What are the examples of indexes. Postcode

After reading the numerous literature on the DBMS, some experience with MongoDB and the briefing of articles on databases I have ripe a desire to make Cheatsheet on indexes in relation to the database. And indexing is a fairly interesting section of the theory of databases, and most importantly - necessary in practice. In general, the golden of the indexing rule is to have an index for each request.

In order sorting

Ordered - Indices in which field elements (column) are ordered.

Increasing
Descending

Unordered - Indices in which elements are disordered.

By data source

Representation indices (View).
Indices by expressions - For example, in PostgreSQL.

By exposure to the data source

Noncluster Index - The most typical representatives of the index family. Unlike cluster, they do not rebuild the physical structure of the table, but only organize references to the corresponding lines. To identify the desired string in the table, the non-cluster index organizes special pointers, including: information about the identification number of the file in which the string is stored; identification number of the pages of the relevant data; The number of the desired row on the corresponding page; Content column.
Cluster index - The principal difference of the cluster index from other types of indices is that when it is determined in the table, the physical location of the data is rebuilt in accordance with the index structure. The logical structure of the table in this case is a rather dictionary than the index. The data in the dictionary is physically ordered, for example, alphabetically. Cluster indexes can give a significant increase in data search performance even compared to conventional indices. An increase in productivity is especially noticeable when working with sequential data.

By structure

B * -Derevia
B +-Codeveya
B-trees
Heashi.

In quantitative composition

Simple index (single key index) - Built one field.
Composite (multi-seated, composite) index - built by several fields. The procedure for following fields is important (for example in MongoDB).
The index with the included columns is a neclusterized index, which additionally contains in addition to key columns.
Main index (primary key index) - This is the index key, which is currently under the control of the table. The table cannot be sorted by several index keys at the same time. Although, if the same table is open simultaneously in several workspaces, then each copy of the table can be assigned to its main index.

According to the content characteristic

Unique index - consists of a set unique values Fields.
The dense index (NOSQL) is an index at which each document in the indexed collection corresponds to the entry in the index, even if there is no indexed field in the document.
Crack index (NOSQL) - The one in which only those documents are presented for which the indexed key has some definite value (exists).
Spatial index - Optimized to describe geographic location. It is a multi-seated index consisting of latitude and longitude.
Composite spatial index - An index that includes more than any meta-data (for example, tags). But geographical coordinates must stand in the first place.
Full-text (inverted) index - A dictionary in which all the words are listed and indicated in which places they meet. If there is such an index, it is enough to search for the desired words in it and then a list of documents in which they meet will immediately be obtained.
Hash indexes - suggests the storage of not the values \u200b\u200bthemselves, and their hash, which reduces the size (A, respectively, and increases the speed of their processing) indexes from large fields. Thus, when queries using HASH indexes, it will be compared to be compared with the field value, but hash from the desired value with the hash fields.
Due to the nonlinearness of hash functions, this index cannot be sorted by value, which leads to the impossibility of use in comparisons more / less and "IS NULL". In addition, since hashies are not unique, then the methods of resolving collisions are used for matching hasis.
Bitmap Index - The method of bit indices is to create separate bitmaps (sequence 0 and 1) for each possible column value, where each bit corresponds to a string with an indexed value, and its value is 1 means that the record corresponding to the bit position contains an indexed value for this column or properties.
Reverse Index - This is also a B-Tree index but with a reversed key used mainly for monotonously increasing values \u200b\u200b(for example, an auto-increment identifier) \u200b\u200bin OLTP systems in order to relieve competition for the last sheet of the index, because By turning the value, two adjustable index entries fall into different index blocks. It cannot be used for a range of search.
Functional (function-based) index ( calculated Index) - Index whose keys store the result of user functions. Functional indexes are often built for fields whose values \u200b\u200bare pre-processing before comparing in the SQL command. For example, when comparing string data without taking into account the symbol register, the Upper function is often used. Creating a functional index with Upper function improves the effectiveness of such comparisons. In addition, the functional index can help implement any other missing type of indexes of this DBMS (except for the bit index, for example, Hash for Oracle)
Primary index - Unique index on the primary key field.
Secondary index - index on other fields (except the primary key field).
XML index - a carved materialized representation of large binary XML objects (BLOB) in a column with an XML data type.

By the update mechanism

Completely rebuilt - When adding an element, the entire index is rebuilt.
Replenished (balancing) - When adding elements, the index is rebuilt partly (for example, one of the branches) and periodically balanced.

