There are not ASCII characters. Coding text information

The computer means the process of its transformation into a form that allows you to organize more convenient transmission, storage or automatic processing of these data. For this purpose, various tables are used. The ASCII encoding is the first system developed in the United States to work with the English-language text, which was subsequently distributed throughout the world. Its descriptions, features, properties and further use is devoted to the article presented below.

Display and storing information in computer

Symbols on a computer monitor or a mobile digital gadget are formed on the basis of sets of vector forms of all kinds of signs and code that allows you to find the character among them that you want to insert into the right place. It is a bit sequence. Thus, each symbol must definitely fit a set of zeros and units that stand in a certain, unique order.

How it all began

Historically, the first computers were English-speaking. To encode symbolic information in them, it was enough to use only 7 memory bits, whereas for this purpose there was 1 byte, consisting of 8 bits. The number of signs understood by the computer in this case was equal to 128. The number of such characters included an English alphabet with its punctuation marks, numbers and some special characters. An English-speaking seven-coded encoding with the corresponding table (code page), developed in 1963, was named American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Usually, for its designation, the abbreviation "ASCII encoding" was used and used to this day.

Transition to multiplying

Over time, computers have become widely used in non-engaging countries. In this regard, there was a need for encodings that allow us to use national languages. It was decided not to reinvent the bike and take as a basis of ASCII. The coding table in the new edition expanded significantly. The use of the 8th bit allowed 256 characters to translate into a computer language.

Description

The ASCII encoding has a table that is divided into 2 parts. The generally accepted international standard is considered only its first half. It includes:

• Symbols with sequence numbers from 0 to 31, encoded by sequences from 00000000 to 00011111. They are assigned to control characters that follow the process of outputting text to the screen or printer, the sound signal, etc.
• Symbols with Nn in the table from 32 to 127, encoded by sequences from 00100000 to 01111111 constitute a standard part of the table. These include a space (N 32), the letters of the Latin alphabet (lowercase and uppercase), ten-digit numbers from 0 to 9, punctuation marks, brackets of different inscription and other characters.
• Symbols with sequence numbers from 128 to 255, encoded by sequences from 10,000,000 to 11111111. These are the letters of national alphabets other than Latin. It is this alternative part of the ASCII encoding table that is used to convert Russian symbols to the computer form.

Some properties

The features of the ASCII encoding include the difference between the letters "A" - "z" of the lower and upper registers with only one bit. This circumstance greatly simplifies the register transformation, as well as its verification to belong to the specified range of values. In addition, all the letters in the ASCII encoding system are represented by their own sequence numbers in the alphabet that are written 5 digits in a binary number system, in front of which for the letters of the lower register costs 011 2, and the upper - 010 2.

The features of the ASCII encoding features can also be classified and representing 10 digits - "0" - "9". In the second number system, they begin with 00112, and ends with 2 values \u200b\u200bof numbers. So, 0101 2 is equivalent to a decimal number five, so the "5" symbol is written as 0011 01012. Relying on the above, you can easily convert binary-decimal numbers to the string in the ASCII encoding by adding the left bit sequence 00112 to each mb.

"Unicode"

As you know, thousands of characters are required to display texts in the languages \u200b\u200bof the group of Southeast Asia. This amount is not described in any way in one pate information, so even the extended versions of ASCII could no longer meet the increased needs of users from different countries.

So, there was a need to create a universal encoding of the text, the development of which, with the cooperation with many leaders of the world IT industry, a Consortium "Unicode" was engaged. Its experts created the UTF 32 system. In it, 32 bits constituting 4 bytes of information were released for coding 1 of the symbol. The main disadvantage was a sharp increase in the amount of memory required as much as 4 times, which entailed many problems.

At the same time, for most countries with official languages \u200b\u200brelating to the Indo-European Group, the number of signs equal to 2 32 is more than redundant.

As a result of the further work of specialists from the "Unicode" Consortium, an UTF-16 encoding appeared. It has become the option of converting symbolic information that has arranged all both by the volume of the required memory and by the number of encoded symbols. That is why UTF-16 was accepted by default and in it for one mark you need to reserve 2 bytes.

Even this rather advanced and successful version of "Unicode" had some drawbacks, and after the transition from the extended version of the ASCII to UTF-16 increased the weight of the document twice.

In this regard, it was decided to use the UTF-8 variable variable encoding. In this case, each source text icon is encoded by a sequence of 1 to 6 bytes.

Communication with American Standard Code for Information Interchange

All signs of the Latin alphabet in UTF-8 variable length are encoded in 1 byte, as in the ASCII encoding system.

A feature of UTF-8 is that in the case of text on Latinia without using other characters, even programs that do not understand "Unicode" will still allow you to read it. In other words, the basic part of the ASCII text encoding simply moves to the new UTF length variable. Cyrillic signs in UTF-8 occupy 2 bytes, and, for example, Georgian - 3 bytes. The creation of UTF-16 and 8 was solved the main problem of creating a single code space in fonts. Since then, manufacturers of fonts remain only to fill in the table vector forms of text symbols based on their needs.

