactory state, the voltage lift is accompanied by a sharp increase in leakage current due to charging capacity, then decreases to 10 - 20% maximum value. The cable line is considered to be suitable if there is no breakdown or overlap on the surface of the end clutch, there is no sharp shocks of current and noticeable leakage current.

Cable Overload Wearing Systematic Character, lead to deterioration of isolation and reduce the duration of the line. Underload associated with short-use conductive material. Therefore, during the operation of the cable line, it is periodically checked so that the current load in them corresponds to the object being installed during commissioning. The maximum permissible loads of cables are determined by the requirements.

Control the loads of cable lines in the time determined by the main energy industry of the enterprise, but at least 2 times a year. In this case, the specified control is made during the period of the autumn-winter maximum load. The control is carried out by observing the indications of ammeters on the feed substations, and in the absence of them - using portable devices or.

Permissible current loads for a long-term normal mode of operation of cable lines are determined using tables given in electrical reference books. These loads depend on the method of laying the cable and the type of cooling medium (land, air).

For cables laid in the ground, a long permissible load is taken at the calculation of the laying of one cable into the trench at a depth of 0.7 - 1 m at an earth temperature of 15 ° C. For cables laid outdoors, the ambient temperature is taken equal to 25 ° C. If the estimated ambient temperature differs from the appropriate conditions, the correction factor is introduced.

For the estimated temperature of the Earth, the highest average temperature of all months of the year at the depth of cable laying is taken.

For the estimated air temperature, the greatest average temperature is taken, repeating at least three times a year.

A long-term permissible load of the cable line is determined by areas of lines with the worst cooling conditions, if the length of this section is at least 10 m. Cable lines up to 10 kV with a preload ratio of no more than 0.6 - 0.8 may be briefly overloaded. Permissible overloading standards taking into account their duration are given in technical literature.

For more accurately determining the load capacity, as well as when changing the temperature conditions of operation, temperature control of the cable line. Control directly the temperature of the vein on the operating cable is not possible, since the veins are under voltage. Therefore, at the same time, measure the temperature of the shell (armor) of the cable and current of the load, and then the occurrence of the vein temperature and the maximum allowable current load are determined.

Measuring the temperature of the metal shells of the cable, laid open, is carried out by conventional thermometers, which are strengthened on armor or lead cable sheath. If the cable is laid in the ground, the measurement is performed using a thermocouple. It is recommended to install at least two sensors. The wires from the thermocouple are stacked in the pipe and are displayed in a convenient and safe place place.

The temperature of the conductive vein should not exceed:

for cables with paper insulation to 1 kV - 80 ° C, up to 10 square meters - 60 ° C;

for cables with rubber insulation - 65 ° C;

for cables in a polyvinyl chloride shell - 65 ° C.

In the case when the current cable veins are heated above permissible temperatureAction is taken to eliminate overheating - reduce the load, improve ventilation, replace the cable to the larger cable, increase the distance between the cables.

When laying cable lines in the soil, aggressive in relation to their metal shells (salt marshes, swamps, construction trash) occurs soil corrosion of lead shells and metal cover. In such cases, periodically check corrosion activity Soil, taking water and soil samples. If it is established that the degree of soil corrosion threatens the integrity of the cable, then appropriate measures are taken - eliminate pollution, replace soil, etc.

Defining Cable Line Damage Places

Determination of places of damage to cable lines is a fairly complex task and requires the use of special equipment. Works on the elimination of damage to the cable line begin with setting the type of damage. In many cases, it can be done using a megaometer. For this purpose, with both ends of the cable, the state of insulation of each core relative to the Earth is insulated, the maintenance of insulation between individual phases, the lack of breaks in the veins.

Determination of the place of damage is usually carried out in two stages - first determine the area of \u200b\u200bdamage with an accuracy of 10 - 40 m, and then refine the place of the occurrence of the defect on the track.

When determining the damage zone, the causes of its occurrence and consequences of refusal are taken into account. The most often observed a breakdown of one or several lived with a grounding of them or without it, it is also possible to weld the current-handed veins with the shell during long flow short circuit to the ground. In prophylactic tests, the circuit of the current-carrying vein on the ground occurs, as well as the swimming breakdown.

To determine the damage zone, several methods are used: pulsed, oscillatory discharge, loop, capacitive.

Pulse method It is used for single-phase and non-phase closures, as well as in the breakthrough there lived. The oscillatory discharge method is resorted to a swimming test (occurs at high voltage, disappears at low). The loop method is used for one-, two- and three-phase closures and the presence of at least one intact conductivity. The capacitive method finds use when dripped. In practice, the first two methods received the greatest distribution.