On the coating of indexed content

Fully covering (full) index - covers the entire contents of the indexed object.
Partial Index - This is an index constructed on a part of a table that satisfies the specific condition of the index itself. This index is designed to reduce the size of the index.
INCREATED (DELTA) index - The small part of the data (Delta) is indexed, as a rule, after a certain time. Used with intensive recording. For example, the full index is rebuilt once a day, and Delta-index is built every hour. In fact, it is a partial index by the time label.
Real-Time Index - Special view of the Delta index in Sphinx, characterized by a high construction rate. Designed for frequently changing data.

Indices in cluster systems

Global Index - index over all the contents of all shafts (sections).
Segment index - Global index on the Shard Key). Used to quickly define the segment (shard), which stores data in the query routing process in the database cluster.
Local index - index on the contents of only one sharant.

If there is inaccuracies, adjustments - write to comments. I hope someone will be useful this "cheat sheet".

Definition

Morse Index

Index Subgroups

Index (search engine)

Index (databases)

Wind-cold index

Postcode

Distribution Index

Stock index

Methods calculated exchange indexes

Dow-Jones Index

Russian stock indexes

Index - relative growth rate or reduction of aggregated economic parameters. Indexes are used to statistically study the status and dynamics of the economy.

Index (lat. Index - list, registry, pointer) - Number (and sometimes symbol or symbol set) element location in a set or indicator of activity, performance, development, or changes to anything.

1. In mathematics:

The upper (or lower) index is a number or symbol that is set to a little higher (or below) to the right of another symbol, for example AN, read "And Annna", is A with the lower index n.

Morse Index

Subgroup index

Cycle index

Operator index

2. In computer science:

Index ( information Technology), including search index

Index (search engine)

Index (base data)

Index Librorum Prohibitorum

Stock index

Wind-cold index

Postcode

Auto Room Index

Distribution Index

Citation index

Website Citation Index

Scientific Article Citation Index

Index / dossier for censorship (magazine)

3. In medicine

Body mass index

4. In the photo

The print on which is reduced in a strongly reduced form, a variety of pictures from a film or a digital carrier

Analytical index - an index, with which the result of the overall measurement of the complex phenomenon is disengaged in accordance with the individual components of this phenomenon or its factors.

An index number is an indicator of the ratio of one value with a certain basic value adopted for 100%.

Herfindal Index - an index measuring the level of influence on the market of one or more sellers. The index is calculated as the sum of the squares of the share of each seller acting on market. The Herfindal index allows you to take into account the degree of influence of the company dominating on market.

The index of Gini is an index of uneven income distribution, determined by the mapping of the Lorentz curve with a diagonal representing theoretical uniform distribution.

Morse Index

Morse index of a non-degenerate critical point P smooth function f on a variety M is equal to determining the dimension of the maximum of the subspaces of the tangent space TPM variety M at the point P, on which the hessian is negatively defined.

This definition also makes sense and for twice differentiated functions on an infinite-dimensional Banach manifold.

Subgroup index

The subgroup index in group G is the number of adjacency classes in each (right or left) from the expansions of the group G along this subgroup h (in an infinite case - the power of many of these classes).

The index of the subgroup H in the group G is usually indicated.

Index (search engine)

Indexing made by search engine - process of collecting, parsing and saving data In order to facilitate the fast and accurate search for information. The design of the index includes interdisciplinary concepts from linguistics, cognitive psychology, mathematics, computer science and physics. Alternative name for this process In the context of search engines designed to search for web pages on the Internet, is indexing the network

Popular engines focus on full-text indexing in online, documents of the natural language. Multimedia documents, such as video and audio and graphics, can also participate in the search.

Metapoisk machines will reuse other indices search services And do not store the local index, while search engines based on the trained pages are stored for a long time as an index and housings. Unlike full-text indexes, partially text services limit indexing depth to reduce the size of the index. Large services usually perform indexation in predefined temporary framework due to the required time and cost processing, while search engines based on agents build an index in real time.

The purpose of using the index - in improving speed and speed when searching for relevant documents on search query. Without an index, the search engine would have to scan each document in the housing, which would require a large amount of time and computing power. For example, while the index of 10,000 documents can be interlaced within milliseconds, the consistent view of each word at 10,000 large documents could take the clock. The additional storage required for storing the index, as well as a significant increase in the time required for its update, is a compromise for saving time when searching for information.