In various operating systems, preference is given to various encodings. To be able to read and edit texts scored in another encoding, the transcoding programs of Russian text apply. Some text editors contain built-in transcoders and allow you to read text regardless of encoding.

Now you know how many characters in the ASCII encoding and, how and why it was designed. Of course, today I received the greatest distribution in the world. Unicode. However, it is impossible to forget that it is created on the basis of ASCII, so it should be appreciated by the contribution of its developers to the IT scope.

Hello, dear blog readers Website. Today we will talk to you about where Krakoyarbra come from and in programs, which text encodings exist and which of them should be used. Let us consider in detail the history of their development, ranging from the basic ASCII, as well as its extended versions of CP866, KOI8-R, Windows 1251 and ending with modern codes of the Unicode UTF 16 and 8 consortium.

Someone this information may seem unnecessary, but you would know how much questions come to me exactly concerned the cracks (not reading a set of characters). Now I will have the opportunity to send everyone to the text of this article and independently search for your shoals. Well, get ready to absorb the information and try to monitor the narration.

ASCII - Basic Latiza Text Encoding

The development of text encodings occurs simultaneously with the formation of the IT industry, and during this time they had time to undergo quite a few changes. Historically, it all started with a rather harmful in Russian pronunciation of EBCDIC, which made it possible to encode the letters of the Latin alphabet, Arabic numbers and punctuation marks with control symbols.

But still the starting point for the development of modern text encodings should be considered a famous ASCII. (American Standard Code for Information Interchange, which in Russian is usually pronounced as "Aski"). It describes the first 128 characters from the most commonly used English-speaking users - Latin letters, Arabic numbers and punctuation marks.

Even in these 128 characters described in ASCII, some service symbols were crushed by brackets, lattices, asterisks, etc. Actually, you yourself can see them:

It is these 128 characters from the initial version of the ASCII have become the standard, and in any other encoding you will definitely meet and stand that they will be in such a manner.

But the fact is that with the help of one byte of the information, it is not 128, but as many as 256 different values \u200b\u200b(two to the degree eight equals 256), so after base version Aski appeared a number of advanced encodings ASCIIIn addition to 128 main signs, it was also possible to encode the national encoding symbols (for example, Russian).

Here, probably, it is worth a little more about the number system that are used in the description. First, as you know everything, the computer works only with numbers in a binary system, namely with zeros and units ("Boulev Algebra", if anyone held at the Institute or at School). Each of which is a decend to a degree, starting with zero, and to twos in the seventh:

It is not difficult to understand that all possible combinations of zeros and units in such a design can only be 256. Translate the number from the binary system in decimal is quite simple. It is necessary to simply fold all the degrees of twos above that one stands.

In our example, it turns out 1 (2 to the degree of zero) plus 8 (two to degrees 3), plus 32 (twice in the fifth degree), plus 64 (in the sixth), plus 128 (in the seventh). Total receives 233 in a decimal number system. As you can see, everything is very simple.

But if you look at the table with ASCII characters, you will see that they are presented in hexadecimal encoding. For example, the "asterisk" corresponds to the paradise of a hexadecimal number 2a. Probably, you know that in a hexadecimal number system, the Latin letters from A (mean ten) to F (means fifteen) are used in a hexadecimal number system.

Well, so for transfer binary numbers In hexadecimal Resort to the next simple and visual way. Each byte of information is broken into two parts of four bits, as shown in the screenshot above. So In each half of the byte, the binary code can only be encode for sixteen values \u200b\u200b(two in the fourth degree), which can be easily represented by hexadecimal.

Moreover, in the left half of the byte, it will be necessary to consider extent again from zero, and not as shown in the screenshot. As a result, by non-good computing, we get that the number E9 is encoded in the screenshot. I hope that the course of my reasoning and the solidification of this rebus you were understandable. Well, now we will continue, actually talk about the text encoding.

Extended versions of ASKI - CP866 and KOI8-R encoding with pseudograph

So, we started talking about ASCII, which was like a starting point for the development of all modern encodings (Windows 1251, Unicode, UTF 8).

Initially, it was laid only 128 signs of the Latin alphabet, Arabic numbers and something else there, but in the extended version it was possible to use all 256 values \u200b\u200bthat can be encoded in one pate information. Those. An opportunity to add symbols of the letters of his tongue to Aska.

Here it will be necessary to once again be distracted to clarify - why do you need encoding texts and why it is so important. The characters on the screen of your computer are formed on the basis of two things - sets of vector forms (representations) of all kinds of characters (they are in files CO) and code that allows you to pull out this set of vector shapes (font file) it is the character to be inserted into Right place.

It is clear that the fonts are responsible for the vector forms, but the operating system and programs used in it are responsible for encoding. Those. Any text on your computer will be a set of bytes in each of which one single symbol of this text is encoded.