When using the pulse method, sufficiently simple devices are applied. To determine the zone of damage from them, short-term impulses are sent to the cable. alternating current. Having reached the place of damage, they are reflected and returned back. The nature of the damage to the cable is judged by the image on the instrument screen. The distance to the place of damage can be determined, knowing the time of the pulse and the speed of its distribution.

The use of the pulse method requires a decrease in transition in the place of damage to tens and even the fraction of Ohm. For this purpose, insulation is burning due to the transformation of electrical energy, summarizing to the place of damage, to thermal. The burn is carried out by constant or alternating current from special installations.

The method of oscillatory discharge It is that the damaged cable veins is charged from the rectifier device to the breakdown voltage. At the time of breakdown in the cable arises oscillatory process. The period of oscillations of this discharge corresponds to the time of the two-time mileage of the wave to the place of damage and back.

The duration of the oscillating discharge is measured by an oscilloscope or electronic millisecond meter. The error of measurements by this method is 5%.

Specify the place of damage to the cable directly on the track using an acoustic or induction method.

Acoustic method Based on fixing the oscillations of the soil over the place of damage to the CL caused by the spark discharge at the insulation disorder. The method is used for damage to the type "swimming breakdown" and the breakthrough. It is determined by damage in the cable, located at a depth of 3 m and under water up to 6 m.

As an impulse generator usually use the installation high voltage DC from which pulses are sent to the cable. Ground oscillations are listed with a special device. The lack of the method is to need to use mobile DC settings.

Induction method Finding the location of the cable is based on fixing the nature of the changes in the electromagnetic field above the cable, on the veins of which the current is passed high frequency. Operator, moving along the route and using framework antenna, amplifier and headphones, determines the place of damage. The accuracy of determining the location of the damage is sufficiently high and is 0.5 m. The same method can be used to establish a cable line route and cable downstream.

Repair cables

Repair of cable lines is made according to the results of inspections and tests. A feature of the performance of work is the fact that cables to be repaired can be under voltage, and in addition, they can be located close to the active cables that are under voltage. Therefore, it is necessary to follow personal safety, it is impossible to damage nearby cables.

Repair of cable lines can be associated with excavations. In order to avoid damage to the nearby cables and engineering communications at a depth of more than 0.4 m, earthworks are performed only by a shovel. When any cables or underground communications are discovered, and is informed of the responsible for the performance of work. After autopsy, it is necessary to take care of not to damage the cable and couplings. For this purpose, a robust board is placed under it.

The main types of work during damage to the cable line are: Repair of armor cover, repair of shells, couplings and end sealing.

If there are local breaks of armor ends in the place of the defect, it is cut off, soldered with a lead shell and coated with an anti-corrosion coating (lacquer on a bitumen basis).

When repairing the lead shell, the possibility of moisture from the inside of the cable is taken into account. To check, the damaged place is immersed in paraffin heated to 150 ° C. If there is moisture, the immersion will be accompanied by crackling and release of yen. If the fact of the presence of moisture is set, then the damaged section is cut and the two connecting couplings are cut, otherwise the lead sheath is restored by overlaying the damaged place of the cut pipe and the subsequent sealing.

For cables up to 1 kV, iron clutches used earlier. They differ in cumbersome, high cost, insufficient reliability. On cable lines 6 and 10 kV, epoxy and lead couplings are mainly used. Currently, when repairing cable lines is actively used modern heat-suite couplings. There is a well-developed cable clutch installation technology. The work is carried out by qualified personnel who have passed the appropriate training.

End clutches are divided into couplings installed indoors and outdoors. In the premises more often make a dry cutting, it is more reliable and easy to operate. The end couplings in the outdoor are performed in the form of a roofing funnel and poured with mastic. When conducting current repairs, they check the state of the end funnel, the absence of the leakage of the casting mass is carried out with a plot of it.

Vatechnical maintenance of cable lines (CL) includes revisions, inspections and repair of equipment, as well as inspections of auxiliary facilities. Inspections (bypass) are plannedand extraordinary(or special). Extraordinary inspections are produced when conditions that can cause damage to lines, as well as after them automatic shutdownsEven if their work is not broken. Maintenance and repair are carried out on the basis of promising, annual and monthly work plans. During revisions and inspections, preventive measurements are carried out and eliminate small damage and malfunction.

The maintenance work includes:

Planned and extraordinary bypass and inspections of CL (the frequency of inspections is given

in tab. 4.1);

Installation, replacement and inspection of end funnel and couplings CL;

Measuring the resistance of the joints of wires - bolted, spot and bolted transition, as well as connectors of the cable joint;

check the wells of CL;

Work and measurements related to the verification of the CL structural elements when accepting them into operation;

Supervision of works carried out near power lines by third-party organizations;

monitoring signs denoting the CL trace;

Monitoring condition and replacement of numbering and warning posters;

Control over the temperature regime of cable shells.

Table 4.1.

