Types of television of television broadcasting. Types of televisions and their differences

Types of television

In the form of a television signal transmission, modern television can be divided into essential, cable and satellite. Each of each of them is their advantages and disadvantages from the point of view of information impact on consumers.

Etheric Television distributes a signal using ground-based repeater stations. This type of television is most common in Russia today. When they talk about television as a whole, most often meant the essential television.

Television achieves such a number of audience that does not reach any other means - neither radio or newspapers and magazines, nor the Internet. The number of watching television is calculated by millions of man.

Television can be covered as a certain region and the whole country, and even the whole world.

Television acts quickly, at all the audience at once.

Although television does not allow to achieve narrow target groups, yet it can be "out" to a specific audience. Children can be achieved through cartoons. Farmers - through agricultural transmissions. Housewives - through afternoon soap operas and a talk show. Men - through sports programs. Etc.

Due to the fact that television affects the vision and hearing of a person immediately, it can not only tell, but also show with sound, in motion, in color. Television offers wide opportunities for creativity. With the help of the camera, you can give an audience anywhere, and show her a lot. Thus, television information seems to give a person the opportunity to appreciate the proposed one with his own eye (and hearing). In this regard, the viewer can make a wide idea of \u200b\u200bthe company, about its product or service. Television proved how convincing his power influence on human behavior.

Television has some prestigiousness. After all, it is usually shown by famous people, talk about the most significant achievements. People easily remember those seen on television.

It should be borne in mind that with all the advantages of television, he has certain disadvantages. In connection with the limitations of the information space, get to the television screen is very difficult.

The audience of television is not particularly attractive for many companies, as consumers of telephony - this is mainly children, housewives, retirees; Young people often give preference to radio, and serious businessmen draw basic information from newspapers. Most of all the TV has illiterate and unemployed.

On television, it is very difficult to send information to target audience. Some and the same programs can watch a very wide range of people.

With all this there are great difficulties in the effective coverage of viewers. People often switch channels, trying to find something more interesting. And the channels are becoming more and more.

Cable Television is the opposite of essential from the point of view of the selection of the audience. Cable TV is not focused on a mass audience, but to meet the diverse needs of the audience. In this regard, there is a huge variety of specialized cable channels: sports, entertainment, informational, film, children, family, etc. They all exist, to a greater extent, due to the paid subscription of their audience.

Getting to cable local television is much easier than on the ethereal. But due to the fact that the signal applies to wires, and not all sign on cable television, it is impossible to achieve each in the desired territory. Cable television, in comparison with the ethereal, a smaller general audience.

Often, despite the fact that people have home cable television with a huge selection of programs, they prefer to watch the main channels essential television. In this regard, the ratings of cable television programs are usually significantly lower than the ratings of air television programs.

Satellite Television broadcasts using a satellite, "suspended" in an near-earth orbit. The signal is accepted by viewers on the individual antenna "plate".

The advantages of satellite television can be attributed to the audience, to which the essential and cable television is "not getting" geographical, economic or technical reasons. It is also worth noting that the audience of cable television is a solvent audience. After all, to buy a set for satellite television is not for everyone to pocket.

1. Concept of television

2. Coming television

3. Development prospects television.

4. Features and style of Russian television

5. Disadvantages of television.

6. Development digital television in different countries

Experience in the introduction of digital television.

- Prospects for the further development of the CTT.

7. The impact of the television market on the market infrastructure.

The influence of television on the political and economic situation.

- Infrastructure market and infrastructure TV and radio broadcasting.

8. Generalized analysis of the financial condition of non-state television.

Television is(Greek. τήλε - far and lat. Video - I see) (from Novolatin Televisio - Foreignation) - communication system for broadcasting and receiving a moving image and sound at a distance.

A television - Science area, Iculture techniques associated with transferring images of moving objects using radio-electronic devices.

A television - One of the most massive means of disseminating information (political, cultural, scientific, educational, educational) and one of the main means of communication used in scientific, organizational, technical, etc. Application purposes (for example, in systems of dispatching and monitoring in industry and on transport, in cosmic and nuclear research, in military business, etc.).

Concept of television

The principle of transmitting image images is as follows. The transmitting station is converted to a sequence of electrical signals. These signals are then modulated by oscillations produced by a high-frequency generator. The modulated electromagnetic wave transfers information over long distances. The receiver produces a reverse transformation. High-frequency modulated oscillations are detected, and the resulting signal is converted to a visible image. For the transfer of movement, the film principle is used: a slightly different image of a moving object (frames) transmit tens of times per second (in our television 50 times).

The image of the frame is converted by the transmitting vacuum e-tube - iconkop into a series of electrical signals. In addition to the iconoscope, there are other transmitting devices. Inside the iconkop is a mosaic screen, to which an object image is projected using an optical system. Each cell of the mosaic is charged, and its salary depends on the intensity of the light falling on the cell. This charge changes when the electron beam created by the electron gun is hit. The electronic beam consistently falls on all elements first one line of mosaic, then another line, etc. (Total 625 lines). From how much the cell is changed, the current of the current in the resistor R. Therefore, the voltage on the resistor varies in proportion to the change in the illumination along the frame rows.

The same signal is obtained in the television receiver after detection. This is a video signal. It is converted into a visible image on the screen of the receiving vacuum e-tube - a kinescope. The electronic gun of such a tube is equipped with an electrode that controls the number of electrons in the beam and, consequently, the glow of the screen at the place of the beam. Horizontal and vertical deviation coil systems cause an electronic beam to carry the entire screen in exactly the same way as the electronic beam ran out a mosaic screen in the transmitting tube. The synchronization of the motion of the rays in the transmitting and receiving tubes is achieved by sending special synchronizing signals.

Televasional radio signals can only be transmitted in the range of ultrasound (meter) waves. Such waves are usually dischanging only within the limits of the direct visibility of the antenna. Therefore, to cover the television broadcasting of a large area, it is necessary to place teleceptors more often and raise their antennas above. The Tower of the Ostankin Teletozer in Moscow is 540 m high. Provides a confident taking of telecasts within a radius of 120 km. Currently, the television network in our country There are several thousand broadcasting stations; Their programs take about 100 million televisions.

The zone of confident television reception is continuously increasing, especially due to the use of relay satellites.

To obtain a color image, the transmission of three video signals carrying the components of the image corresponding to the main colors (red, green, blue).

Coming television

Gone xx century Gave humanity atomic energy, artificial satellites, personal computers and many other scientific and technical achievements, large and small. Among them, television broadcasting is most important to solve information, cultural, propaganda and military tasks (remember, during the well-known events in Kosovo in April-May 1999, Yugoslavia telecentrators were recognized as "defense facilities" and amazed by NATO missiles along with the factories, Power plants, gas storage facilities and bridges).

The development of the ideas of electrical transmission of images from the very beginning was international. By the beginning of the twentieth century in eleven countries Not less than twenty-five projects were put forward (five of them - in Russian Federation) Under the names of "Tephophood", "Electric telescope", "telephoto", etc. They were based on three physical processes: 1) the division of the transmitted picture on the elementary sections and the subsequent conversion of them into the sequence of electrical signals; 2) the transfer of this sequence to the receiving point; 3) Recovery from the received visible image signal.