Index (databases)

Index (Eng. Index) - the database object created in order to improve the performance of queries. Tables in the database may have a large number of Lines that are stored in an arbitrary order, and their search for a given value by serial viewing table string per line can take a long time. The index is formed from the values \u200b\u200bof one or more columns of the table and pointers to the corresponding rows of the table and, thus, allows you to find the desired string for a given value. Acceleration of work using indexes is achieved primarily due to the fact that the index has a structure optimized by the search - for example, a balanced tree. Some DBMS expand the capabilities of indexes by introducing the possibility of creating indexes by expressions. For example, an index can be created by expression Upper (Last_Name) and, accordingly, will store links, the key to which will be the value of the Last_Name field in the upper case. In addition, indexes can be announced as unique and as unique. The unique index implements the integrity limit on the table, eliminating the possibility of inserting repetitive values.

Wind-cold index

The wind-cold index is a way to measure the rigidity of the weather, that is, the subjective sensation of a person while exposed to frost and wind on it.

The rigidity of the weather on the wind-cold index is calculated as follows: to the air temperature in degrees Celsius is added speed wind, multiplied by the coefficient of rigidity. For convenience of using various combinations of air temperature and speed wind Collected in the rigid weather table by wind-cold index.

Postcode

Postal index - a sequence of letters or numbers added to the postal address in order to facilitate the sorting of correspondence. Currently, the overwhelming majority of national email services use postal indices.

Distribution Index

An indicator characterizing the availability of the product in retail outlets. May be calculated for different types outlets (kiosks, stalls, open markets, networks, etc.), for various regions, cities, for various categories.

Example: Distribution Index "Wiki" in the Ice Cream category in St. Petersburg is 65%. This means that the brand "Vika" is sold in 65% of St. Petersburg stores, in which the ice cream category is presented (for sale).

Distribution index is calculated based on the registration of availability product In the sample of outlets, representatively reflecting the overall general set of outlets of the city (region, country). The general population is estimated by a sensing.

The concept of distribution and prices and price index is often used (DPI-Distribution & Price Index), in this case, together with the register of availability product In the outlets registered also price In this outlet.

Stock index

Stock index - composite change rate price A certain group of securities is the "index basket".

As a rule, the absolute values \u200b\u200bof the indices are not important. The index changes over time are greater importance, as they allow us to judge the overall direction of the market movement, even in cases where the stock prices within the "index basket" change in multidirectional. Depending on the sample of indicators, the stock exchange index may reflect some group's behavior. valuable papers (or other assets) or market (market sectors) as a whole.

Often, stock exchange indices are the basis of the same distinct financial instruments that are used for investment and speculative purposes.

Based on Dow Johns & Co. Inc. At the end of 2003, there were 2,315 stock exchange indices in the world.

At the end of the name of the stock indexes, a digit that displays the number of shares may be standing on the basis of which the index is calculated: CAC 40, INDEX NIKKEI 225, S & P 500.

The first exchange index was developed on July 3, 1884 in the US journalist Wall Street Journal, a famous financade, founder of the organization Dow johns "s index & Company Charles Dow. Index Dow "s index Transportation Average was calculated on the 11 largest transport companies USA. Today it includes 20 shipping companies.

Methods for calculating stock indexes

There are several methods for calculating stock indexes:

Method medium arithmetic simple (unfastened)

Method medium geometric (composite)

Method average arithmetic suspended

Method medium geometric suspended

The middle arithmetic method is calculated as follows: the prices of all assets included in the index are folded and divided by the number of assets. This method It is the easiest. Its disadvantage is that it does not take into account the weight of each asset. Currently, this method is calculated by the indices of the Dow-Jones Index.

A slightly more complicated method using a divisor. For example, S & P 500 - It is a weighted average for capitalization of prices of five hundred leading American companies divided into some fixed coefficient (divisor). The divisor is selected so that at the time of the historical start of the calculation of the index (base date) its value was equal to any convenient number (basic value). Giving shares different scales The index is done in order to larger firms They had a greater impact on the value of the index, but this is not a mandatory rule.

Some stock exchange indices are calculated as indices of total income into capital. It is assumed that the dividend obtained income Immediately reinvested in stock. An example of such an index is the DAX index - the most important stock exchange index of Germany.

Dow-Jones Index

Dow-Jones Index - Middle Shares of the Group of Largest Companies USA. The index is published company "Dow-Johns An Index & Company"And represents the average-parent daily quotations at the time of closing the exchange. Dow-Jones indexes are distinguished for shares of utility, industrial and transport companies.

The Dow-Jones index serves as an indicator of the current economic situation of the United States and reflects the reaction of American business circles to various economic and political events.

Dow-Jones municipal index - the average motion of the flow of shares of 15 gas and power supply companies.

The composite index of the Dow-Jones is an indicator on the basis of industrial, transport and utility indices of Dou-Jones.

The Dow-Jones transport index is an average characterizing the movement of prices for shares of 20 transport corporations.