Cable lines, especially laid in the ground, must be protected from corrosion. Although cables have protective anti-corrosion coatings, these coatings are destroyed over time, which can lead to an accident. Especially large destruction of cables shells occur in soils with low electrical resistance and in places where electrified transportation on constant current is functioning. Cate polarization, electric drainage and protector protection are used to protect the metal shells of cables.

With various types of damage, as well as during damage to the preventive tests with increased voltage, it is necessary to quickly repair cable lines in order to avoid violation of the normal power supply scheme. Most often occur mechanical damage Cable lines in the production of various earthworks due to non-compliance with the requirements of the rules for the protection of electrical networks. Often the reason for the failure of the cable line is a breakdown of connecting and end couplings due to their poor quality installation.

The insulation of cable lines is tested using special high-voltage rectifier installations. The minus from the DC source is served on the cable core, plus to the ground. Cable status is determined by current leak. With a satisfactory condition of the cable, the leakage current when the voltage rise due to the charging of its container increases sharply, then it is quickly reduced to 10..20% of the maximum. The test results of the cable are considered satisfactory if there were no sliding discharges, the jokes of the leakage or the increase in its steady value, and the insulation resistance measured by a megoometer after the test remained unchanged. If there are defects in the insulation test cable, in most cases occurs within the first minute after the test voltage is supplied.

When testing insulation from cores on a metal shell (single-phase damage), cables are repaired without cutting them, provided that the insulation is not moistened over the norm. When damaged, the cable lived this section is cut, a new segment is inserted and two couplings are mounted.

The main cause of the damage to cable couplings are installation malfunctions: defects of the soldering of the clutch neck or poor-quality soldering holes, as a result of which the tightness of the coupling is broken; Bending the cable lived too steep, which is why the gap of paper insulation and the coupling loses electrical strength; improper or insufficient filling of the clutch of the filling mass; poor-quality soldering of connecting sleeves or grounding conductor, damage to the waist isolation at its cut, etc.

If the cable line is damaged, it is important to quickly and accurately determine the fault location. In this case, it is often possible to limit the short insert of the cable, since the moisture from the soil does not have time to succeed in its envelope at a significant length, and it is not necessary to perform a large amount of work on the opening of trenches, since the exact damage place is known.

When accidental, the nature of damage is first determined. The following damage is possible in cable lines:

Breakdown or disruption of insulation, causing the closure of one vein on the ground;

The closure of two or three lived on the ground;

Circuit of two or three lived among themselves in one place;

Circuit of two or three lived among themselves in different places;

Breaking one, two or three lived without grounding;

A break of one, two or three lived with a grounding of torn off;

Open one, two or three lived with grounding of rough;

Swimming insulation test.

Before starting work on identifying the nature of damage, the cable line is turned off on both sides, check for the absence of voltage and perform its discharge by applying a ground for each phase. Most of the damage determines the measurement of the insulation resistance of each cable line vehicle with respect to the ground and between each pair of conductive livers.

To determine the location of the cable line, the damage zone is first highly distinted, and then it specifies the place to open the line. To detect the damage zone, relative methods are used, and the exact place of damage is determined by absolute methods. Relative methods include methods: pulsed, oscillatory discharge, loop and capacitive. To absolute - induction and acoustic.

Pulse methodbased on the parcel in the damaged line of the probing electrical signal and measuring the time interval between the moments of its supply to the line and the reflected impulse reflected. The pulse is reflected from the location of the lines of the line and the time of return of the pulse can be judged by the remoteness of the accident site from the location of the signal application.

The method of oscillatory dischargeit is based on measuring the period (or semi-period) of its own electrical oscillations in the cable arising at the time of the damaged cable when the test voltage is applied to it. The oscillation period is proportional to the distance to the place of damage.

Loop methodbased on measurements of resistance cable lived on both sides using a DC bridge. The difference in readings allows you to determine the place of damage.

Capacitive methodit is based on measuring the capacity of the parts of the torn vein (between each part of the vein and the shell) with the AC bridge at 1 kHz.

Induction methodbased on catching a magnetic field over the cable, which is passed through the audio frequency current (800 ... 1000 Hz). By moving along the cable, the receiving frame with a steel core, in the circuit of which the headphones are turned on through the amplifier, the electrical system finds the place of damage to the maximum level of the audio signal.

Acoustic method Based on listening from the surface of the land of sound oscillations caused by the spark discharge at the place of damage.

Currently, there are many devices and devices for detecting damage to the cable line based on the implementation of one or more specified methods.

3.1.1. The organizational structure of units operating on the operation of linear cable structures of local communication networks depends on the capacity and structure of the communication network, species and volumes of linear cable structures, as well as from local conditions and is determined by the heads of communication enterprises operating local communication networks.