The possibility of implementing these processes The fundamental physical discoveries were prepared, such as the photoelectric effect (Herz, A.G. Lighters), electromagnetic waves (J. Maxwell, Herz), "Light-skinned phenomena" - transformation of electricity to light (V.V.Petrov and etc.). As a bright and unsurpassed phenomenon of cultural and spiritual life modern society Television bears humanity great benefits of freedom, enlightenment, information exchange opportunities, opinions, bringing nations. Due to the earth and unearthly - in the literal sense of the word - the possibilities of television delivers information to the house from the other end of the world, from close and distant neighbors. A new era of communicating between people is born.

About the benefits of television is written and said quite a few. But a serious researcher of this phenomenon is obliged to see in his future development and social hazards, whose underestimation can apply, and already causes noticeable harm to public progress.

The coming of television in the post-war years was the third audiovisual revolution, if the first to consider cinema at the end of the last century, and the second is the arrival of synchronous sound at the turn of the 20s - 30s. The dating of this revolution is related, of course, not with the technical fact of the invention of vision at a distance - "television" - even in the pre-war. This fact rather refers to the prehistory of that phenomenon that was destined to play a decisive role in the history of mankind in the 20th century, for the TV was significant not so much the fact of the vision in the distance - it was the same trick as early fair cinema - and not their own purely communicative opportunities, to this day not implemented (how many all these years they spoke about video telephones, but they did not enter the life, unlike many other technical innovations), and the fact of mass distribution, the origins of which lies not only, I would Even said - not so much, cinema, how much time printing.

The sociocultural role of television fully discovered himself in that periodWhen a television audience from point or experimental has turned quickly enough to mass, and then - universal. In the USA this process "I went" from the beginning of the 50s, in Western Europe - in the second half of the same decade. We have decisive in our country; It turned out to be the years 60th, but the origins went to all the same "thaw".

What makes it possible to high-quality, absolutely unconscious contemporaries jump in the field of mass consciousness?

First, it is generalization of the immediate (unrepossible printed text and fixed photos of newspapers) communication with many of the most different people in a wide variety of circumstances Of course, this was illusory, there was a more illusory, between the viewer and the television image was the most difficult technical structureBut she, as such, was not aware and was displayed behind the brackets. If you contact the classic and, perhaps, to this day, the remaining one of its kind book by Vladimir Sappaca "Television and We", then in the center of the phenomenon of television on its pages we find exactly an interpersonal communication with all the emotions arising from here, right up to the author's obvious love in Valentina Leontiev, of course, the reciprocity of these feelings was conditional, but it is enough to turn to the evolution of the images of television leading, right up to Svetlana Sorokina or current "media" statesmen to make sure that the magic of the personality is sometimes sometimes happens, What she loves you.

The second, a slightly later discovery was to expand the boundaries of the world. Of course, for the narrow circle of the reading and writing public in the Soviet Russian Federation The abroad always existed if not real, then virtually. This feature was not only ours. At one time, back in the 20s - 30s, American sociologists noticed what a decisive role in changes in customs, morals, even tradition, not to mention the manner of behavior, played Hollywood cinema, facing residents of closed Mirkov provincial cities USA.

In the case of television, this effect was even stronger, and no matter how "combed" the validity of the internal and either forced the unsighteousness of the life "on the side", the main thing was the global effect of the existence of a large world, which from now on to the literary images and the ideological setting of ideological settings.

I repeat, in this case, it is not only about the processes within our country, but about some global shifts in the worldview of the significant masses of the world of the earthly ball, the fact is that the coming of television violated the monopoly of the elite and intelligentsia (the most reading and writing public) on the breadth of the horizon . From now on, a child, a teenager, a young man or a girl, any person, including, and even first of all, having nothing to do with intellectual work, could have been completely in a wide world without much effort.

Within our system, this multiple times increased due to several factors. The first one is the relative liberalization of the political regime, which allowed to expand contacts with the external world of "thaw" for television accounted for very by the way.

We must not forget that the first step in the development of a long-distance, then there was a victorious procession of the Soviet Army on Europe. The danger to the Stalinist regime was presented so powerful that he was forced to immediately put the barrier on the path of "cosmopolitanism" and, it seems, if there were no television, this dam would exist much longer.

Let's not forget that McCarthy tried to do almost the same in USA, And in the same 60s, his victory turned into a threat of total lesion, from which, however, the capitalist system came out of her faster, and ours are even more vulnerable.

In fact, it was their talk about counter processes, in the aggregate leading to the feeling of peculiar unity of the world, regardless of the social origin of people, from their gender, age, the field of classes, and there is no more thing there. It is with the help of television that the mass culture has become a comprehensive global phenomenon, in relation to which could now be self-determined by a wide variety of social and artistic flows.

This "coup in brains" had far-reaching consequences and from the point of view of artistic thinking forms, and from the position of the global relationship.

Television gradually, for the 50s - 60s, turned into a common background of all that happened in your eyes. I wanted you or did not want it, you corrected my immediate life sensations with a television not yet a picture, but picture of the world. Because of this, the artistic directions began to self-determined with respect to this picture. The cinema was partially assimilated by television, and partly tried to push off him, going into entertainment first, in the 50s, unsuccessfully, then in the 70s - 80s with a triumph or intellectualism, addressing young people and intelligentsia, to that reading and a writing public that demonstratively despised a small screen.

Estetian and artistic avant-garde directions, starting with Pop Art, imitated the forms of popular culture, and at the end of the 60s - early 70s and dissolved at all in the postmodern sea, the model for which, naturally, was television broadcasting. I want to emphasize that all these processes passed as if out of itself television. In itself, with rare insights, it was perceived as a means of mass information and propaganda, political weapons ("fourth") or just like a source information On the world, even if a new level of reliability. In fact, in chaotic fermentation of what could be called a bizarre mixture of public consciousness and collective unconscious, the presence of a mirror screen rapidly changed many guidelines, and it took place outside, besides and even against the will of the broadcaster corporation. Existing in those years in most countries of the world, with the exception of the United States, state monopoly On television broadcast, it would seem, it was supposed to reduce "no" the subversive effect of a small "drawer".

However, today it is obvious that it was he who became a catalyst for the rapid transformation of many interrelated social, cultural and artistic processes, which led to a fundamentally new ratio of forces in world culture. One of the signs of these changes was reading when a written word for the first time in several centuries gave way to a part of its functions by a speaking row. The fact that only was planned in cinema, it turned out to be possible with the coming of television that set the communicative process from the head to his feet.

If a game full-length film prevailed in the cinema as a form of fiction and mostly an artistic phenomenon, then on television in the chapter angle was communication as such that allowed and artistic forms, but by no means reduced to them. And the current structure of television programs in multi-chain screens indicates that the expansion of the functions of the speaking series goes with rapid pace, literally in geometric progression, "swallowing" and new and new spheres of natural language.

A man's dream of the possibility of seeing at any distance is reflected in the legends and tales of many nations. Implement this dream managed to our century when general development Science and technology has prepared the basis for transmitting the image at any distance. The first broadcasts of television images in the USSR were produced on April 29 and on May 2, 1931. They were implemented with an image decomposition by 30 lines. A few days before the transmission of the radio station of the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute "WEI" said the following: On April 29, for the first time in the USSR, television will be transferred (long-distance) radio. Through a shortwall transmitter of the UPR-1 of the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (Moscow) on a wave of 56.6 meters, images of a live person and photographs will be transmitted. Television was then conducted on the mechanical system, i.e., the scan of the image on the elements (1200 elements at 12.5 frames per second) was carried out with the power of the rotating disk. For ease of device, a TV with a disk of zinc is available to many radio amateurs.