Industrial index Dow-Jones (English Dow Johns Industrial Average, DJIA), (NYSE: DJI) - one of several stock indexes created by the editorial index Dow-Jones founder organizations dow johns "s index & Company Charles Dow (English Charles Dow).

Dow-Jones is the oldest among existing American market indices. This index was created to track the development of the industrial component of American stock markets.

The index covers the 30 largest US companies. The prefix "industrial" is a tribute to history - now many of the companies included in the index do not belong to this sector. Initially, the index was calculated as the arithmetic average price for shares of companies covered. Now, a scalable average is used to calculate - the amount of prices is divided into a divider, which changes whenever the stock inductors are crushed (split) or combining enterprises (consolidation). This allows you to maintain the comparability of the index, taking into account changes in the internal structure of the shares of it.

The first index options appeared in 1884 and covered the prices of shares of nine railway and two industrial companies. This index version has not been published and served for internal analysis. For the first time, the index was published on May 26, 1896 already as "industrial". At that time, the index was the average arithmetic share of shares of 12 American industrial companies, of which only General Electric presented in the current version of the index (its presence interruptions in the index from September 1898 to April 1899 and from April 1901 to November 1907). In addition, the initial index was included:

American Cotton Oil Company, BestFoods Predecessor, Today is a part of the company Unilever

American Sugar Company, now Domino Foods, Inc.

American Tobacco Company, divided in 1911

Chicago Gas Company, purchased by the organization PEOPLES GAS LIGHT & COKE CO. In 1897 (now PEOPLES ENERGY CORPORATION)

Distilling & Cattle Feeding Company, now Millennium Chemicals

Laclede Gas Light Company, existing under the name of The Laclede Group

National Lead Company, Now NL Industries

North American Company, divided in 1940

Tennessee COAL, IRON AND RAILROAD COMPANY, Bought U.S. Steel in 1907

U.S. Leather Company, ceased existence in 1952

U.S. Rubber Company, renamed Uniroyal in 1967 and purchased by Michelin in 1990.

In 1916, the number of companies increased to 20, and from October 1, 1928 - to 30. When rotation, one or two organizations are usually replaced at the index at a time. The most "stormy" time was at the beginning of the 1930s of the 20th century: on July 18, 1930, seven companies were replaced at the index, and on May 26, 1932 - eight. There were two periods of 17 years old (1939-1956 and 1959-1976), when no changes occurred in the structure of the index.

The first published index value was 40.94. On November 14, 1972, the index first exceeded the mark 1000 (1003.16). In the 80s and, especially, in the 90s, a rapid growth of the index was observed. On November 21, 1995, he first overcame the bar at 5,000 (5023.55), and on March 29, 1999, the mark of 10,000 (10,006,78) remained behind. Just a month later, on May 3, 1999, the index reached 11,014.70. His maximum - a mark of 11 722.98 - Dow Jones reached January 14, 2000. Then there was a sharp drop in the index and October 9, 2002 DJIA reached an intermediate minimum with a value of 7286.27.

The largest collapse of the index occurred in the "Black Monday" of 1987, when Dou-Jones loss Djia., 6%. In the first trading day after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the index lost 7.1%.

Disadvantages:

1. The peculiarity of the Dow-Jones index is that it shows the average current stock prices without their comparison with the basic value. Therefore, the index should be considered in comparison with some kind of value adopted as a basis for comparison (to a specific date).

2. One of the essential drawbacks of the Dow-Jones index is the method of calculation - when calculating the index, the prices of the shares of the incoming stocks are folded, and then they are divided into correction coefficient. As a result, even if one organization is noticeably less capitalizationThan the other, but the cost of one share is higher, it is stronger to the index. Even a large percentage change in the price of a relatively cheap stock can be leveled by insignificant as a percentage change in the price of a more expensive share.

3. Encompassing only 30 companies, the Dow-Jones index is badly appropriate for the role of the general activity index. stock market. For objectivity, along with the Dow-Jones index, the index is sometimes used S & P 500.

Russian stock indexes

Russian stock indexes are young as stocks and bods market. At the same time, the number of them is growing, and the method of calculation progresses. Their number increases primarily by the emergence of industry indices. So now exchange Calculate indices of shares of oil, metallurgical, energy, telecommunication companies. In the future, the emergence of shares of banking (financial) sector. In addition, investors can evaluate the state of a certain industry according to these indices, industry indices are also practical value. In the near future, we should expect the emergence of index effects on stock industry indices. At the same time, the situation with indices characterizing the state of the Russian Stock Exchange is essentially stable.