3.1.2. Employees of the linear and cable facilities can perform the following main works:

Maintenance of linear cable structures;

Current repair of linear cable structures;

Supervision of organizations leading work on the construction, reconstruction and overhaul of linear cable structures;

Supervision of third-party organizations leading work in the security zone of linear cable structures;

Elimination of damage and accidents of cable lines;

Acceptance of newly built, reconstructed and capital repaired linear cable structures.

3.1.3. The work on the overhaul of linear cable structures should be carried out by a special group (brigade) or a contracting organization.

3.1.4. In accordance with Section 4.2, the rules for maintenance and repair of cable, air and mixed lines of communication "(M., GP TsNTI" INFORMSVYAZ ", 1996) on city telephone networks (GTS) with a capacity of up to 2000 ... 3000 numbers of work on The operation of linear cable structures is performed by a combined brigade, which includes cables-spiker and electrical system of sewer facilities.

The joint brigade performs all the main work on the operation of linear cable structures:

Maintenance and maintenance of linear cable structures;

Removal of damage and accidents of cable lines and cable sewage damage.

3.1.5. On the GTS with a capacity of 2000 ... 3000 rooms up to 50,000 rooms, the cable and sewer area, the exemplary structure of which is provided in Figure is organized in the operation of the linear cable structures in the linear workshop operation. five.

Fig. 5. Structure of the cable and sewer section of the linear workshop

3.1.6. As part of the cable-sewer sectors, two teams of cable cables are organized: a brigade to eliminate cable damage and a brigade for the current repair and sealing of cables, as well as a brigade of electrical components for servicing the sewer facilities of communication.

Thus, when organizing a cable-sewer section, when two or more brigades of spikers are possible, the method of separate maintenance of cable structures should be applied, in which work on the elimination of cable damage and maintenance and repair of cable structures perform individual brigades of spikers .

3.1.7. In the absence of cable damage and accidents, the brigade of cable-spikers to eliminate damage makes maintenance work or the current repair of cable structures.

3.1.8. The brigade to eliminate cable damage is responsible for:

Elimination of damage in the control deadlines;

Restlessness of cable damage in the control deadlines;

Repetition of damage;

Execution of a plan for recovery damaged pairs;

Quality of work performed;

Preservation of structures on the fixed area;

3.1.9. The brigade of spikers-spiker for the current repair and sealing of cables performs the following main works:

Maintenance of cable structures;

Current repair of cable structures;

3.1.10. The brigade on the current repair and sealing of cables is responsible for:

Execution of the work plan;

Quality of work performed;

Technical condition of structures on fixed areas;

Preservation of structures on fixed areas;

High-quality cable content under constant excess gas pressure;

The quality of acceptance of new and capital repaired cable structures;

Compliance with safety regulations.

3.1.11. The brigade for servicing sewer facilities of communication performs the following main works:

Maintenance of cable sewage facilities;

Current repair of cable sewage facilities;

Elimination of damage to cable sewage;

Technical monitoring of the preservation of cable-sewer facilities during the work of third-party organizations.

3.1.12. Brigade for servicing cable and sewer structures is responsible for:

Execution of the work plan;

Quality of work performed;

The technical condition of the sewer facilities of communication on the plots fixed behind the brigade;

Preservation of cable-sewer facilities on fixed areas;

Compliance with safety regulations.

3.1.13. On the GTS with a capacity of more than 50,000 numbers to operate linear cable structures, a linear cable workshop is organized, the approximate structure of which is shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. Structure of the linear cable shop

3.1.14. In the linear cable shop, as a rule, brigades of cable-spikers for servicing and repairing cable structures, brigade of cable-spikers for sealing cables and a brigade of electrical components for the repair of sewage constructions of communication are created.

3.1.15. The combined brigades for maintenance and repair of cable structures usually include two types of brigades (links): brigades (links) to eliminate cable damage and brigade (links) for maintenance and current repair of cable structures. Thus, in the linear cable workshop, as in the cable and sewer section of the linear workshop, the method of separate maintenance of cable structures is used.

3.1.16. Brigades (links) to eliminate cable damage perform the work listed in clause 3.1.7, and are responsible for fulfilling the requirements specified in clause 3.1.8.

3.1.17. The brigade (link) for maintenance and the current repair of cable structures performs the works specified in clause 3.1.9, and is responsible for fulfilling the requirements of those listed in clause 3.1.10, with the exception of the cable content under constant excess gas pressure.

3.1.18. In cases where the total number of brigades of cables-spiker on the network is more than 4 - 5 and one electromechanic is practically no possibility to lead them, cable structures are divided into technical regions.

3.1.19. The number of brigades allocated to eliminate damage to the entire territory of the city or technical district is determined by the total number of damage and local conditions.

In brigades to eliminate damage, the most qualified spiker cables are distinguished. The brigadier is appointed Montter of the highest discharge.