Reception of television programs was carried out in many remote points of our country. However, mechanical television did not provide satisfactory image transmission quality. Various improvements in the mechanical television system led to the creation of complex structures using a rotating mirror screw and others. On the change of mechanical systems, electronically "radial systems of television, which made its genuine flourishing system were made. The first electronic television was made by the Russian scientist B. L. Rosing, which On July 25, 1907, he received the "privilege of No. 18076" on the receiving tube for the "electric telescopy". Tubes designed to receive images, in the future the name of the kinescopes was launched. Creating electron-beam television has become possible after the design of the transmitting electron beam . At the beginning of the ZO-X years, the transmitting television electron-beam tube with the accumulation of charge was proposed in the USSR S. I. Kataev. The use of the charge with accumulation of charge opened rich prospects for development electronic television.

In 1936, P. V. Timofeev and P. V. Shmakov, a copyright certificate was issued to an electronic radiation tube with image transfer. This tube was the following important step in the development of electronic television. Research in the field of transmitting and receiving electron-radial tubes, deployment devices, broadband amplifiers, television transmitters and receivers, achievements in the field of electronics prepared the transition to electronic systems television allowed to get high quality Images. In 1938, the first experienced television centers in Moscow and Leningrad were put into operation in the USSR. The decomposition of the transmitted image in Moscow was 343 lines, and in Leningrad - 240 lines at 25 frames per second. On July 25, 1940, a decomposition standard for 441 string was approved. The first success of the television broadcasting was allowed to begin the development of industrial samples of television receivers. In 1938, there was a serial release of console receivers for 343 lines of type TK-1 with a screen size of 14x18 cm. And although in period The Great Patriotic War has a television broadcasting, but research work in the field of creating more perfect television equipment did not stop. Soviet scientists and inventors are a great contribution to the development of television. I. Kataev, P. V. Shmakov, P. V. Timofeev, G. V. Bryud, L. A. Ketsky A. A. Chernyshev et al. In the second half of the 40s, the decomposition of the image transmitted by Moscow and the Leningrad centers was increased to 625 lines, which significantly increased the quality of television gear.

The rapid growth of the transmitting and adoptive television network began in the mid-50s. If only three television centers worked in 1953, then in 1960 there were already 100 powerful television stations and 170 relay stations of low power, and by the end of 1970, up to 300 powerful and about 1000. Low power television stations. On the eve of the 50-year-old of the Great October Socialist Revolution, on November 4, 1967, the Universal Radio Telecommunication Transmission Station of the USSR Ministry of Communications, which was named by the Council of Ministers of the USSR named after the 50th anniversary of October. The main construction of the public-union radio television transmission station in Ostankino is a free standing tower, having a total height of 540 m. It exceeds the height of the famous Eiffel Tower in Paris by 240 m.

Structurally, it consists of a foundation, reinforced concrete part with a height of 385 m and steel tubular support for an antenna height of 155 m. Commissioning of the television tower in Ostankina provided: an increase in simultaneously operating television programs up to four; The increase in the radius of the measured reception of all television programs from 50 to 120 km and ensures a confident admission of all about grams in the territory with a population of more than 13 million people; a significant improvement in image reception quality; a sharp increase in the tension of the electromagnetic field of the television signal, which made it possible to eliminate the influence of various kinds of interference when taking television programs; Further development of long-distance and international exchanges with television programs on radio relay, cable highways and cosmic communication channels; A significant increase in the amount of deposit transmission by simultaneously receiving the signal from ten mobile television stations and stationary broadcast points: ensuring the transfer of broadcasting programs through the VHF of radio stations for the population and for radio broadcasts of the Moscow region, as well as automatic inclusion and turning off the radio codes by feeding coded signals to ether.

The public-union radio television transmitting station in Ostankino has a powerful modern technical equipment that allows you to broadcast television transmissions in black and white and color image on the ether and by cable, radio relay and space networks of the USSR. Simultaneously with the beginning work A public-union television center, equipped with perfect television equipment, began working in Moscow in Ostankin. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe room of the television center is 155 thousand square meters. It is in its composition 21 studio: two studios area of \u200b\u200b1 thousand square meters. m, seven studios of 700 square meters. m, five studios 150 sq.m. et al. All television equipment is designed to create gears that are directly on transmitters and to record on a magnetic tape.

The television center in Ostankino is saturated with a complex of perfect equipment, allowing artistic design of any programs. The technical complex provides a video of non-ferrous and black and white programs, the production of television feature films and release Chronically documentary programs on film and video recordings. Telecentar is equipped with technical means of recording installation, voice and replication of video recorders. The construction of new high-altitude television towers in Vilnius and Tallinn is underway. Each of these towers has its own original architecture. Back in 1925, our compatriot I. A. Adamyar proposed a system of color television with a consistent transmission of three colors: red, blue and yellow. In 1954, the Moscow television center on Shabolovka was carried out first experimental transmissions with alternate transmission of color components. The turnstile antenna, designed to transmit color image and sound signals, was installed on the metal head, built near the Shukhov tower. Reception of color television was made on Rainbow TVs with a rotating light filter. However, such a system required a significant expansion of the video frequency spectrum and was not compatible with the existence of a black and white television system. In 1956, in the laboratory of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute of Communications. M. A. Bonch-Broyevich developed and manufactured under the direction of P. V. Schmakov, the installation of color television with simultaneous transmission of colors.

In January 1960, the first transmission of color television in Leningrad from the pilot station of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Communications Institute was held. At the same time, experienced TVs were made to receive color television transfers. During the years in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics () and in other countries there were tests of various systems of color television. In March 1965, an agreement was signed between the USSR and France on cooperation in the field of color television based on the sek system. June 26, 1966 it was decided to elect to introduce into Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) Joint Soviet-French Color Television System sem-111. The first broadcasts in jointly the Soviet-French system began in Moscow from October 1, 1967, the same time was timed to release First Political Party of Color TVs.

On the day of the 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution (November 7, 1967), the first color television transmission from the Red Square of the parade and demonstration of workers took place. The introduction of color television has opened a wide opportunity to improve the quality of gears and made it possible to significantly increase the emotionality of the perception of television gear and see images in natural paints.

Television studies have taken more than 30 years in the life of a scientist and led to the discovery that brought him world fame and served as the basis for the development of modern television. The origin of television refers to the 70th years of the last century. It is inextricably linked with the development of electrical engineering and its practical applications, in particular, for long distances. The possibility of transmission of messages over long distances in the form of electrical signals has proved to the idea of \u200b\u200busing similar principles to transmit the image to the distance.

The first projects of systems for electrical transmission of images were proposed shortly after the invention of the telegraph and relate not yet to television in a modern understanding of this word, but to phototellegraph. i.e. the transfer of single fixed images (drawings, drawings, etc.). They were based on the use of the chemical action of the current and the use of various mechanical devices in the transmitting and receiving devices. Signal transmission was carried out on the waters, the received images are fixed on paper. The beginning of the development of phototellegraph is associated with the projects of A. Bein (1842), F. Baetelela (1847) and J. Kazhelley (1862). Photothelevpia did not give the opportunity to observe remote objects in motion at the time of transfer, regardless of distance and optical obstacles. i.e. did not fully solve the problem of the vision at a distance. The difference between phototellegraph and television is about the same as between a photo and cinema.

The first successes in the transfer of fixed images along the lines of communication attracted the attention of scientists and inventors to the problem of television. But for the transition from phototellegraph to television, i.e., new methods were required to directly transmitting moving images. technical meansIt was necessary to overcome huge technical difficulties. Television, or vision outside the immediate visual perception of objects by man could be carried out on the basis of light conversion into electrical signals.

