Graphic packages what programs are. Graphic packages

Main types of graphic files From the very first day of my publications, letters came with questions, one way or another related to the properties of various graphic formats. Over time, it became clear that it is necessary to write an article on this subject. But what is said, the hands did not reach. And just now managed to make material on this topic.

You note that this article is somewhat tied to Photoshop. The reason for this is clear - this package to one degree or another successfully can be used by almost everyone who is somehow connected with graphics.
The series about Photo-Paint 10 will be continued without any changes. It seems to me that this article will be useful to read all young people in the schedule to users, regardless of the preferred program.
Currently, there is a huge number of different graphic formats. The reason for this lies in the early 90s, when there was no position of the unambiguous leadership of several packages in the market of computer graphics programs.
In those already remote years, almost every developer company created its own format.
Now the situation has changed much. It is hardly possible to name a dozen formats used truly everywhere. But representatives of this small group are best of their kind, are standards.
So what is different different formats of raster graphic files? First of all, the appointment, and then other properties follow from it. Conditionally all types can be divided into two large groups of destination:
1. To display on the monitor screen (most often Internet use).
2. For subsequent printing.
Besides directly graphic information, that is, pixel information, some graphic files can store many more. These are additional channels, comments, vector items and so on. Of course, storing information, except graphic, makes the size of the files somewhat larger.
Photoshop 6.0 and PHOTO-Paint 10 support the overwhelming majority of modern raster graphic formats. And this is not surprising - users often have to use a variety of sources as resources. Therefore, knowledge of the formats supported by the program being studied is an integral part of efficient work in it.
It is also worth remembering that each type of files has only advantages inherent in him, otherwise he would not resist competition and selection. Therefore, knowledge of these properties can greatly facilitate work, since certainly certain properties can be requested in certain circumstances that only one format can be given.
At this point, we will pay a few more attention to one formats and somewhat less than others. The reason for this is simple and banal - frequency of use and utility.

PSD (Photoshop Document)
Own photoshop format. Mainly dignity - allows you to save absolutely everything that can be created in this program: layers, additional channels, comments, paths and so on. Of course, it is very useful property - Often, work on one image is conducted within a few days, and if there were no such possibilities in PSD format, there would be a number of problems.
ATTENTION
With each new version Photoshop changes and PSD format. Therefore, if you want to make your image in this format available earlier versions, do the following: Edit (Preferences-\u003e Saving Files-\u003e Maximize Backwards Compatibility in Photoshop Format (edit-\u003e Preferences-\u003e Maximum Photoshop compatibility format).
Currently, this file format supports almost increasingly or less decent raster graphics editing programs, so saving images in this format makes them available and other programs.
The PSD uses the RLE compression standard, which makes its size slightly less without loss of quality.
NOTE
RLE (RUN LENGTH ENCODING) - one of the methods of compression of graphic files. Based on searching for coincidences in images strings. That is, if you have 40 black pixels in a row, they will not be written as black, black, black ... and 40 black. This method is far from always, but only in case of sufficient repeatability, that is, one-color of the image areas. However, when using RLE does not deteriorate, unlike JPEG, the quality of the image itself.
Thus, the PSD is the perfect format for intermediate and subsequent quality storage of images.

BMP (Windows Device Independent Bitmap)
Own format operating system Windows. Developed at one time specifically for it by Microsoft programmers. Supports indexed (256 colors) and RGB color. This format Understand absolutely all graphic and not only editors working under Windows. There are few advantages of BMP on this, and numerous flaws begin:
1. BMP is absolutely not suitable for the Internet.
2. BMP is an extremely bad choice for subsequent printout.
3. BMP hardware dependent format.
4. He incorrectly uses RLE compression.
5. This format takes an unreasonably much space.
Thus, it is possible to make a completely defined output - the use of BMP will be an error in almost any case, with the exception of further use in programs that do not understand any other formats.

GIF (CompUserve Graphics Interchange Format)
One of the most famous formats of files, today is mainly used for the needs of the Internet.
This format, as can be understood from the name, was developed by CompUserve for more high-speed images in its networks of the same name in 1987.
Initially, it was a format that supports 256 indexed colors and nothing else. But soon, one programmer discovered the unused GIF capability - to record several pictures to one file and play them with a certain interrupt.
This, and even support for transparency, has become the basis of the update of the format that occurred in 1989, and hence the name used now GIF89A.
As you have already been able to read above, GIF supports transparency, and several colors can be prescribed transparent. It is implemented very simple - due to the additional alpha channel stored in the file.
The GIF uses LZW compression that in combination with indexed colors makes this format almost ideal for storing and transmitting little color, with the lack of a complex transition of colors, images, for example, logos.
NOTE
LZW Compression is another type of image compression, ideologically close to RLE. There is a search for so-called phrases (repeated combinations of different colors), and they are written in the form of keys. In the future, all the images are used already created keys. As you can understand, this method is much perfect RLE for areas with flower transitions, but the encoding in it requires more system resources.
Also one more advantage of GIF is the ability to use interlaced scroll.
NOTE
Interlaced - Employment and reading an image. As a result, the file is first loaded through the string, that is, in a smaller resolution, and then the remaining lines are stopped. The main application is the Internet, as it is possible to estimate the contents of the image before it is full of loading, and therefore, and save time.
All these conditions, namely the animation, transparency, the winding scroll made GIF one of the formats used in the worldwide network. But, repeat, its main drawback is the display of only 256 colors.

EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)
One of the best formats for storing information for subsequent printout. Uses the lightweight option PostScript, namely the preservation of only one thing.
NOTE
PostScript is one of the most important concepts in modern computer graphics. This is a page description language for postscript printers to which most modern professional devices belong. He was developed by Adobe, implementing the most important principle of WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get), that is, "what I see, I have." PostScript files contain graphic images, fonts, information about channels and more. This format can store information about absolutely any color models, including Duotone. Usually this format is used if the information is later printed on the POSTScript-Water Printer.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
Despite the fact that we consider JPEG as a graphic format, in fact, it is primarily a compression principle, one of the most common currently.
JPEG is implemented as follows. If you simplify somewhat, then first the image is divided into blocks 8 * 8 pixels. Then two types of information are recorded - averaged information about the block and information about its details. And then, depending on the selected compression ratio, this or that amount of additional information is thrown out. It is clear that the smaller the file will be in size, the worse there will be its quality.
ATTENTION
JPEG is far from best format To store your illustrations for further editing. With each opening and further closing the file, it is rewritten again, and therefore the quality drops even more. After a while, the image can be completely unsuitable. JPEG Method is much more efficient than LZW or RLE. Compression can be achieved and 100 times, but this occurs with a significant worsening of quality, and LZW and RLE do not change the images, and compress on the basis of repetitions already existing.
JPEG is best used for photos, pictures and other things, where you can allow the fuzziness of the edges and the presence of a small "swamp". However, for storage, for example, graphs are better to give preference to other formats, like PSD or TIFF. Large disadvantage of JPEG is the lack of ability to save indexed colors. You can save in CMYK, but in many programs there are problems when reading such files.
Currently, JPEG is the main format for transferring images in the World Wide Web. The reason for this is clear - no other format can give such quality, and therefore the speed of downloading files.
In Photoshop, when saving in this format, you can choose one of three JPEG options:
1. Standard. The usual described JPEG.
2. Baseline. Improved format. Files occupy less space with the same quality, but there are programs that incorrectly display such JPEGs. Mainly applied to the Internet.
3. Progressive. In addition to the advantages of BaseLine, added still interlaced (faster) expansion. An indispensable property for using files in the Internet.

PDF (Portable Document Format)
PDF is a format designed to quickly transmit on information networks of different types, mostly top documents. To date, the PDF can include graphics, text, hyperlinks, sound, video and more.
All data in PDF may be subject to compression, and that the most interesting, different types of type are compressed different methods, most effective in relation to them.
Photoshop 6.0 can save both single-page and multi-page PDF Documents. Given that this format today is becoming increasingly and wider in the Internet, it should be paid to high attention.

PCX.
One of those formats that are not bad for themselves, but are crowded out by others. PCX is a format that exists only on PC (Personal Computer) compatible computers. He can maintain color models Bitmap, GRAYSCALE, INDEXED COLOR, RGB. As you can see from this list, PCX does not support CMYK, which is not very good today.
Also, this format does not know how to store additional channels.
PCX can use RLE compression, which makes it somewhat more attractive to users.
The conclusion is such - it is better not to use this format. It will be perfectly replaced by a much more common and reliable TIFF.

Pict File (Macintosh QuickDraw Picture Format)
The format used mainly running MacIntosh MacOS MacOS. Supported by all programs on these computers and even serves as the exchange buffer standard. When saving in this format you can use color modes Bitmap, Grayscale, Indexed Colors, RGB, CMYK. When saving in RGB, you can save another alpha channel, and in the rest of the modes - several.
In addition, PICT is able to store vector information and even text and (!) Sound, though, correctly only on Macintosh.
This format has a sufficiently good opportunity for compression subject to the presence of large areas of the same color (RLE).