The task for elimination of damage to the brigade is obtained from the repair bureau or from the electromechanics.

3.1.20. Spiker cablers allocated to eliminate damage in free time (in the absence of damage) produce work to increase the insulation resistance of cables and restore damaged pairs in them, charging the end cable devices (boxes, cable boxes and junction boxes), as well as by individual tasks .

3.1.21. Maintenance and maintenance of cable structures should be made with their brigades.

Linear cable facilities of a network or technical area (on large GTS) should be divided into areas fixed behind individual brigades of spikers.

The capacity of the cable plot structures should be determined on the basis of the service standards provided for by standard standards, taking into account the allocation of individual monters to eliminate damage, as well as for maintenance and installation of cables under constant excess gas pressure.

3.1.22. Cable Sealing Brigade performs the following works:

Determination of the places of leaks of cable shells and install them under gas pressure;

Observation of the condition of cables contained under constant excess gas pressure.

3.1.23. Brigade for sealing cables is responsible for:

Qualitative performance of the work plan;

Constant reduction in the number of cables having a leakage shell;

Performing rules of operation when the cable content under constant excess gas pressure;

Implementation of safety regulations.

3.1.24. Electromechanics for servicing compressor signal installations (KSU) performs work on their operation and is responsible for the technical content of compressor signaling equipment.

The brigade of electrical installation of cable-sewer facilities performs the works specified in clause 3.1.11, and is responsible for compliance with the requirements listed in clause 3.1.12.

3.1.26. Employees of the technical supervision site for the safety of communication lines perform work to ensure the safety of linear cable structures and are responsible for:

Compliance with the rules for the protection of lines and constructions of communication Russian Federation"(M., 1995);

Timely presentation of notifications to third-party organizations on the presence of constructions of communication and the conditions for the production of works, as well as for the correctness of the reported information;

Ensuring control over timely and high-quality suspension cable sewage;

Linear cable structures damaged as a result of incorrect and late coordination and lack of supervision of their safety.

3.1.27. Operation of linear cable facilities rural telephone networks (STS) is made by operational and technical or district bond nodes, as well as enterprise communication enterprises or branches of enterprises, as part of which, as a rule, organized linear and technical workshops, linear and technical sites, linear and cable sites.

3.1.28. The organizational structure of divisions for the operation of the Line-Cable Facilities of the CTC mainly depends on the adopted method of operation of the Linear structures of the CTC, species and volumes of structures, as well as from local conditions.

3.1.29. Instructions on the organization of servicing linear cable structures of the STS during post-section (plot), centralized and mixed (combined) methods of operation of the Linear structures of the STS are given in section 4.3 "Maintenance and repair rules for cable, air and mixed local communication lines" (M., GP TsNTI "Informsvyaz", 1996).

3.1.30. The rights and obligations of officials of units for the operation of linear cable structures of local communication networks are determined by job descriptions developed on the basis of the structure of the company's enterprise or its branch, the volume of linear and cable structures and local conditions. Official instructions The heads of units should be approved by the head of the company's company or its branch, and on the other officials - the chief engineer.

Official instructions must contain the following sections:

General provisions;

Functions;

Duties;

A responsibility.

In the "General" section indicate: by whom the employee is appointed and exempt from office; Employee education and required knowledge defined by work; Employee relationships with other divisions and other employees.

Current service. To ensure normal and uninterrupted operation of electrical and underground optical, including in pipelines, cable lines and communication networks at distances of the alarm and communication, brigade are organized by the brigades of cables, cable movements and cchens, depending on the equipment and the presence of cable farms at a distance in the composition corresponding to the approved Technical standards.

Cable workshops are observed for the technical condition of cable lines and networks; Repair cables, end and intermediate devices, underground wells, boxes and cable sewage channels; Cable households are prepared for winter, and also eliminate damage in cables. When conducting planned and control electrical measurements of all types of cable at distances having large cable networks, an electromechanics or senior electromechanics are prescribed, and where there are control and measuring points (KIP), these measurements perform employees of the measuring group of the Kipa.

Planned measurements make it possible to identify the condition of cables and are the main material for the preparation of the plan. repair work.

To maintain cable in good condition, preventive measures, current and overhauls are carried out.

Preventive actions. Prevention is carried out throughout the year. It includes: a regular inspection of cable runs, all cable devices and eliminating detected defects; removal of surface waters flooding the part of the track; straightening and strengthening control points and frozen columns; Alignment of the relief of the cable route by subfolding and the dumping of the soil in the places of its precipitation; External inspection of anticorrosive installations; inspection of cable boxes, cabinets and boats; adjustment of spark gaps on sockets of arresters and cascade protection.

During the test of cables in cable wells, pay attention to the seats of the cable out of the channel and turn to the side. The cable in these places should be in a free state without tension. Next, check, on all places under the cable there are lead linings on consoles, the missing lining is set.