The principal possible implementation of television appeared after in 1873. English scientists J. Mei and W. Smith opened photosensitivity chemical element Selena, i.e. change of its resistance under the action of light. As a result of studying this phenomenon, numerous projects "Vision at a distance with help with help were soon proposed in various countries. electricity"In which the selenium properties were used for a light-electrical transformation. In most cases, these projects were not based on any theoretical studies and practical experiments, but on guesses and often on incorrect initial positions and therefore could not be practically implemented. In some projects and suggestions contained rational grain, but the elements necessary for their implementation and the devices were still imperfect or absent.

Separate inventors went on a well-known way in the history of the way of a simple copying of nature phenomena and tried to build a television system by analogy with the human visual apparatus. Such a system was proposed in 1875 by Americans J. Kern. The photosensitive retina of the eye in it corresponded to the panel with a large number of miniature selenium photoresistance, which constituted the base of the transmitting device. The centers of the cerebral cortex, where visual perceptions are created, appeared in light sources (for example, incandescent bulbs) located on the second panel at the reception site. Each photoresistance of the transmitter panel panel was associated with the corresponding light source on the receiver panel of a pair of electrical wires that performed the role of visual nerves.

The transformation of the optical image into electrical signals in the Keri system was to be carried out simultaneously and continuously by all photo abrasions. All changes in the transmitted image would be reflected in changing the brightness of the lighting of light sources in the receiving device, which made it possible to transmit moving images in principle.

This system, called multichannel, could not be implemented almost due to its complexity, even with big number Image elements. To make a practical solution to the problem of television, it was necessary to find such a way to transfer images that would allow to replace a large number of communication lines between the transmitting and receiving devices of one line, that is, to move from a complex multichannel system to a simpler, single-channel.

This transition meant replacing the simultaneous transmission of all elements of the image alternate. Such a replacement was possible on the basis of the use of scanning of the image and using the inertia of visual perception. The first single-channel transmission systems based on these principles were proposed in 1877-1878. Regardless by the French engineer M. Sanlak, Portuguese physicist A. De Paiwa and the Russian student, subsequently a famous physicist and a biologist P. I. Bakhmetyev. The transition from a multichannel system of transmitting images to one-channel was associated with the introduction into the television system of mechanical elements.

Unlike a purely electric static ceris system, which did not contain any mechanical moving parts, in the Sanlerge system, de Paila and Bakhmetyev required the use of more or less complex mechanisms for sweeping or decomposition of the image to the items. In subsequent years, many more projects of television systems based on the use of photosensitivity selenium and the use of various mechanical devices were proposed. The transmitting device in most of these systems was a combination of a television light electrical converter and a mechanism for a scanning of an image.

This direction in the construction of television systems is not accidental. It was due to the overall trend of industrial and technical development in the second half of the last century, characterized by the invention of witty mechanisms and the improvement of machines, and relied on well-developed industries of science, technology and industry. More than a hundred projects of image transmission systems appearing in different countries in from 1880 to 1900 are known, however, only a few of these projects were practical for television development. An important step in the case of a practical solution to the problem of television was invention In 1884, P. Nipkov () is a simple optical-mechanical device for the construction sweep and playback of television images.

The main element in the transmitter and the receiver of its system was the deploying disk called Nipkov's disc. It was an opaque circle of large diameter, the outer edge of which is located on the spiral of small round holes at the same angular distance from the other. Each subsequent hole is shifted by its diameter to the disk center. In the transmitter, the disk was between the transmitted object and selenium photoresistance. The image of the transmitted object focused lens to the disc plane. When the disk is rotated through its opening, the light passed onto the photoresistance alternately from individual elements Images.

Thus, the decomposition of the light stream of the image on the elementary light streams was carried out. Each hole gave one image string. During one turnover, the disc on the photo resistance was consistently affected by light from all elements of the image, which corresponded to the transfer of one frame. The number of rows in the frame is equal to the number of holes in the disk. In acceptance, the same disk was located between the eye of the observer and the light source modulated by the transmitter photocurrent; This disk rotated synchronously and simply with a transmitter disk. When observing the light source through the holes of the rotating disk, the observer could see the transmitted image in the disc plane.

To modulate the light source of Nipkov, it was assumed to use the rotation of the light polarization plane in the magnetic field, as well as the fluctuations of the phone membrane. The television system with Nipkov disks contains the basic elements of optical-mechanical television systems. The Ninkov project refers to a few projects of the initial period of television history, in which there were original ideas that have approached the solution of the vision problem at a distance, but it was not careful at that time due to the imperfection of individual elements of the system. The main difficulty consisted in the inability to obtain a sufficiently strong image signal due to the low sensitivity of the selenium photoresistance.

In such a state there was television, when this problem attracted the attention of B. L. Rosing. The beginning of his practical research in the field of the transfer of images, which he called the electric telescopy, was worn by 1897. In the Konstantinovsky school, Boris Lvovich met the teacher of electrical engineering, the captain of artillery by Konstantin Dmitrievich Peresky. It was a widely erudite person who belonged to the number of advanced Russian officers. Just like Boris Lvovich, he was interested in transferring an image to the distance and followed all new achievements in this area. K. D. Peresky belongs a priority for the term "television", which he first used in the report "The current state of the issue of electricity at a distance (television)" read by him at the 1st All-Russian Electrotechnical Congress in 1900, and on International Electrotechnical Congress in Paris. Without reaching positive results With various options for electrochemical image transmission systems and making sure of their futility, B. L. RosingReartvo is looking for new ways and means of solving the problem.

The rapid development of natural science and physics and a number of important scientific discoveries and inventions made at the end of the XIX and early XX a., Prepared the necessary scientific and technical base for the development of new television methods. Opening of an external photo effect invention electron beam tube radio They had a decisive effect on the development of television. Working in laboratories with brown oscillographs and watching the electronic bend draws on the screen of the tube complex glowing figures, B. Physicision came to the thoughts to use the electronic ray to play images in the electrical telescopy system. In 1902, B. L. Rosing applied an electron random tube in the receiving system of the system with electrochemical elements on the transmitting side.

The tube had two pairs of deflecting electromagnets located mutually perpendicular and connected to the electrolytic bath rods. Light beam was replaced with a metal pin. When the pin moves along the copper camp layer, the stain on the tube screen moved to the corresponding point. The electronic ray of the worm of the monogram and the letters deposited by the metal pin at the port station. Then the deflecting electromagnets of the tube were connected on the transmitting side with risostats whose engines moved in a circle.

The simultaneous change in the positions of the engine could be obtained as the same effect as when moving the pin in the electrolytic bath. But in this way it was possible to transmit an optical image, but only simple drawings, letters, numbers, whereas the purpose of the inventor was to transfer the distance to the distance of living scenes. Subsequently, it became known that a similar method of transmitting drawings and written text with reproducing them on the screen of the electronization tube was developed at the same time V.Germani M. Dicman and G. Glama and was patented by them in 1906

So, a step by step Boris Lvovich created his electrical transmission system, experimentally experimenting and checking almost every link. And only after the whole scheme and all its elements were carefully thought out, he filed a request for the issuance of privileges for the invention "method of electrical transmission of images". It was July 25, 1907, i.e. 10 years after the beginning of the first experiments. In the same 1907 B. L. Rosing, submitted patent applications for its invention in the Republic of Germany and in Britain. It is interesting to note that patents in these countries he received earlier than in Russian Federation (in UK - June 25, 1908, in Federal Republic of Germany - April 24, 1909, in the Russian Federation - October 30, 1910) Thus, the priority of B. L. Rosing on the opening of a new way of receiving images in television was indisputable in Russian and foreign patents received.