RTS index. Calculated as weighted capitalization The index of the most liquid shares of Russian issuers admitted to trading to the stock market RTS. The index is calculated from September 1, 1995. When calculating capitalization, the number of shares in free circulation is taken into account.

In 2005, the procedure for calculating the index was changed - it began to be calculated in real time, which allowed for Forts (the section of the fixed market in RTS) Start trading a futures transaction to the RTS index, and subsequently options.

This tool was very in demand by speculators and quickly became the turnover leader on Forts. The RTS index is still based on the "classic" RTS, where occurs trade Shares for the American dollar.

Many do many questions about what you need a zip code for? This digital cipher is most often used by most people automatically when sending parcels and letters, when making numerous purchases over the Internet. Its importance is often realized only when due to the incorrectly written index disappears the long-awaited package or an important letter does not come too long.

What is it and what is it for?

The postal code is a special combination of numbers established by the Law of the Russian Federation, which is indicated on the letter, postcard, sending or in the order form. With it, the post of manual work is optimized: the amount of manual labor is minimized, the efficiency of sorting is increased, delivery is accelerated, the risk of errors when moving parcels and letters is reduced, the likelihood that the mail will receive the correct addressee increases.

Indexes are written with special angular numbers, such a format is easier to read with computers. For the convenience of the sender for letters and blanks, samples of spellings are applied, as well as a form of thin dotted lines. Therefore, to fill this graph, special skills are not needed, sufficient accuracy and care. It must be remembered that the error or the absence of an index can lead to a loss of departure or a strong delay. The numbers are allowed to write ink in any color, excluding green, red and yellow.

History

At all times, people exchanged messages. From the speed and accuracy of the transfer of information sometimes depended on life. Signal lights were used, races, dogs, birds, passing caravans and ships. Persians lined up thousand people of people, arranging them within hearing. Using roll-calling, the messages were transferred to long distances. Especially accuracy differed by postal pigeons with a phenomenal ability to find their home.

Evolutionary jump forward was the introduction of a telegraph in the first half of the XIX century. But he still could not cope with the information flow of a rapidly developing humanity. His postal services did not cope with him, they needed obvious improvements. With the growing volumes of letters and parcels helped cope invention of the mail index. This elegant solution ordered the work of the post office, and over time, played a role in its automation.

Indexing in Russia

The postal indexation first appeared in the USSR in 1932. Experimental use of the index began in Soviet Ukraine and successfully continued until 1939, when World War broke out. The indices were canceled, apparently, in order to national security.

For the second time they began to apply all over the Soviet Union. In 1971, the global indexation of the whole country was carried out. Rooms were assigned to every post office. Since then, on each parcel, greeting card Or the sender's letter was obliged to specify a digital index. This was done in many ways due to the fact that the postal services began to apply for the processing of the vehicle administration at the time of the machine.

How to decipher?

In the form, in which an index is used now, it is approved in 1998. Postal division in our country comply with administrative. Today, the Russian postal code is a natural sequence of six digits, AAAVAV format. AAA - a numerical code, which is assigned to the cities of the republican, regional or regional value. Large subjects of the federation and megalopolises have several codes. BBB - numerical code, which is assigned to each post office in a specific city.

For illustration. The following information is encrypted in the index 414042: 414 - Code of the city of Astrakhan, 042 - Post Office No. 42, which is located on the avenue of wallets and serves houses in the district. Other examples: 685007, 685 - Code Magadan, 007 - Department of Mail No. 7, serving houses on Amonnal Street; 241027, 241 - Code of Bryansk, 027 - post office serving the building on K. Marx Square.

How to find out the postal code?

In our century of the developed Internet, it's easy. There are three common ways to determine the postal index.

First. Call or go to the post office. This method is suitable if you need to learn the index of a certain branch, which is not far. However, in the mail employees will give information about any address, because they have relevant reference books.
Second. Use the reference program. Convenient I. detailed program is 2GIS. With it, you can quickly determine the address of almost any building in Russia. To find out which zip code from the right home, you just need to find it on the map and click on it.
The third. The easiest I. fast way - Find through any search engine on the Internet a reference book indicating all Russian postal indexes. The main thing is to find a fresh directory. The fact is that the indices are very much, there are constantly changes in their base that are not significant, but still it is desirable to use the most relevant information to eliminate errors.

And remember that the index should always be indicated. This affects the shipping rate.

We write the index numbers on the envelope correctly.

Proper writing the index numbers on the mail envelope is definitely a condition if you want a letter to come to the addressee quickly.

Why is it so important? The fact is that the manual sorting of letters is trying to minimize, so special is used more often for processing automated tools. And the index numbers allow the machine to quickly determine where the letter is sent.