Pixar
The format that serves is specifically for exchange with Pixar graphic stations (professional Hi-End Workstations). Pixar machines mainly solve the tasks of three-dimensional graphics and video processing. It is very doubtful that this can be useful to this.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
The third whale (the first two is JPEG and GIF), which holds the schedule on the Internet. The most promising format for the development of the worldwide network.
PNG is a young format specifically designed as a replacement for a GIF time needs.
PNG, in contrast to GIF, uses any number of colors, even a 48-bit color. Compression occurs on the principle similar to LZW, but somewhat more perfect, which gives good results. PNG has the ability to boot with a fascinate expansion, and the double - horizontally and vertical simultaneously.
PNG also supports transparency. And not even simply transparency, but in varying degrees, then there may be translucent (1-99%) pixels. This, of course, expands the capabilities of the Web design and makes this format very attractive.
Built-in gamma correction allows you to correctly display colors on all computers, regardless of the platform.
Thus, the PNG format deserves attention primarily by people whose work is aimed at further use in the worldwide network. By the way, it seems to me that the Web wizard is undeservedly used by PNG. Not so often you will meet him, despite the wide opportunities. Maybe the reason for such a situation is the traditionalism of old masters and training on their experience and books of new ones. Even in the best publications on the design in the PNG network, for some reason, it is uncomplyfully described.

Raw.
The most flexible format for sharing images between computers of different platforms. You can save images in any color model, including LAB and multi-channel, alpha channels.
Working with this format is quite complex, and therefore if there is no sharp necessity, it is better not to use it at all.

TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
The most common graphic raster format today in the publishing business. The main advantages:
1. TIFF hardware independent. Many are therefore specifically used to transfer images from PC to Macintosh and vice versa.
2. TIFF is a very reliable format. Almost all programs understand it without problems.
3. This format supports all color models, including CMYK and Pantone.
4. TIFF can carry additional information, For example, about contours or alpha channels.
5. TIFF can use LZW compression, which makes it acceptable for storing files. As you know, LZW compression does not change image quality.
So TIFF the best choice For those whose works are intended in the future for printing.

In this article, I did not touch the vector formats, as I think that you should not drive into one flock of sheep and chickens. If the readers pay a desire to learn more and about the vector, then I will write such an article. Although not sure that it will be someone necessary - the vector graphics puts much less questions than raster. Perhaps due to a narrower application.
In the next article, we will return to the series dedicated to the effects in Photo-Paint 10. If you have any questions or suggestions, then as one literary hero said, write letters.

Galina Shiphelnikova

The autumn of the outgoing year was marked by the appearance on the market of new versions of graphic packets and programs for Web design. I wonder what functionality Two classes are approaching thanks to the growing support for the Web. What are the new features and features of the versions of PHOTOIMPACT 6, Photoshop 6 and CorelDRAW 10?

The new version of the photoImpact 6 program from ULEAD is a single solution for creating Web pages, graphic objects for Web and editing images. Efficient and variety of image editing tools make it possible to simplify the use of illumination effects, flower changes, focus, and eliminate the problems faced by users when processing images obtained using digital cameras and scanners. Now with the help of retouching tools, you can very simply eliminate the "negative effects" from scratches and dirt, which remained after scanning the image.

PhotoImpact 6 allows you to create web pages without programming, containing images, texts and other components. Due to the fact that Web pages can be stored in the UFO's own format, they can be changed and displayed at any time. Flexible text tools make it easy to create text for graphic objects and supply it different multimedia features (sound and animated effects).

The ability to support vector graphics (4 tools) allows you to create 2D and 3D graphics, and due to increased performance, the program allows you to work with a large number of graphic files at maximum speed. The EasyPalette panel contains a large number of Available textures and libraries, Quick Command Panel allows you to create a catalog of completed tasks or procedures.

The convenient feature of photo management in the album provides the ability to organize files, which allows you to search for their search much easier and easier than it was implemented in previous version. At the same time, images may contain a background or canvas that can consist of solid color, structure or graphics.

In PHOTOIMPACT 6, you can create a mask directly on the image using a mask mode that is activated by clicking on the MASK MODE button located in the status bar. The user can create a mask directly on the image using almost any tool for working with color. Revenge created objects Can be loosely placed on the image by dragging. By default, objects are designated in green.

If the document is saved in UFO format, then when you open it, all objects remain "afloat" above the background or base image and each of them can be edited and moved. If the document is saved in another format that does not support layers, then all objects are solved with the base image, and they cannot be edited.

PHOTOIMPACT 6 Web objects play a special role on the Web page. They can function as navigation devices or as images-hyperlinks. You can specify which objects are Web objects using color. By default, Web objects are red.

Composite components can be used as navigation or other standard elements of the Web page. Component Designer (in the Web menu) contains a large set of predefined items that can be configured and used when creating a Web page. At the same time, the HTML text is the text that is inserted into the Web page, and in contrast to the text created using the "Text" tool, which is graphic, is a simple text (formatted HTML code).