The new scheme of the Rosening television system using the modulation of the velocity of the electron beam in the receiving tube was patented in 1911 in the Russian Federation and then Britain, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and USA. Noting merit B. L. Rosing in the field of electrical telescopy. Russian technical society has awarded him in 1912 a gold medal and a premium to them prioritysociety member K. F. Siemens.

This prize Awarded once every two years for an outstanding invention, improvement or study in the field of electrical engineering. But despite all this, work Rosing did not become interested in the government agencies nor the military department, it is obvious because it could not immediately give specifically tangible results. Therefore, the scientist had to hold his experiments, without receiving any support. After the first successful transmission experiences, Boris Lvovich continues painstaking work on improving its system. The results did not satisfy it. He clearly gave himself aware that they only confirmed the correctness of the principles of building a system, but could not be considered acceptable from a practical point of view.

However, these results were so rude, he was written, "that I decided to recycle this time all parts of the device: an optical system, a photoelectric chain, synchronous devices and a Brownian tube." Much attention was drawn to the improvement of the optical system of the transmitting device. It was necessary to ensure that the light beam of the minimum section falls on the mirror face, and the transition from one line to another was performed almost instantly.

It turned out that this task can be solved by directing the light from the transmitted object on the mirror through the optical pipe of the Kepler with a large luminosity. An important step in improving the receiving device, which was of great importance for the transmission of electronic television for the next time, was the transition from a light tube with a cold cathode to a vacuum tube with a glowing cathode and magnetic focusing of an electron beam.

In 1924, B. L. Rosing recreated its system and made a number of improvements to the transmitting and receiving device. A new optical system was developed for "on which the brightness undistoned in relation to the brightness, distinctness and an increase in the image." To increase the clarity of the image, the number of the rabbana faces rotating around the horizontal axis was increased to 48, and the second drum is involved in one mirror. This mirror with the help of eccentrics made an oscillatory movement, moving uniformly into one direction for 0.1 seconds, then quickly returned to its original position and again began to move in the same on the board.

Such a scan system ensured the correct alternation of rows without any breaks. The image has deposited on 2400 items. A diagram of obtaining a deflecting voltage for an electron column tube was also changed. It was removed from the capacitor connected through a large resistance with the current source. The capacitor was charged during the rotation of the drum on one line and discharged almost instantly. Due to this, a defecting voltage of a sawdust shape was supplied to the tube.

In another embodiment, the sawtooth deflecting voltage was obtained from the circuit with an inductance coil. Subjected to change and electronization tube of the receiving device. B. L. Rosing focused on obtaining a thin electron beam, reducing the aberrations and eliminate the interaction of focusing and deflecting fields.

Experiments conducted by S. L. Rosing in Lael in 1924-1928, showed the full performance of its television system and the correctness of the principles on which it was built. In the laboratory conditions, it was possible to transmit simple images with a clarity of 48 lines. Images on the screen tube were completely accurate and so bright that they could be photograph. In 1928, B. L. Rosing offered a new television system interesting in many respects.

In the mid-20s, television made its first practical steps. Some inventors in the United States, Great Britain and the USSR have transferred transmission for small distances of silhouette moving images with optical-mechanical television systems. Signing two jokes of television development, B. L. Rosing acts as a convinced supporter and propaganda of electronic television. In a number of articles published in various magazines, it proves that the task of television can only be solved with electronic means.

"In relation to the cathode telescopy, the foresights are incomparably more favorable- and, and what is mechanical, he wrote in 1928. - Therefore, it was written in 1928. Therefore, the solution of the problem of electric telescopy in the sense of obtaining a light and simple device for extensive use will be expected at most likely on this path" The development of electronic television during these years was in the fight against opponents of mechanical television, pessimistically estimated the prospects for electronic systems due to the large technical difficulties associated with their creation. But the idea of \u200b\u200belectronic television, as the most progressive, turned out to be the most vital. In the 20s, television systems were proposed in a number of countries, which were variants of the B. L. Rosing system.

To transfer the image, this or another optical-mechanical device was used, and for reception - electronic tubes, similar to the Rosing tubes. Such systems were patented by Nikolson and Sabba in the United States, Divyne I.Valensi in France, Dickman in the Republic of Germany, etc. Some of these inventors built their systems and achieved certain practical results. The French scientist who worked in the field of television, assessing the influence of B. L. Rosing on the development of television, wrote in 1926: - a Russian professor Boris Rosinga can be viewed as a prototype of modern television instruments. Transmitting a television tube in which it turned out to be possible to practically use the effect of accumulation electrical charges, It was invented in 1931 in the USSR S. I. Kataev.

Somewhat later, in the same 1931, a similar tube, called the iconoscope, was developed regardless of Katava by an American specialist V. K. Zvorykin former student B. L. Rosing on the Technological Institute. Work in the field of television Zvorykin began under the influence of B. L. Rosing. He himself says this way: "When I was a student, I studied at Professor Physics B. Rosing, who, as is known, the first applied an electronolic tube to receive television images. I was very interested in his works and asked permission to help him. A lot of time left on our conversations and discussion of television capabilities. At this time, I fully understood the shortcomings of mechanical television and the need to use electronic systems. "

Zakorkina Iconoscope did not have any fundamental differences or technical advantages compared to Kataeva tube. In the future, the name of the iconoscope was applied to physicsrubing Zvobykin and to the Katava tube, and widely entered the special literature, as the tube itself entered the technique of television. The iconoscope was a turning point in television history that determined the direction of its further development. It became quite clear that no of the optical-mechanical systems existing at the time, despite all improvements, could not compete with an electronic television system. Iconoscope provided television gears advantages Row number. With the advent of the iconkop, the period of the search for paths of practical implementation of images for the distance and the formation of electronic television systems was completed. The transition from mixed television systems (optical-mechanical transmitting and electronic receiving devices) to fully electronic systems began practically since 1934 and was completed in different countries for 3-4 years.

In the future, other, more sensitive than the iconoscope, and more advanced transmitting television tubes were developed. An important role in the creation of these tubes belongs to the Soviet scientist P. V. Shmakov. P. V. Timofeev, G. V. Bryud, L. A. Ketsetsky, B. V. Kruvser, etc. At all stages of development of television, scientists of our country found independent, fundamentally new and correct solutions to complex tasks, in many cases significantly fastened Considering the achievements of foreign specialists. As a result of the works of Soviet and foreign specialists who made their own contribution In solving individual challenges of television, and due to the rapid development of radio electronics, television technician reached such a level of development, when it became possible to create color and volumetric television systems and wide use of television installations in various industries national economy, for scientific research, etc.

Prospects for television development.

At the beginning - about the good of television, its new horizons at the turn of the two centuries. This is exactly what the developers of the Federal Target Program (FDP) of television development in the coming years were concerned. In its formation, leading domestic specialists took part - scientists, engineers, telecommunications, television journalists.

The main task of the future development of the television of the Russian Federation, in their opinion, is an increase in population coverage with existing government programs. At the same time, efforts should be aimed at ensuring the entire population of the country by the transfer of the so-called social and guaranteed block, which includes the necessary minimum of social and political, informational, cultural and educational, artistic, sports and educational broadcasting.