What index write on the envelope

The index is also specified for the recipient for the recipient. But in the index field for an automated sorting (usually in the lower left corner of the envelope) indicates the recipient index. If you specify your index there, the letter may stay for a long time on sorting until it is handled manually.

How to write the index numbers

Here is an example of writing numbers on the envelope:

The numbers can be filling in any color, except red, yellow and green. What is the reason for such a restriction - I do not know, but this is indicated in the rules of Russian Post. Perhaps automated equipment determines these colors as service or something like that. Therefore, a black or blue handle can be written the index completely calmly.

How to write an index on international envelopes

The recipient index on the envelope for the international letter should be specified in the corresponding recipient field and more anywhere. Special fields, like on envelopes for internal letters, there is no. More precisely, international envelopes look like this:

Figures 555 mean that the envelope is international. The letter will be delivered abroad, and there are already local postmen will understand who to deliver the envelope.

Sample postal index

Write postal indexes teach almost with kindergarten. However, does someone remember how these numbers are written. Especially for this occasion on the site lay out the sample of the mail index.

When filling the recipient's post index, make sure that everything is written there. In the same city, there may be different postal codes. In one case, the letter will get straight to the local mail of the recipient. And in another case, the same letter can get to the main compartment of the mail, which can be 20 kilometers from the addressee.

To see a sample writing of the mail index, click on the picture attached to the article. Or just look below:

A sample writing of the index numbers is a great option.

Description:

Registration number one (1). Published on 10/15/2012 - 15:49 - Matfonova Natalia Nikolaevna. For sorting mailings Russian Post applies automated technologies. To see a sample writing of the mail index, click on the picture attached to the article. Below is a sample of writing the digits of the index. Prices from all Russian stores in one place. Sample of writing the digits of the index. This material is designed to show a sample of spelling numbers. Mail? Left and? NDEX is a sequence of letters or numbers added to the postal address in order to facilitate the sorting of correspondence, including automatic. However, does someone remember how these numbers are written. The guy was tensely silent for some time, then molded the index.

Sample filling envelope

Already, no one hundred years of envelopes remain a favorite way to deliver letters and documentation. However, in the era of modern digital technology And the interactive communication, many of us have already forgotten how to fill the envelope correctly. First of all, the information on the mail envelope must be completed neatly with compliance with certain rules. In any post office there is a sample of filling the envelope to which you can rely on when sending letters.

1. Language. When sending correspondence within the Russian Federation, the envelope must be filled in Russian. If you need to send an email to another country, write the address to english language. At the same time, focus on the sample of filling the envelope for letters abroad. If necessary, you can duplicate the data in the language of the recipient country (German, French, etc.), while the availability of information in English is required.

2. Address. Proper writing addresses on the envelope can shorten the deadline for sending a letter. If you pay attention to the sample of filling the envelope, you can notice that the sender's address is located in the left upper cornerand the recipient - in the right bottom of the envelope. The address is filled in the following order: FULL NAME, postal address (street, house, district, area / edge, settlement), index. For recipients and senders, the procedure for writing the address is identical.

3. Accuracy. The address must be written in a broken handwriting, better by printed letters. Stripping, corrections, spelling errors in writing the address are not allowed. For competent data fill, pay attention to the sample of the envelope fill.

Writing addresses on envelopes is a responsible and time consuming step when sending letters. And how to be in that situation, if you send not one letter, but spend a multi-year newsletter? In this case, it is advisable to use specialized software For printing envelopes. For example, the "Postal Envelopes" editor from AMS Software is a convenient and high-quality program for printing envelopes and the organization of mailings. The user only needs to make information about senders and recipients, select the desired format template and print the finished envelope. The program includes a built-in envelope fill sample, and all fields are entered automatically from the database. The product is equipped with a friendly Russian-speaking interface and detailed reference materials, which provides easy and comfortable work in the program.

If you carefully look at the sample of filling the envelope, the so-called code stamp is located in its left lower part. It contains the recipient's postal index recorded by stylized numbers. These numbers can be recorded in ink of any color, with the exception of yellow, green and red. Otherwise, the letter will not be allowed to sort. You can see the sample filling of the code stamp in the picture.

Sample mailing

Attention! The speed of sending your departure on trunk mail routes directly depends on the proper execution of mail.