Animations can be easily created using some special effects (Animation Studio, Lighting and Type Effect). With PHOTOIMPACT 6 Rollover-effects (spinning effects) are created very simply. If you make a mouse pointer over any element of the Web page, it will change, and when you click the mouse button, the graph even changes. For this, like the previous version of the program, you need to create three objects in a graphic file, mark them in the planes manager and call the Rollover Assistant.

The existing optimizer controls compression or image preparation so that the file sizes are acceptable to use them in Web pages. Files can be optimized in one of three standard formats: JPG, GIF and PNG.

You can use the Smart Download module to upgrade the program and download additional modules.

The new version of the popular Photoshop 6.0 graphic editor has undergone enough serious improvements. Possessing a rich set of tools for drawing, retouching and special effects, it allows you to integrate the vector and raster images available for editing. Now you can simply combine strings and forms to use vector masks, and created and formatted texts can be edited at any time. Conclusion of images with vector text and forms is possible in the popular Adobe Portable Document Format format (PDF) or directly from Photoshop 6.0 to PostScript printers.

The program allows you to create illustrations that include vector forms and texts available for editing and text images and provides simple drawing of rectangles, rectangles with rounded corners, ellipses and polygons.

Entering, editing and formatting texts can be made directly on canvas, and not in the Type Tool dialog box. For text, it is possible to apply additional options, including the transition to new string, alignment in the paragraph, complete alignment of the text block, detecting gear (English only) and automatic definition String end.

To quickly create Web graphics, enhanced features of the new version of ImageReady are offered. Quick transition between ImageReady 3.0 and Photoshop 6.0 and the automatic file saving simplifies the process of creating a Web graphics. After creating images directly in Photoshop, compression operations can be applied to them. To create buttons and other Web elements simplified using vector graphics tools for shapes and styles of layers. In the Styles palette, ImageReady has the ability to save Rollover graphics. You can also use the dynamic sectors based on layers, which change automatically when modifying the layer content.

Photoshop 6.0 offers an intuitive user interface to quickly master the program capabilities. Now you can collect frequently used palettes in Palette Well and quickly select tools from the context-dependent panel. In addition, a quick search for custom brushes, gradients, shapes and other tools are available using the new preset manager (Preset Manager). Configuring colors control parameters is easier than in the previous version.

Thanks to the possibility of quick masking (Quick Mask tool), you can create and view the masks directly in the image. In an interactive mode, you can quickly distort or deform images when moving pixels using the new Liquify command. In the images you can use attractive effects that use more than 95 special filters, including an increase in image sharpness, softening, styling, distortion, dust removal, lighting and others.

Drawing up images from a plurality of elements on hundreds of layers with advanced control options allows you to organize layers in sets. In this case, you can merge the layers, their mirror image, copying, alignment, distribution and blocking, as well as copying effects from one layer in another dragging within the list of palette. User disposal are available for editing gradients, patterns, colors, as well as color correction of the contents of the layers. Replacing one type of layer contents to other without having to delete and create a new layer is very simple.

Setting up different parameters of layers, including options for special effects, saturation and transparency, executed from one dialog box, to save parameters in the form of layers styles and their direct use is carried out from the new Styles palette.

Today in one CorelDRAW 10 Graphics Suite package, users are offered ample opportunities for processing vector and raster images and a program for working with animations. The basis of this graphic package is three programs - CorelDRAW 10 (Page Maketling and Create Illustrations), Photo-Paint 10 (Editing Images and Drawing) and R.A.V.E. (Creating animation effects), which appeared for the first time.

Preview and optimize images for embedding in HTML code using filters for JPG, GIF and PNG files facilitate the publishing of graphics in the Web, and the new optimizer reduces the size of the graphic file and automatically sets the parameters for a faster loading of graphic objects.

Integrated warning mechanism provides useful feedback designer and document created by him. In the process of preparing the document, warnings of possible problems appear, which allows you to create perfect documents, as well as preserve preliminary styles for the total flow of documents. The necessary settings of the warnings mechanism are performed in the Preflight tab, which is available in several dialog boxes - Print, Flash Export, Publish to PDF and Publish To The Web.

Now when creating Web graphics is possible preview Each graphic symbol and the entire Web page using a web browser. In addition, you can create Rollover graphics and apply different states (Normal, Down and Over) in response to moving the mouse and click its buttons.

Images can be exported to the graphic formats used in Web pages, and Rollover-graphics - in sWF format. You can import files from Macromedia Freehand 8 and Microsoft Visio 5, as well as using filters to work with AutoCAD 2000 documents - DXF and DWG files.