The socio-guaranteed block includes the television programs "Russia", some transfers of the first channel and one local program in each region of the country. The reception should be provided without additional financial costs from the Subscriber (for example, to purchase a satellite receiving device, to replace the TV or purchase additional devices to existing)

Having own networks, regional GTRKs become free in determining the volume and meaningful structure of broadcasting. Its duration can be significantly increased, since the expansion of the number of sources of program formation removes the problem of creating its own significant creative and technical potential.

According to the 1996 survey, most regional GTRK involves the transition to its own distribution channel by 2000 with a significant increase in broadcast volumes. At the same time, a number of regions prefer to leave some part of the broadcast volume on the channel "Russia" before creating own network, equivalent to him on the coverage of viewers. A significant part of regional companies focuses on satellite channels.

The television program "Russia" (VGTRK) is the main socio-political, information, cultural and educational and artistic program of Russia. Broadcast volume - 17.3 hours per day. The program extends to five broadcasting zones in the form of the main program and four doubles. For broadcasting used ground and satellite channels Communication, television transmitters and repeaters, which ensures the possibility of receiving the program for 98.7 percent of the country's population. The Russia program is relayed also in the states of the near abroad: Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia, in full and Kazakhstan, Ukraine in abbreviated volume.

Television program "Channel One", created by the All-Russian TV and Radio Company - the Joint-Stock Company "Public Russian Television". The volume of broadcasting is 18.5 hours a day. It applies to the territories of the Russian Federation and neighboring countries. The coverage of the population of the Russian Federation is about 99 percent. Television program "Petersburg - 5 channel" is created by the All-Russian State organization "Petersburg - 5 channel" in the amount of 12.8 hours a day and is accepted in Russia, where 53 lives percent population.

Regional television programs (republics, edges, regions, autonomous districts) are created by 90 government television and radio companies and are distributed, as a rule, on the VGTRK channels within their regions. In most regions, the coverage of the population is lower than in the All-Russian channels. This is primarily due to the fact that the RTR program is transmitted both by land lines and through satellites for receiving stations and repeaters, and local programs use only ground lines. In addition, in some places there are no radio relay lines for coverage of the entire region by local programs. The difference in the coverage of the population by the All-Russian Program and Local is from these regions from 10 to 30 percent.

The Federal Target Program for the Development of Television and Radio Broadcasting, approved in September 1996, the Fastro Collegium provides for an increase in the number of state channels. At the same time software policy State broadcasting should be considered not as an extensive increase in the number of television and radio programs, but as unloading the existing channels of the "wide profile", their differentiation in the direction of broadcasting. For these purposes, new technical capabilities will be used to ensure a wide selection of topics for all layers and populations.

Thus, the lack of information on federal channels about the events occurring in the regions of the Russian Federation should fill the zonal channels of regional television, which would have covered broadcasting not one region or the republic, but several neighboring (for example, the Urals or Volga region).

Zonal channel will not be able to replace programs local Studios in their main, most important function - "Dialogue" with the population of its region.

Large sizes of the territory, multinationality, multi-layering, ethnic and religious differences require large specificity from regional broadcasting, which, of course, cannot provide a single program.

Thus, zonal channels should be created not instead, but along with regional. In this task companies The propagation channels in the development of local networks is a priority.

Features and style of Russian television

The proclamation of the sovereignty of the Russian Federation led to the creation of Russian television and radio companies. With great difficulties, public Russian television has been commissioned. The monopoly right of the All-Union TV and Radio Company for the technical means allowed her to prevent her in every way to prevent the normal operation of Russian television to which the first channel was provided. From May 16, 1991, the information program RTR "News" began to regularly enter the broadcast: first 1 time per day, and then 3 times, 4 times. In 1996, the "news" was broadcast 6 times a day.

In the system of television and radio broadcasting of Russia, the Russian state television and radio company "Ostankino" .- i program "Ostankino", All-Russian State Television and Engineering Organization - II Program, "Moscow Program - III Channel Educational program "Russian Universities" - IV Channel, "Canal of Independent Television" - NTV (IV Canal), "TV-6 - Moscow" - VI Channel. Important place in the system

The system of television and radio broadcasting included television-organization in national formations in Russia, the regional and regional television and radio organizations of Russian television was held by the program "Petersburg - 5 channel.": City broadcasting, district broadcasting, low broadcasting.

The priority is to preserve and develop the traditions of educational, intellectual, cultural programs and programs related to entertainment broadcasting, including the most popular genre - film transition, as well as news, socio-political and analytical television.

The basis of the structure of the first channel is informational broadcasting, and, above all, the information program "Time", which has a stable audience. Its popularity contributes to both the latitude of the currently revealed topics and the appearance of young talented reporters. Today is a traditional evening ("nine-hour") issue. "Night time" is an information and analytical channel, which is broadcast with the outcome of the day and contains direct inclusions with comments on specialists on the most important issues and actual problems, as well as cash emissions of the author's program "However."

In the morning air, the information and entertainment channel "Good morning" is published.

Publicistic programs are held in a special place in broadcasting, where the most relevant political, economic and other aspects of the lives of modern society are discussed.

In addition, a special place on the channel occupies a genre of a documentary investigation, built on the principle of the reconstruction of events of the past, which expands the demographic composition of the channel, attracting significant youth and male audience - Programs "How it was", "Documentary Detective", "Independent Investigation".

A slightly different, but no less important task solves the social orientation program "Wait for me", which helps in search of people who have losing each other sometimes many years ago, and creating through different, often tragic, human fate portrait of today's Russian Federation.

One of the most important for the channel is an educational function, its screen incarnation is implemented in two popular genres - cognitive and cultural, which are based on both modern materials and historical events. Surrent success in the audience of the first channel enjoy popular science programs "", "in the animal world", "Traveler Club".

Among the cultural programs - the author's cycles of the famous Russian art historian Vitaly Wolfe (translator of Piez Tuilliams) "Silver ball"; Cycles of the historical programs of the writer and playwright Edward Radzinsky, awarded by the Russian National Television prize "Tefi"; The transfer of the "Story of one masterpiece" dedicated to meetings from the largest Russian museums - the Tretyakov Gallery and the Russian Museum and others.

The most popular and rating type of broadcast is the filmmaker, which occupies 40% of broadcasting on the first channel and is formed from all existing cinematic genres and forms of game feature films, television serials, documentary and animation cinema. Film channel of the first channel is aimed at meeting the interests of not only the mass auditorium, but also attracts viewers with non-standard aesthetic tastes. Recently, on the first channel there is a priority of domestic serials, which enjoy tremendous success: "Specnas", "Deadly Force", "Taiga Roman", "Stop on demand."

It was on the first channel that such domestic films were shown for the first time as "tired by the Sun", "Blockpost", the trilogy "Love in Russian", "Features of the National Hunt", "Features of National Fishing". The permanent presence of the channel on international television and film stake made it possible to conclude contracts with such companies as Warner Brothers, Paramount, Mgm / UA, Turner, Gaumont, UGC and show Russian viewers of the famous Western Directorists - "Casino" M.Svorsuez, "Leon" l . Wesson, "Air Prison" S.Vest, "Citizen Kane" O. Shule, "Life is beautiful" R. Benigni ...

The entertainment genre on the first channel is represented by two directions - musical and game. The most popular musical program with the participation of domestic performers - "Song of the Year", as well as concerts of granting advocate A.Pugacheva, O. Gasmanova, V. Eontyev, Teiffe groups, Aquarium and others. Among the notable musical shares of the canal - Sting concerts, David Bowie, Joe Cocker, Tina Turner, Michael Jackson. The first channel gaming programs have a permanent majority, despite the fact that some of them have been many years. This is the "field of miracles", "What? Where? When?", KVN. New games - "People against", "Russian Roulette" and "weak link", addressed to teleintelectuals.