In distribution cabinets, cable kiosks and boxes check the fastening of boxes, plinths and cables suitable for boxes. Particular attention is paid to the state of cross-coating wires and their fastening. Carefully check the soldering cable to the pins of boxing. When oxidizing and greening soldering, these residentials immediately overpass.

Maintenance. Performance of work that do not require significant labor costs and materials is included in the current repairs. This type of work includes deepening and layout of the cable route; Coloring of measurement columns, control points, boxes of boxes, cable cabinets and drawers, coordinating and protective devices; replacement, raising or lowering hatches on cable wells; restoration of damaged plaster in the well; cleansing wells from garbage; Staining brackets, consoles, hatches, inner surfaces of covers.

At the current repair, shift the cable in wells and tunnels; eliminate the ohmic asymmetry of individual couples; replace the lead couplings and cable gloves who came to the unsatisfactory state; deepen cables on the shores of rivers and ravines; Strengthen the soil on the descents of the ravines, cleave shrubs in the security zone of the cable route; Check the condition of cable transitions at bridges and dams and eliminate the detected minor disadvantages; remount couplings; Insert small pieces of the cable, restore the repairs between the lead shells of the cable.

The current repair of cable structures is carried out throughout the year, and the outdoor work is carried out mainly in the summer, and the works indoors are in winter.

Overhaul. This repair is performed according to pre-compiled projects and shifts. The estimates include the replacement of individual sections of trunk cables with a reduced insulation resistance of cores and non-recoverable. Overhaul work is prepared in advance. In plan overhaul include repair work of local communication networks for stations, replacement of low insulation cables; Paste individual pieces of cable and replace air lines telephone communication Cable.

At distances having a telephone sewer, reorganize cable wells that have come to dye, restore damaged channels and additionally put the channels from asbestos-cement pipes.

The overhaul plan provides for the deepening of the cable trench in the individual areas, establish a cable for air pressure, carry out work on protection against electrical and soil corrosion with the turning on drainage, replace the measurement columns, repair or replace faulty boxes, hydro-isolate wells and so on.

Repair work performs, as a rule, in a stream. For certain types of work, the column is divided into groups (brigades), specialized by type of work. At the end of the repair work, the repaired section of the cable line accepts a specially appointed commission.

Operation of cable lines and networks in winter conditions. To ensure trouble-free operation of cable lines and networks in winter, before the onset of cold weather, a number of preventive measures and preparatory work are carried out.

First of all, they look at cable lines, networks and cable inserts, reveal the weakest and vulnerable places and eliminate detected defects. To establish the state of the acting cable, electrical measurements of cable circuits are carried out. Carefully check the state of the terminal cable devices (terminal couplings, boxes, cable boxes, bootlegins, etc.), the density of the adjunct door of cable boxes, since in the presence of cracks in the winter in the cable box can get the snow.

Inspect cable supports, subheadings and deception. If local telephone cables are laid in cable sewage, then before the onset of the cold, they are examined especially carefully.

They pay attention to the fact that there is no water in the channels and wells to be water, which in winter, freezing, can severely surpassed the cable laid in the canals and damage it. After inspecting the wells, the top covers of the hatches are smeared to prevent the water and dirt in the well during the autumn rains.

TO additional work Under the current maintenance of cable lines and networks in winter, it should be attributed to: cleaning from the snow of the hatches of cable wells, distribution cabinets and other cable reinforcement, which is outdoors, more thoroughly monitoring that the terminal clutches are protected, not appeared in the cable mass. Crackers due to strong ambient temperature fluctuations; Slide ice on submarine cables, if due to a significant reduction in the water level cable to the ice off the coast.

On cable and airlines having an insertion cable, inspect the state of these inserts and find out whether there is no danger of damage to the underwater cable with ice-rise.

Local hydrometeorological stations request the time of the alleged ice plant and the flood forecast. Cable supports that may be in the spill zone are strengthened. In those places where the underwater cable is laid and there is a danger of his damage, they are satisfied with the permanent duty of workers and special brigades provided by the emergency stock of materials, boats, etc. in the tracks of the route, where landslides and erosion of soil can occur, also take measures to prevent The occurrence of damage - arrange drainage and others.

It is important to carry out measurements of cable circuits on all cable lines and networks with spring onset, as they allow you to timely detect the locations of possible damage on the cable that occurred during the winter, and thereby prevent the damage to the cable.

Technical operation of the Volt.A feature of the technical operation of the Volt on railway transport is to resolve issues of organizing technical operation in part:

Organization of the service sector and ensuring it all necessary (equipment, machinery and mechanisms) for efficient operation;

Organizations and conduct with other services of emergency-restarting roads. It is known that the technology of emergency restoration work should be developed individually for each section of operation (this is due to the nature of the operation of the Volt, an electrified area of \u200b\u200bthe railway or not, a direct or alternating current);

Objectives for labor protection in matters of working with optical fiber, with new chemical reactors, etc.