Print Merge Merge Provides a convenient interface for creating data fields, enter records and insert fields to a document. New features of the "Point and Click" type allow you to add data fields from the source to the document.

Using the landscape mode, you can view all document pages and quickly move them. In addition, you can now place characters in several languages \u200b\u200bin one text field, and spelling and grammar checks allow you to automatically correct the text using the specified language.

Now most menu commands are duplicated by icons, facilitating their recognition on the toolbars, as well as the panels of elements and properties. Setting the element panels, menus, tools and status strings can be performed simply using the drag and drop mechanism.

CorelDraw 10 workspace can be sent to friends and colleagues e-mail. Although the program is predetermined by three color management style - for Web, desktop and printing, however, you can save and custom configurations for controlling colors.

Users can quickly view and apply preset parameters of interactive tools. Additionally, you can create custom settings for the most frequently called tool, which will save time with the repeated use of the same effect.

The new UNDO / RED command provides tracking of user actions with the ability to cancel them if necessary or saving a sequence of actions in the form of macros in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

Most popular images for working with images

Each art studio, designing design needs a package of special programs aimed at work with graphics. Below we consider the packages of the most popular and affordable graphic software packages.

Adobe Products:
Adobe Photoshop. The most popular program for processing images that can be used not only in professional studios, but also at home. A simple intuitive interface, understandable and graphics wizards, and simple users. Created in 1990, this program has undergone many changes, but to this day the authors continue to improve their product and bring new, more interesting and useful additions to it.
The main purpose of the program was and remains working with images - scanned, created using other programs, color correction, retouching and much more. Photoshop allows you to work with layers, brightness, point images, uses gradients and contours.
The program helps to configure the color representation of images, as well as save in a variety of well-known formats, for the subsequent editing of this image. If the user wants to learn more than simple editing of images, there is a lot of textbooks to work with Adobe Photoshop.

Adobe Illustrator. The program created by the same company that created and Photoshop is aimed at working with images of much greater permission, as well as to create vector graphics. The large package of plugins is aimed at creating figures and characters of various shapes, and then produce with them any actions (scaling, rotation, deformation), as well as in the package contains a large set of tools for processing texts and multi-page presentations.

Corel products:
Corel Draw. To create graphics good quality, create your own image "from scratch", as well as to create good quality sites have long been used excellent program Vector graphics - Corel Draw, the author of which is the most discerning Corel Corp. The newest versions of this program contain various kinds of graphic applications, development tools, as well as interactive tools and Internet support tools that allow you to develop sites. With the help of Corel Draw, it was possible to connect the tablet and draw images "by hand", and then process the newly created drawing, add three-dimensional special effects, handle layers and add it to the Internet, while not closing the application and without resorting to other programs.

Power Paint. Created by Microsoft, POWER PAINT program is suitable for image processing, creating presentations, text processing. It contains enough simple plugins that can also use a person who has not previously been edited by image editing, the textbook for working with POWER Paint and text processing tools is enabled. Comes in the kit Microsoft Office..

3D Studio Max. The most specific program of all, is designed both on experienced designers and for newcomers to work with images. It is designed to work with volumetric 3D graphics. By virtue of its versatility (allows you to do simply 3D images, and three-dimensional animation), it is used in many areas of activity from virtual to cartoon studios. Includes a large package of various plug-ins, the package of which is constantly updated with newly leaving add-ons, which can be updated on the Internet, and buying a distribution with them from the official dealer. Also, in addition to its own plug-ins, 3D MAX allows you to connect packages of third-party firms.

The purpose of the lesson: Get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe principles of building raster and vector images;
get acquainted with the type of graphic files;
educate interest and interest in the subject;
develop the creative potential of students;
Develop the ability to work in groups, analyze, compare, draw conclusions.
Material and technical equipment :
computer with Microsoft Office installed;
reference abstract;
Presentation "Types of graphic files".
Type of lesson : Studying a new material.
Structure lesson
1. Organizational moment
2. Actualization of the supporting knowledge of students
3. Motivization of educational activities
4. Study of the new material
5. Fastening material
6. Reflection
7. Homework
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Actualization of the supporting knowledge of students.
1. What do you understand under computer graphics?
2. What is the image processing?
3. What are the main applications of computer graphics know?
4. What are you knowing the graphic image input devices?
III. Motivation of educational activities.
IV. Studying a new material.
The class is combined into four groups: scientists who study the theoretical bases of raster and scientists who explore the basics of vector graphics, researchers (perform a practical task according to the instructions, prepare a report on different types Graphic files) and consultants (students who have knowledge on the topic and which the teacher allocated).
The teacher reports to groups of tasks and deadlines (20 min.). Groups receive cards with tasks and marked work in the group. Consultants help groups in creating a response.
Handout
Rules of work in the group.
1. Remember, the effective work of the group depends on the participation of each.
2. Check out the material.
3. Sign up information with other members of the group.
4. Prepare a brief report on the topic (3HB).
5. Select Rapporteur. The speaker is a representative of the Group, his performance is assessed by the work of the whole group.
Scientists report plan.
1. What is the main element of building image?
2. What does the file size depend on?
3. Which is it the benefits?
4. Which does it have drawbacks?
5. For what types of work is used?
Theoretical information.
Theoretical information students receive from the presentation of "Types of graphic files", or cards with theoretical material.