It is necessary to note the direction of the channel broadcasting, as cognitive game programs for children: "Lens", "King of the Mountain" and others. A special place on the air of the first channel occupies a quiz "Umnitsa and Magniki" for the adolescents particularly gifted in the humanitarian plan, there is no analogues on any channel.

The broadcast of sporting events occupy a significant place in the television. Channel One, and numerous fans receive information about the most important sports events - World Championships and Europe According to the most popular sports - football, hockey, figure skating, tennis, and so on. Entering the popularity of the TV viewers program "on football with Viktor Gusev".

One of the distinguishing features of the channel is a proactive broadcasting - special projects prepared for one or another memorable dates or specially created by permanent authors working on the channel. The most visible among them were: New Year's special project "Old songs about the main thing", the producer of which Konstantin Ernst received the National Award "Teffi" for the best producer work, and was named the best music program at the 4th International TV program Festival in the city of Bar (Montenegro) and The 8th International Festival "Golden Antenna" in Albena (Bulgaria). In addition, it is impossible not to mention the special projects-quiz "Ah, yes Pushkin!" (By the 200th anniversary of the birth of the poet) and "Russia. Bells of Fate" (by the 2000th anniversary of the Nativity of Christ). The action "Stars against video poishes" has repeatedly performed. Along with this, the first channel organizes large-scale social events, the brightest of them became the "Russian project" Konstantin Ernst, in the filming of which the stars of Russian cinema took part. He received the highest award "Golden Oliva" on the 2nd International TV Festival. Every year, the first channel broadcasts the Oscar Award Ceremony of the Award Ceremony, and the broadcast of the Gremmy's Music Award Ceremony took place on the first channel for the first time in 2000. Also annually on the air of the First Channel - the presentation of the Russian Cinematic Award "Nika" and the Folk Award "Golden Gramophone".

Huge attention is paid to the design of the first channel - image rollers are constantly created, logos are updated, created original system Announcement of individual programs, which is constantly improved and has become a substantially new television genre, in which the first channel is an undisputed leader and fashion legislator in the Russian television.

Disadvantages of television.

A modern person does not think of its existence without television. Of the inventions (cathode telescopy), made on 92 years ago, on July 25, 1907, it (television) turned into a huge monster, who seized the minds and the soul of billions of people on Earth.

We were always amazed and frightened various shamans, caster, hypnotists, psychotherapists. But compared with the power of the influence of television on the psyche of people, the impact of all their combined one thousand times less.

Children with them not yet formed psyche and organism as a whole have not yet been exposed to television. Sergei Sodets tried to inspire adults to the simple thought, which was followed by all his long creative life: it is impossible to children before the seven age gesture (even in fairy tales) of violence, cruelty, coarse treatment of animals and people. The great master knew: a children's shower that a sponge absorbs everything that happens around her and, especially everything that happens on stage, on the screen, in the book.

What do we present modern children's television? Look at the "cartoons". These are solid "Tom and Jerry", where the whole humor focuses in flattering that volume, then Jeri, draining a cat for the tail, in various drops and other "naschalovka". As a result, children drag their pets for the tail, drive each other under the bed, etc.

Look for cartoon series. This is "Star war", these are some incomprehensible animals (a child and ordinary homemade is poorly), again cruelty, achieving even noble goals through full destruction, suppressing the enemy. What do we want from our children? Where beautiful, good, instructive , without scenes of coarse violence. Domestic cartoons like cartoons of the 50-70s?

They may have been primitive in something, maybe artists too followed the requirements of socialism, but these films brought up children in the spirit of generally accepted moral principles: do not steal, be tolerating to others, be listened, be polite, be careful, go to friendship, We work so on, and so on.

So few of them in today's television screens.

See modern children's television programs with dolls. How often these dolls are depicting something born in patients, otherwise you can not say, the imagination of the artist. Some monsters, animals of incomprehensible breed. Did their creators think about the perception of peace by the child? As they urgently, they are still a weak aesthetic feeling of a child, distort the feeling of excellent, in the end they will lead to the world unreal. What is beautiful? This is exactly what I think, it seems to me, to carry the answer for children's programs.

A small experiment was held: in one of the kindergartens asked children to draw what they like to watch on TV. And here is the results. Most (70%) drew scenes from "Tom and Jerry", various "star fighting", even militants! (True, about 17% of children drew heroes of good domestic cartoons).

Another one, no less, maybe even more important aspect of the problem of "children and television". This is the influence of television on the physical health of the child. As studies are shown, the following factors are not reached, the following factors are not fixed: radiation from the TV screen, flashing brightness and color spots on its screen, a frequent image change ("clipness"). Radiation, although it does not exceed the sanitary standards, has a cumulative (accumulative) effect and with unlimited doses of the seating at the TV has a negative impact on the immune system, the system of blood formation, etc. Flaxing of brightness and color spots, have a harmful effect on the child's visual apparatus in Overall (not only on the eyes), the functioning of the heart and brain, since the frequencies of the flashes (or more correctly say some components of the space-time spectrum of these oscillations) can and coincide with the frequencies of heart fluctuations, the frequencies of electrical oscillations accompanying the activity of the heart and the human brain. Especially dangerous when the resonance of these oscillations occurs.

From the above, the conclusion about the need to limit the time during which the child is sitting at the TV, do not allow him to watch the transmission with frequent flames of light and color spots. By the way, this is sinning of the type of video music clips and advertising.

At the fifth conference "Modern Television", the Institute of Applied Studies made an initiative to create a special public service, which would give a certificate for the admissibility of using those or other video effects from the point of view of the human health on the screen on the screen, would introduce tolerances on frequencies of flameless and color spots. This initiative was supported by a number of prominent television figures.

Development of digital television in different countries.

Since 1995, in all countries of the world, the active introduction of digital satellite and cable television has begun, and now more than 30 million digital receivers are used in the world. Since 1998, in a literal understanding, a digital technological revolution has begun in the field of broadcasting and communications. In the world, starting with the "old conservative" England, the introduction of the latest effective digital DVB-T standard technologies in the ethereal (ground) broadcasting has begun. DVB-T in other countries of the world is actively promoted.

Great Britain. Regular broadcasting began on November 15, 1998 in the DVB-T standard. Today, the transfer of digital television has the possibility of more than 90% of the population. Term of termination of analog television broadcasting - 2006. Telecommunication network structure - 2 Nationwide networks for distribution of television programs and control equipment, 22 transmitting center, network control and management center. To date, 6 multiplexes are broadcast, offering 30 paid packages and 9 free programs, 7 interactive services and 5 "View Feed" type services.

Reception equipment. Subject to a one-year subscription, the subscriber receives a console receiving (SET-TOP BOX, STB) for free. Also, sales at retail presents receivers worth $ 300-600, including with built-in recording devices (PVR - Personal Video Recorder), and integrated digital TVs (from $ 2,000).

Factors restraining the development of digital television.

What is the difference between satellite television from cable, digital from analog and how to choose a type of broadcasting, try to understand the intricacies of this question.

To begin with, consider the types of broadcasting. There are only three of them:

- Essential broadcasting. In this case, the transmission of channels is performed using television steps. To accept this type Broadcasts must have an antenna for receiving the signal.

- Cable broadcasting. It is delivered to the consumer of the company - cable operators. In this case, the signal is transmitted through a cable that specialists should be in your apartment if you refer to them, of course.