The main guidance document governing the organization and procedure for the technical operation of primary networks of the mutually related network of the Russian Federation is the rules for the technical operation of primary networks of the mutually related network of the Russian Federation. Approved and entered into force on 01/01/99.

To organize the right technical operation of the Volt, technical staff, it is necessary to fulfill the requirements and instructions prescribed in them. Additionally, for employees of railway transport, the basic principles of the organization of technical operation of LCS Volt Zht are reflected.

The rules are mandatory for all operators, regardless of their departmental affiliation, as new technologies are implemented, comments and proposals for the rules.

The technical operation of the primary network of a separate operator is a set of methods and algorithms for maintenance (COM), which provide the organization and maintenance of established norms of any technical exploitation (OEO) under the required limits.

TECHNICAL OPERATION OPERATION OPERATIONS (OEE) includes technical equipment (TSE), which are an integral part of the connection in paths and transmission channels and having technical uses for exchanging control and management signals, as well as additional and special equipment and means designed to maintain the performance of TSE and (or) performing special functions, such as rechargeable batteries, diesel engines, specialization of information protection, etc.

Examples of OTE may be: linear paths of cable, radio relay, satellite and air transmission systems, / network paths, transmission channels, transmission lines and tractor multiplex and regeneration sections for CSP SCS, equipment and equipment of network nodes (stations), as well as their separate elements on the primary networks WSU of Russia.

Technical operation on primary networks of individual operators is carried out:

Technical replaceable and unmanned staff of LAZ;

Technical operation (CTE) for digital networks operating at each hierarchical level of the system of technical operation (STE) and organized on the basis of technical services of network operators;

Divisions of the operational maintenance system (SOTU) for analog and digital superimposed networks operating at each hierarchical level of STE and organized on the basis technical Services Network operators.

Technical operation is performed at:

Commissioning (certification);

Maintaining in a state of service in the process of operation (maintenance);

Restoration of performance (repair and tuning and repair and restoration work).

The technical operation process includes:

Measurement of performance;

Failure detection;

Signaling about failures and performance;

Reservation;

Restoration of health;

Preventive maintenance (PTO), carried out after certain time intervals or in accordance with the pre-established criteria and aimed at timely prevention of the possibility of refusing or deteriorating OPE;

Corrective maintenance (who), performed after the detection of the state of the inoperability of the OTE and aimed at restoring it to the state when the quality parameters are located within the established tolerances;

Managed maintenance (ITO), carried out by systematic application methods for analyzing the state of OEE using the operating tests of the operating characteristics of OEO, the means of managing quality management and fault management, and aimed at minimizing preventive maintenance and reduction of corrective maintenance.

The combination of these methods is used, then depending on the type of equipment. For modern TSE, the basic is the use of the ITO. PTO includes:

Periodic operational control;

Scheduled measurements of performance and repair and configuration work (RNR);

Planned replacement of equipment components;

Current maintenance of equipment and equipment. Who includes:

Episodic operational control;

Repair and restoration work (RVR) and PHR;

Measuring performance characteristics. Uto includes:

Continuous operational control;

Operational and technical control;

Control operations and switch to reserve.

Conducting emergency restoration work on the Volt

Emergency and restoration work includes works carried out in order to promptly restore the performance of the damaged cable line.

In the process of construction and operation of the VOLS, as well as symmetric and coaxial communication lines, may be damaged. The main causes of damage for cable lines of all types of general:

Mechanical when performing earthworks;

Defects of production, construction and operation; rodents; atmospheric electricity;

Movement of soil (collaps, swamming, vibration, etc.);

Natural disasters (floods, etc.);

Corrosion;

Intentional damage, etc.

The features of optical communication lines include a strong influence on the damage to factors such as fatigue destruction, corrosion of OB.

Characteristic damage to OK - disorders of the integrity of OS, cable hoseings, damage to the insulation of the DP chains.

The duration of emergency and restoration work is calculated from the moment of complete or partial termination of the communication to restore the ability of the damaged cable line to ensure the transfer of all linear paths involved at this time.

Emergency and recovery work should be carried out in the controls provided for by technological cards, taking into account weather and other conditions.

Technological maps make up the signaling and communication distance (SHC) and are approved by the Road Communication Service. Maps must be developed taking into account specific conditions and should be aimed at reducing the duration of downtime of communication channels and the duration of eliminating linear damage.

Emergency and restoration work is carried out by the workshops of linear cable structures and linear technical workshops (LTC). Direct leadership of work is carried out by the deputy chief or head of the Schch.