Raster graphics

IN raster graph Images consist of multicolored dots (pixels), which together form a pattern. The file size affect the size of the image (the number of pixels horizontally and vertical) and the number of colors. Raster schedule is used in the development of electronic (multimedia) and printing publications, since it allows you to effectively and realistically submit an object. Illustrations made by raster graphics rarely create manually using computer programs. Most often use scanning images prepared by the artist on paper or photography. Recently, digital photos and video cameras are used to enter raster images. Therefore, most raster graphics editors focused on image processing. Large data volumes are the main problem in using raster images. One of the problems of raster graphics is the inability to detail the image. Increasing the image to see that the pixels became larger. No additional details when increasing the bitmap image cannot be seen.
The most popular program for working with raster graphics is Adobe Photoshop, Corel Photo-Paint, Jasc Software Paint Shop Pro, Microsoft Photoodraw, Adobe Photoodeluxe, Corel Painter.

Vector graphics

Graphic images created in programs to work with vector graphicsbased on mathematical descriptions of vectors, and not on the description of the coordinates of the points. The basis of such images (curves and straight lines) is called vectors. Since the images described by mathematical formulas are used as an image of objects in graphic images, the individual elements of the image that are obtained by such programs can be easily listed, increased or reduced without loss of image quality. To move the object in the image, it is sufficient to drag the mouse. The computer automatically calculates the size and new location of the image object. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe image vectorization is to describe the elements of the image with the help of mathematical formulas. Images are laid out for simple objects - primitives. Primitives are created on the basis of key points that are determined as a set of numbers. The program will play a picture, key points.
Vector graphics are used in the creation of schematic images - in advertising agencies, designer bureau, editors for drawings, design work. Vector graphics objects are stored in the computer's memory as a set of parameters. For the image of one object, 20-30 RAM bytes are enough.
The most popular programs for working with vector graphics are CorelDRAW Grafics, Suite, Adobe Illustrator, Macromedia Free Hand.

Graphic files. F.ormaty

Like any other data in the computer, graphic images are stored as files that have a specific data organization optimal for a specific program.
The format of the graphic file defines the file structure and data storage method. Knowledge of file formats and their capabilities is an essential key factor in the work on the preparation of publications, creating images for Web pages and electronic publications, as well as to edit source images. Graphic filesUsed to record images, can be divided into three categories:

formats save the image in a raster form (file extension. BMP ,. TIFF ,. PXS ,. PSD ,. JPEG ,. PNG ,. GIF);
formats save the image in vector form (file extension. WMF ,. DXF);
universal formats (metafiles), such combining vector and raster image (file expansion. EPS ,. PICT ,. CDR ,. AI).

Metafile is a format that allows you to store two or more image data types in one file. The goal of the files are widely used to transfer raster and vector data between different hardware and even software platforms.

Compression technique in graphic files

Compression is the process of converting data from one format to another.
All existing compression algorithms can be divided into two large classes:
compression without loss;
Compression with losses.
Most compression algorithms without losses are based on the search in the raster depicted pixel repeating fragments. Using such a compression, completely - pixel behind the pixel - restore the original images. In this case, nothing is discarded from the initial data and is not lost. In such cases, the compression coefficient is most often achieved. The compression method without loss is very effective.
Compression with losses applies to graphic files on which there are no repeated fragments or large parts with a single-color fill. For the format, a compression algorithm with losses is implemented. This means that in the process of compressing the image file, the data is loss stored in the file. The greater the degree of compression of the file, the lower the image quality.

Instruction for a group of researchers
1. Answer the question: "What factors affect the size of graphic raster files?"
2. Explore the changes occurring with graphic raster files while maintaining it with another type.