On the internal mailing and accompanying forms to mailing, as well as on postage forms, postal addresses are written in the following sequence:

name of the sender or addressee (for a legal entity - full or short name, for a citizen - surname, name, patronymic)

street Name, Home Room, Apartment Room

name of settlement (city, settlement, etc.)

name of the Area

name of the Republic, Territory, Areas, Autonomous Okrug (Region)

name of the country (for international postal items)

postcode.

sample Writing Index Number

Sources:
,

The following documents:

Service note on a business trip Sample Writing
Sample writing a member for a student

What we take into account

Be sure to consider:

Language. To correspondence reached the addressee within Russian FederationThe envelope is filled in Russian. If you need to send a letter to another state, the address should be written in English. Examine a sample of filling out correspondence abroad. If necessary, duplicate information in the language of the recipient's state, but the data in English is mandatory.
Address. The correct writing of the address is likely to reduce the delivery time of the letter. According to the sample, the address of the sender is in the upper left corner of the envelope, and the recipient - in its lower right. When writing an address, the name is indicated, the full mailing address and index. For the recipient and sender, the procedure for writing the address is the same.
Accuracy. Write an election address, better - printed letters. Unacceptable corrections, overclocking, spelling errors. To fill in the counts correctly, check with the sample.

Address

Writing the address is a responsible stage of registration of correspondence. If you need to exercise a multitude of letters, it is advisable to use specialized programs for printing envelopes. For example, the editor "Postal Envelopes" from AMS Software - high-quality, convenient program For printing envelopes and mailing. You only need data on senders and recipients; The desired format pattern is selected, the finished envelope is printed. The program includes a sample of filling the envelope, and the fields are entered from the base automatically. Russian-language interface and detailed reference material provide ease and convenience in working with the program.

In the lower left part of the mail envelope there is a code stamp containing the recipient's zip code, which is written by stylized numbers.

Figures can be written in ink of a certain color: yellow, green and red are not allowed. Because of them, the letter will not fall on sorting. Therefore, it is better to choose a blue or black paste.

How to write an index in Russia

IN different countries The number of numbers in the mail index is different. In the Russian Federation there is a 6-digit postal indexing system.

Three first digits talk about belonging to a particular region, the last three are the number of such a post office, branch of communication. Thus, the index on the mail envelope is a kind of departure identifier.

Using sorting devices, correspondence is divided by the place of departure. Therefore, writing the zip code is correct. They write it on the field of the main text, and then duplicate on special fields defined by points.
The height of the points coincides with the height of scanning devices. The index is written on a clear writing scheme indicated on the circulation of an envelope. It is necessary to write so that the devices easier read the necessary information.
To write a postal index, it is recommended to choose inks that are not blurred due to the impact of moisture.
Decorative envelopes or envelopes issued on the occasion of the holiday usually do not have a special field to indicate the index. This complicates the correct writing of the numbers, which means that the delivery of the letter is hampered. Post Office recommends using standard envelopes.

Index in international letters

In this case, the recipient index is indicated in the corresponding field once. The figures 555 suggest that the postal envelope is international and will go abroad.

Conclusion

From the correctness of the address writing, the speed of processing and delivery of the letter depends, and therefore the federal mail statement calls not to ignore the rules and the order of filling the corresponding fields:

For the subject - FULL NAME; For JUR. Persons - full or abbreviated name, street name, house number and apartments (or a / me).
Locality.
District.
Republic, Region, Area, Autonomous District.
Country (for international letters).
Index.

Address data must be written picking up or print by typographical way (possibly with the help of printed equipment). The font size should be at least 11 pt (4 mm), for the index numbers - 13-14 PT (5 mm). Print letters are recommended. The address of the addressee and the sender of the postal departure within Russia is indicated in Russian.

Often, people, rarely send or completely unregistered letters, postcards, parcels, do not know how to write a mailing address.

We will discuss this moment, at the same time consider examples of how to fill the envelope or an empty blank.

All about the recipient index

What is meant under the postal address? Imagine that you want to send a letter to a close friend to Ilino village, which is located in thirty kilometers from the district center. You yourself live in Moscow. Suppose you know exactly a friend's address, but this is not enough. On the envelope and in the blank for parcels there is a field with writing six digits. It is very important to know which postcode to the address. It is the same six digits that should be prescribed first. Without an index (code stamp) parcel, parcel, simple or registered letter, mail employees will not accept. Therefore, be sure to learn exactly which index of the district mail, which is engaged in sending letters to the village of Ilino. Here you need to be attentive, since if you write the index of another post office, then the letter may not reach at all. The post office works only with the addresses that are closest to it. There are exceptions when you have to link from the erroneous compartment in the right one.

And now consider an example of a postal address, after writing an index that is written twice. By the way, it is worth noting this moment, because often people sending a letter for the first time, confuses the fact that two fields are printed on the envelope: one below, immediately under the address, the second - from the bottom in the form of printed digits. You need to fill in the small window, and the large one and the same index number. On the back of the envelope there is a sample, how to properly prescribe numbers.