The overall coordination of the AVR is carried out by the main engineer of the SHC, and in the necessary cases (with large volumes and complexity of restoration work), the head of the WC or chief engineer with departure in emergency cases.

To help the division conducted by emergency restoration work, brigades of neighboring sites or LTZ should be involved independently of their affiliation to other Sch or roads.

Emergency and restoration work is organized immediately after receiving relevant information, must be carried out in volumes that ensure the restoration of the transmission systems in the shortest possible time, and continuously.

For operational recovery of bonds, there must be equipped with the necessary number of emergency reserves of cables, temporary cable inserts, single-panel devices, tools, measuring instruments, equipment, mechanisms and transport. The indicated emergency stock must be stored in specially designated indoors, emergency trailers or cars.

The composition of the emergency stock is approved by the chief engineer of the distances of the alarm and communication. The nomenclature and the number of materials, products and devices included in the emergency kit should be determined depending on the specific conditions of the track, the location of the CLCC and LTC, the conditions for the production of works, etc.

Replenishment of the emergency stock should be immediately carried out as it is spent.

Checks for the completeness and serviceability of the emergency kit should be carried out by the heads of the sections quarterly and after each case of emergency restoration work, which the entry should be made in a special journal.

Storage conditions and the state of the emergency stock must provide the possibility of its operational use at any time.

Transportation of devices on unequipped cars should be carried out in special packaging boxes that guarantee the safety of measurement tools.

If necessary, the enterprise should be equipped with assembly machines, mobile mobile radio relay stations, special plasquims, transport, etc.

The plans for the annual technical studies of the staff of linear and cable sites and production laboratories should fully provide for the study of issues necessary for successful emergency restoration work, including practical training with departure on the track.

If necessary, appropriate agreements with the management and division of civil aviation about the highlighting helicopter for the delivery of emergency brigades to the crash site are required.

For fast harvest The reducing brigade on each site is developed by the corresponding alert scheme. The procedure for collecting the brigade according to alert is approved by the head of the site.

The sequence of emergency restoration work, ensuring the operational effect of communication, in each case is determined by the head of restoration work.

On the planned disposal of the accident, the course of the accident and the difficulties arising, the Deputy Shch, the head of the community plot immediately report to the leadership, which is obliged to report on the measures taken by a higher organization.

When removing the accident on line-cable facilities, the presence of a permanent communication at all levels of management is.

In order to reduce the time of downtime of communication channels in emergency restoration operations, apply temporary active and passive inserts and solids of one-cable work. The decision to use these methods is made by the head of restoration work.

The transition to a permanent version of the work of linear cable structures is carried out only after a complete set of preparatory work, guaranteeing reliable operation of the cable line. After installing the constant insertion, all the necessary control measurements of the electrical and optical cable parameters must be carried out before switching links.

The return of restoration brigades from the line is allowed only after receiving confirmation of the normal operation of communication systems.

Emergency and restoration work on line-cable facilities should be carried out in accordance with the current rules and requirements of the network operational management system.

The weight of the accident on the linear cable structures of the main, road and local communications networks of JSC Russian Railways is to be investigated with the compilation of relevant acts.

The investigation of accidents is made by commissions, the composition of which is determined by the head of the NIS road. In all cases, the Commissions include the head or chief engineer of the enterprise, on the facilities of which an accident occurred.

The investigation into the particular major accidents on trunk cable lines is made by commissions appointed by the head of the road. If necessary, the Commissions include representatives of research and design institutions, as well as cable manufacturers.

With accidents on cable lines caused by third-party organizations, an investigation is being investigated with the preparation of a bilateral act on the causes of the accident.

In the process of investigation, it is necessary:

Reveal the cause and guilty in the emergence of the accident;

Find out the circumstances contributing to the accident;

Consider and evaluate: the organization of the work of the Deputy Shch for communication, LCCs on the liquidation of the accident and the preparedness of repair and recovery brigades;

The ability and efficiency of the actions of technical personnel participating in the elimination of the accident;

Accuracy of determining the site and location of the accident;

Efficiency and adequacy of used mechanization and transport;

Efficiency of used alarm prevention methods;

Determine the measures eliminating such accidents in the future.

The investigation materials accidents should include explanations of the heads of structural units and enterprises.

A emergency act should be drawn up on each accident on line-cable structures.

Emergency acts are drawn up in three copies, of which: one remains at the chief engineer or the head of the NIS, one at the head of the site, one in a five-day period after the emergency response, if necessary, or on request is sent to submit to the State Insurance Organization.

After eliminating the accident or damage, it is mandatory to introduce into the shortest possible application for the passport (tablet) of the cable route.

Enterprises, management and organization of communication should annually conduct a detailed analysis of the causes and progress of accidents, develop and implement activities aimed at improving qualitative indicators of technical operation of linear cable structures, improving their reliability and durability.