Progress
1. Download graphics editor Raint. Open D: Lesson 24. BMP.
2. Using the File / Save command as ... Save the file to the same folder named 256st and with the appropriate type. (Image changed?)
3. The file / Open command open file 24.bmp.
4. Using the File / Save command how ... Save the file to the same folder named 16cv and with the appropriate type. (Changed image? How exactly?)
5. command file / Open Open file 24.bmp.
6. Using the File / Save how ... Save the file to the same folder named monochrome and with the appropriate type. (Changed image? How exactly?)
7. command file / Open Open 24.BMP file.
8. Using the File / Save command as ... Save the file to the same folder named F.jpeg and with the appropriate type. (Changed image? How exactly? Pay attention to the borders of the figures.)
9. Type file / Open Open file 24.bmp.
10. Using the File / Save command as ... Save the file to the same folder named f.gif and with the appropriate type. (Image changed?)
11. Close the graphic editor.
12. In the My Computer Opening Folder Created Pictures window. Set the View / Table and compare the size of the files created. (What is the smallest, most, why?)
13. View image viewing program. Compare drawings.
14. Discuss the results of the work, answer the problematic question.
15. Close all windows.
Brief theoretical information
The size of the bitmap is affected by the quality of the pattern (the number of pixels horizontally and vertical) and the number of colors. In the monochrome image, 1 category of code is released for each pixel - 1 bit (0 or 1). If a palette is used in 16 colors, we need 4 discharges for each pixel (0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100 .... - 24 \u003d 16), 256 colors - 8 discharges (bytes). The 24-bit palette allows you to use 224 \u003d 16mln. flowers. The code of each pixel occupies 3 bytes. When saving files with GIF types, JPEG applies special information compression algorithms that determine the image quality in a certain way.
Instructions for consultants
purpose : give an answer to the question "What files (raster or vector) are easier to edit?"
Progress
1. Open the Paint graphics editor.
2. Draw a simple image (Fig.1)
3. Try separating oval from the rectangle.
4. Try to resize what kind of figure (Fig. 2)
5. Is it possible to change the raster image?
6. Open text editor Word.
7. Repeat steps 2-4.
8. Is it possible to change vector Image?
9. Word output.
V. Fixing a new material
Work in groups continues.
Pupils create a comparative table of raster and vector graphics.

Criteria comparison
1. The smallest unit of building an image
2. File size
3. Image quality
4. Easy editing
5. Image detailing

A group of researchers reports on the results of its work.
Students formulate the answer to the question: "What is the difference between raster graphics from the vector? What kind of graphics is better? How to resize graphic files?
Vi. Reflection.
The teacher invites everyone to summarize his work on the "Circle of Ideas" method:

In today's lesson, I remember most ...
Have we achieved the goals that put at the beginning of the lesson? Whereby? What helped in the assimilation of the lesson material?
What was light, and what is difficult?
What is most memorable in today's lesson?
What difficulties do you have during the lesson?
What do you advise classmates to overcome these difficulties?
VII. Homework.
Explore the material.

ATTENTION! With each new version Photoshop. The PSD format changes. Therefore, if you want to make your image in this format available earlier versions, do the following: Edit (Preferences-\u003e Saving Files-\u003e Maximize Backwards Compatibility in Photoshop Format (edit-\u003e Preferences-\u003e Maximum Photoshop compatibility format).

Currently, this file format supports almost increasingly or less decent raster graphics editing programs, so saving images in this format makes them available and other programs.
The PSD uses the RLE compression standard, which makes its size slightly less without loss of quality.

NOTE! RLE (RUN LENGTH ENCODING) - one of the methods of compression of graphic files. Based on searching for coincidences in images strings. That is, if you have 40 black pixels in a row, they will not be written as black, black, black ... and 40 black. This method is far from always, but only in case of sufficient repeatability, that is, one-color of the image areas. However, when using RLE does not deteriorate, unlike JPEG, the quality of the image itself.
Thus, the PSD is the perfect format for intermediate and subsequent quality storage of images.

BMP (Windows Device Independent Bitmap)
Own format windows systems. Developed at one time specifically for it by Microsoft programmers. Supports indexed (256 colors) and RGB color. This format understands absolutely all graphic and not only editors working under Windows. There are few advantages of BMP on this, and numerous flaws begin:
1. BMP is absolutely not suitable for the Internet.
2. BMP is an extremely bad choice for subsequent printout.
3. BMP hardware dependent format.
4. He incorrectly uses RLE compression.
5. This format takes an unreasonably much space.
Thus, it is possible to make a completely defined output - the use of BMP will be an error in almost any case, with the exception of further use in programs that do not understand any other formats.