- Satellite broadcasting. Satellites, distributed over the Earth's equator at an altitude of 36 thousand km carry out channels. To take a signal from satellites, you need to get an antennas - "plates" directed to them.

Essential and cable television can be two types - analog and digital. They differ in the signal transmission method. An analog signal quality and sound signal is significantly inferior to the digital, in which, by the way, the number of translated channels is also increasing. Due to the unequivocal advantage, the latter is gaining more and more popularity. In the case of satellite television, the "digit" completely displaced analog broadcasting.

In order to work with a digital signal, the TV model must be suitable. In the event that this is not the case, you can use the receiver. This device converts a digital signal to another format, understandable to this technique.

It is important to know that digital broadcasting formats for ether, cable network and for satellites will be completely different. European standards look like this:

• DVB-T. - Essential broadcasting
• DVB-C. - Cable broadcasting
• DVB-S. and DVB-S2. - Satellite broadcast standards. The latter is more modern and promising.

What criteria to choose a broadcast model?

Subscription fee.Today, this is covered by cable and satellite TV, the essential will join them immediately after switching from analog broadcast to digital. Satellite operators subscription fee Depends on the number of television channels and their subjects. Gradually, this approach is being introduced from cable television operators, and in the future it will probably spread to the ethereal model.

Necessary equipment. Each type of signal delivery requires a certain technical equipment - an antenna for receiving and TV or TV tuner that supports the desired type of broadcasting. Prices for these devices differ - this moment should also be considered when choosing.

Reception conditions.To the signal is transferred without interference, you need to take into account the features of the type of broadcast and the conditions for its reception. That is, if you watch TV at the cottage far beyond the city, then the best option There will be satellite TV. If you live in the city on one of the last floors of the high-altitude home, then you can safely choose a broadcasting.

In case your home, on the contrary, a low-storey, then a way to transmit the signal by cables (if your home is connected to cable television).

Your preferences.Someone has enough community channels, and someone wants to have access to their wide variety. Each satellite and cable television operator has a set of offered sites, therefore it is worth navigating their interests.

It is the opinion that satellite television is qualitatively the rest, but such a statement is controversial. If the broadcast is digital, then, regardless of the signal transmission method, the image may have very high definition.

Essential television distributes a signal using ground-based repeater stations. This type of television is most common in Russia today.

Advertising on ether television today reaches such a number of potential buyers, which no other means reaches - neither radio, nor newspapers and magazines, nor the Internet, nor street advertising, etc. The number of watching television is calculated by millions of man.

Digital aietal television has high quality pictures and sound. Increasing the number of transmitted channels in the same frequency range (during the transmission of the image, not every frame is transmitted (this is the principle of action of analog television), but only those elements of the frame that changed their characteristics (color, brightness, etc.) with respect to the previous frame . As a result, instead of one analog channel, you can use 5-7 digital channels. The third feature of digital television is the presence of related services.

Cable TV

Cable television is the opposite of essential in terms of selectivity of the audience. Cable TV is not focused on a mass audience, but to meet the diverse needs of the audience. In this regard, there is a huge variety of specialized cable channels: sports, entertainment, informational, film, children, family, etc. They all exist, to a greater extent, due to the paid subscription of their audience.

Modern television: path to progress or decline?

It can teach and enlighten, and even inspire, but only until people use it accordingly. Otherwise, this is not more than a box with wires and light bulbs.

On April 29, 1931, the first session of television was held in Russia. Black and white blurred image without sound - so first saw the beginning of the new television era viewers. From that day less than a century passed, and the Russian leadership is already planned to transition to 2015 from analog television to digital.

Since the appearance of the first models of the TV showroom 3x. 3 was passed long path. Today, the TV is part of the interior and the welfare indicator of its owner. Progress in the development of technologies on the face. But it is equally important that the TV is an integral part of the cultural life of each of us. Some are spending all free time for watching TV shows. Others, occasionally, in the evenings, they are kiddening an hour - another, creating an illusion that they are busy business. But how good the products of the TV journalists are? Develops and develops television, or pushes to regression?

In my opinion, the flourishing of television activity begins since 1995, from the moment of the creation of Vladislav's leaves of public Russian television. Information programs have begun to compete with projects that appeared after the announcement of Gobachev's publicity announced in the framework of the Soviet censorship. The older generation remembers and with undisguised sadness speaks of the "Look", "Theme", "Hour of Peak", "Music Ring", "600 seconds" and many others. After the monotony of the same speakers and the patterns of their texts, the party old news of the news of agriculture - a fresh gaze and the announcement of the silent previous problems became a breakthrough. The newly live conversation, the obvious absence of the ordinary scenario and rehearsals - it was new and not like anything. Democratic, fresh, bright, interesting and relevant. The flourishing ended as quickly as it began. It seems, together with a shot at the entrance of one of the Moscow houses in 1995, not only the life of one of the most vivid journalists of Russia, but also the era of truly democratic, sincere comprehensive body of body tests was broken.

... 15 years have passed, as the beginning of its work. Public Russian television. What do we see? Entertainment, pompousness, brightness, even relevance - but - unnecessary. Noise from nothing. The abyss is gossip, rumors, rumors and vulgarity. Yes, of course, complete freedom of speech. And where is morality? Where is the educational and enlightened features of television media?

Among adolescents aged 11 and 18 years old, I had a small survey. It is interesting to know that my peers look and how to evaluate the quality of informed information dishes. The results are grieved.

On average, each of the sixty respondents spends 3 to 4 hours a day. It is curious that than the younger than the respondent, the more time he gives the passive rest in front of the "drawer." If 50% of seventeen years watch TV at one o'clock per day, then fifth-graders - 5 - 6 hours (!).

In the first place in demand, there are entertainment and humorous programs, sports programs and, as many, "militants" answered. Only five of the respondents wrote that informational transfers prefer. Among the prefers were named series "Daddy's daughters" and "happy together", "Comedy Club "and" Our Russia "The original channels are called TNT and STS.

On the question of personal assessment of the work of television today, the overwhelming majority called it "good" and even "excellent." Someone from seventeen-year-olds answered the question of their relationship in television: "OnTV. No censorship. This is bad". One fourteen teenager wrote squeezed: "I consider the work of modern TV as terrible. Therefore, I do not watch TV at all! "

Each of us is heard daily that not quite a high-quality and moral content of the TV shows corrupts, does not give anything and prevents thinking. They talk a lot from the blue screens themselves, calling for round-the-clock sports, and not to read books or consumption of high-quality musical products. They talk a lot about this in school and at home, but modern youth tries not to listen. What for? We understand.

Some say that modern youth is not suitable for anything. Others - that we are huge, inexhaustible potential, future futureness. Who is right and what to do? Right and those and others. Most of us know perfectly well that rolls down the stairs of their ethical and intellectual development. But many can not understand why it is to stop. We are stupid, aware of our hopelessness, and we are "on a kaif".

Among us are erudites, polite, valid, obedient, active ... But no one survives without fitness to the environment. Especially - a person ... It is a pity that often smart and exemplary teenagers are adjusted and organically poured, roughly speaking, in the ranks of "Vaszonzun". What will happen again in five, if everything goes on the same way - it is unknown. How to make ordinary people think? How to attach them to culture? Today it is clear that only with the help of television. It remains to reach the consciousness of the ratio of profitable television business. Is it possible?

Until you reach, and we will degrade ...

Galina Polosov

Faculty of Journalism. I. course