Sender and recipient

On the envelope, as well as on the package or package with the parcel there are rows with the phrases "from whom" and "to whom." It is quite clear that the one who sends the letter must write its own address for mailing in the form with the inscription "from whom." Accordingly, the one who deals with the shipment is the sender. As a rule, when sending the parcel, a check is issued with the address of the sender and the recipient, as well as the cost of shipment, by the mail identifier. But now only the sender and recipient are now interested. Thus, the recipient is the one who sends the parcel or letter.

It is very important to understand this, since the question can ask, for example: "Do you know the address of the recipient?" Or ask who is the sender.

How and what to fill the address

The postal address is a responsible moment when sending letters and parcels. In no case should this not allow the data to be blurred or erased. In addition, writing is needed by a broken handwriting and large font.

Therefore, it is unacceptable to fill the envelopes with a pencil or bright handles, felt-meters. It is recommended to use gel, ball, black or blue feathers for filling the paper envelope. When sending the parcel in the company's corporate package "Mail of Russia" or on a blank with a glossy surface, it is advisable to use a black marker, resistant to moisture and friction.

What is the address written

Earlier we mentioned mostly writing and sending. Now you should list postage types to navigate what service to order by mail.

Let's start with letters. In the envelope, you can send a postcard, several sheets with text or pictures, photos and cuts from newspapers. That is, small and flat items, but not representing material value (money, documents, photocopies of the passport, etc.). How to write an address on the mail envelope so as not to spoil what inside? It is advisable to sign an envelope while it is empty. Only then invest the necessary items.

If you need to send a larger items, for example, one small book, a DVD or calendar, then you should ask the postal service operator to send a banderoli. Larger items are sent to the packet in the package or box. When filling out the package, you must first write the right postal address, and then put items and seal it.

Custom letters also require proper filling. They are most often designed to send securities, so you should know the exact address and full name. Recipient. Also be sure to write your return address.

The order of filling out the form with the address

Now let's understand the sequence of filling the address. It is accepted first to write the name, name and, if possible, the patronymic of a person who sends the letter. For example, "Sergeyev Ivan" or "Sergeyev Ivan Alekseevich". Permissible to write initials. Letters come immediately in mailbox without notice.

Next in the line "Address" We write the street and house (if private sector) Or the street, house, body / structure (if available), apartment / room. The data must be accurate, and the numbers are clear. It is impossible to allow, for example, the number "7" read as a figure of "1", otherwise the postman may be mistaken and send a letter is not where necessary.

Then the name of the settlement is written (for example, the village of Pine Towns of the Ostashkovsky district of the Tver region). It is allowed to write the address in another sequence: area / edge, district / regional center, settlement, street and house. You can also cut the "district" - "Rn", and the "region" - "region" etc.

You should once again recall that you will definitely recognize which postcode to the recipient's address, you also need to know yours in case unsuccessful attempt delivery.

Examples of addresses

Above you studied how letters and parcels are filled out for private citizens. Now consider the nuances of filling the shipments to the servicemen and legal entities. Below is an example of a postal address for a letter of a soldier.

We only note that the company is meant under the leafer. For example, the soldier serves in a sports company and his listers of his company - "A". Be sure to write F.I.O. Soldier.

Next, consider a letter to the enterprise. If the organization has no subscriber box (a / me), the address is written to a specific department, a specific official. Accordingly, FV is indicated.

The importance of writing these Full name Recipient

The postal address is an integral task of the sender, in addition, it is necessary to indicate the surname, name and patronymic, as its in the column "from whom" and in the column "To". This is especially true of parcels and custom letters with parcels. The fact is that in the mailbox to the recipient (addressee) comes not to the sending or a registered letter itself, but only notice. It needs to be filled (the recipient should enter his passport data), then with the notification and passport to come to the mail. If F.I.O. Do not coincide, the parcel or registered letter may not be handed.

Does it be necessary to write your address?

Some people make a mistake when the letter is left without a return address. Also can not send the parcel without writing its index, city, street and house. The fact is that letters and parcels may not reach the recipient, for example, a student left one hostel to another or soldier translated from one military unit to another. In this case, the letter returns to the recipient's post office, then with the mark "The recipient is missing at the specified address" returns to the sender.

You learned that the postal address is the key to the subject and the letter reached the right person. Without the index and accurate coordinates of the recipient, the letter or package simply will not reach and will be returned to the "native" post office over time. It is worth noting that without the letter index and the parcel is invalid, as well as without a full address.