GIF (CompUserve Graphics Interchange Format)
One of the most famous formats of files, today is mainly used for the needs of the Internet.
This format, as can be understood from the name, was developed by CompUserve for more high-speed images in its networks of the same name in 1987.
Initially, it was a format that supports 256 indexed colors and nothing else. But soon, one programmer discovered the unused GIF capability - to record several pictures to one file and play them with a certain interrupt.
This, and even support for transparency, has become the basis of the update of the format that occurred in 1989, and hence the name used now GIF89A.
As you have already been able to read above, GIF supports transparency, and several colors can be prescribed transparent. It is implemented very simple - due to the additional alpha channel stored in the file.
The GIF uses LZW compression that in combination with indexed colors makes this format almost ideal for storing and transmitting little color, with the lack of a complex transition of colors, images, for example, logos.

NOTE! LZW Compression is another type of image compression, ideologically close to RLE. There is a search for so-called phrases (repeated combinations of different colors), and they are written in the form of keys. In the future, all the images are used already created keys. As you can understand, this method is much perfect RLE for areas with flower transitions, but the encoding in it requires more system resources.
Also one more advantage of GIF is the ability to use interlaced scroll.

NOTE! Interlaced - Employment and reading an image. As a result, the file is first loaded through the string, that is, in a smaller resolution, and then the remaining lines are stopped. The main application is the Internet, as it is possible to estimate the contents of the image before it is full of loading, and therefore, and save time.
All these conditions, namely the animation, transparency, the winding scroll made GIF one of the formats used in the worldwide network. But, repeat, its main drawback is the display of only 256 colors.

ATTENTION! JPEG is not the best format for storing your illustrations for further editing. With each opening and further closing the file, it is rewritten again, and therefore the quality drops even more. After a while, the image can be completely unsuitable. JPEG Method is much more efficient than LZW or RLE. Compression can be achieved and 100 times, but this occurs with a significant worsening of quality, and LZW and RLE do not change the images, and compress on the basis of repetitions already existing.
JPEG is best used for photos, pictures and other things, where you can allow the fuzziness of the edges and the presence of a small "swamp". However, for storage, for example, graphs are better to give preference to other formats, like PSD or TIFF. Large disadvantage of JPEG is the lack of ability to save indexed colors. You can save in CMYK, but in many programs there are problems when reading such files.
Currently, JPEG is the main format for transferring images in the World Wide Web. The reason for this is clear - no other format can give such quality, and therefore the speed of downloading files.
In Photoshop, when saving in this format, you can choose one of three JPEG options:
1. Standard. The usual described JPEG.
2. Baseline. Improved format. Files occupy less space with the same quality, but there are programs that incorrectly display such JPEGs. Mainly applied to the Internet.
3. Progressive. In addition to the advantages of BaseLine, added still interlaced (faster) expansion. An indispensable property for using files in the Internet.

PDF (Portable Document Format)
PDF is a format designed to quickly transmit on networks of various types of information, mainly top documents. To date, the PDF can include graphics, text, hyperlinks, sound, video and more.
All data in PDF may be compressed, and that the most interesting, these different types are compressed by different methods, most effective with respect to them.
Photoshop 6.0 can save both single-page and multi-page PDF. documentation. Given that this format today is becoming increasingly and wider in the Internet, it should be paid to high attention.

PCX
One of those formats that are not bad for themselves, but are crowded out by others. PCX is a format that exists only on PC (Personal Computer) compatible computers. It can support Bitmap color models, GRAYScale, Indexed Color, RGB. As you can see from this list, PCX does not support CMYK, which is not very good today.
Also, this format does not know how to store additional channels.
PCX can use RLE compression, which makes it somewhat more attractive to users.
The conclusion is such - it is better not to use this format. It will be perfectly replaced by a much more common and reliable TIFF.

Pict File (Macintosh QuickDraw Picture Format)
The format used mainly running MacIntosh MacOS MacOS. Supported by all programs on these computers and even serves as the exchange buffer standard. When saving in this format, you can use Bitmap color modes, GRAYScale, Indexed Colors, RGB, CMYK. When saving in RGB, you can save another alpha channel, and in the rest of the modes - several.
In addition, PICT is able to store vector information and even text and (!) Sound, though, correctly only on Macintosh.
This format has a sufficiently good opportunity for compression subject to the presence of large areas of the same color (RLE).

TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
The most common graphic raster format today in the publishing business. The main advantages:
1. TIFF hardware independent. Many are therefore specifically used to transfer images from PC to Macintosh and vice versa.
2. TIFF is a very reliable format. Almost all programs understand it without problems.
3. This format supports all color models, including CMYK and Pantone.
4. TIFF can carry additional information, for example, about contours or alpha channels.
5. TIFF can use LZW compression, which makes it acceptable for storing files. As you know, LZW compression does not change image quality.
Thus, TIFF is the best choice for those whose work are intended in the future for printing.

This article does not talk about vector formats, as this is another thing, and they do not belong to photoshop.