The program that displays this text on the screen (text editor, browser, etc.), when parsing the code, reads the encoding of the next sign and searches for the corresponding vector form in the desired file The font that is connected to display this text document. Everything is simple and trite.

So, to encode any symbol we need (for example, from the National Alphabet), two conditions must be completed - the vector form of this sign should be in the font used and this symbol could be encoded in the extended ASCII encodings into one byte. Therefore, there is a whole bunch of such options. Only for coding of the symbols of the Russian language there are several varieties of extended ASSS.

For example, initially appeared CP866.In which it was possible to use the symbols of the Russian alphabet and it was an extended version of ASCII.

Those. Its upper part completely coincided with the basic version of Aska (128 symbols of Latin, numbers and anyone else), which is presented on the screenshot given a little higher, but already bottom part The CP866 encoding tables had the specified in the screenshot slightly lower and allowed to encode another 128 characters (Russian letters and every pseudographic):

See, in the right column, the numbers begin with 8, because The numbers from 0 to 7 refer to the base part of the ASCII (see the first screenshot). So The Russian letter "M" in the CP866 will have code 9C (it is on the intersection of the corresponding rows with 9 and the column with a number C in a hexadecimal number system), which can be written in one byte information, and if there is a suitable font with Russian characters, this letter without Problems will be displayed in the text.

Where did this quantity come from pseudographers in CP866.? It's all the fact that this encoding for Russian text was developed in those bright years, when there was no such distribution of graphic operating systems as now. And in the doss, and similar text operations, the pseudographic allowed at least somehow diversify the design of texts and therefore it abounds with CP866 and all its other rows from the discharge of extended Versions of Aska.

CP866 distributed IBM company, but in addition, a number of encodings were developed for the symbols of the Russian language, for example, the same type (extended ASCII) can be attributed Koi8-R.:

The principle of its work remained the same as the CP866 described later - each text symbol is encoded by one single byte. The screenshot shows the second half of the KOI8-R table, because The first half is fully consistent with the base asus, which is shown on the first screenshot in this article.

Among the features of KOI8-R encoding, it can be noted that the Russian letters in its table are not in alphabetical order, like this, for example, made in CP866.

If you look at the very first screenshot (base part, which enters all extended encodings), then notice that in Koi8-R, Russian letters are located in the same tables of the table as the letters of the Latin alphabet from the first part of the table. This was done for the convenience of switching from Russian symbols to Latin by discarding only one bit (two in the seventh degree or 128).

Windows 1251 - a modern version of ASCII and why crackels get out

Further development of text encodings was due to the fact that graphic operating systems and the need to use pseudographics in them were gaining popularity. As a result, a whole group arose, which, at their essence, was still advanced versions of ASKI (one text symbol is encoded with only one byput of information), but without using pseudographic characters.

They treated the so-called ANSI coding, which were developed by the American Institute for Standardization. The name of Cyrillic was still used in the surchanting for an option with the support of the Russian language. An example of such an example.

It was favorably different from the previously used CP866 and Koi8-R in that the place of the characters of the pseudographic in it took the missing symbols of the Russian typography (the decreasing sign), as well as the symbols used in close to Russian Slavic languages \u200b\u200b(Ukrainian, Belarusian, etc. ):

Because of this abundance of the codings of the Russian language, manufacturers of fonts and manufacturers software He constantly arose a headache, and with you, dear readers, often got those the most notorious krakoyabryWhen the confusion was taught with the version used in the text.

Very often they got out when sending and receiving messages on e-mailWhat caused the creation of very complex transcoding tables, which, in fact, could not solve this problem in the root, and often users for correspondence were used to avoid notorious krakozyabs when using Russian encodings of such CP866, KOI8-R or Windows 1251.

In essence, krakoyarbra, imparting instead of Russian text, were the result of the incorrect use of encoding of this languagewhich did not match the one in which the text message was encoded initially.

Suppose if symbols encoded with CP866, try to display using the Windows 1251 code table, then these most cracked (meaningless set of characters) and get out, completely replacing the message text.

A similar situation is very often occurring at, forums or blogs, when text with Russian characters by mistake is not saved in that encoding that is used on the default website, or not in that text editorwhich adds to the code sebestin not visible to the naked eye.

In the end, such a situation with many encodings and constantly crawling cranebrams, many tired, there were prerequisites for creating a new universal variation, which would have replaced all existing and solve, finally, to the root of the problem with the advent of not readable texts. In addition, there was a problem of languages \u200b\u200bof similar Chinese, where the symbols of the language were much more than 256.

Unicode (Unicode) - Universal Codes UTF 8, 16 and 32

These thousands of signs of the Language group of Southeast Asia could not be described in one pape information that was allocated for encoding characters in advanced ASCII versions. As a result, a consortium was created called Unicode (Unicode - Unicode Consortium) In the collaboration of many IT leaders of the industry (those who produce a software that encodes iron, who creates fonts) who were interested in the appearance of a universal text encoding.

The first variation published under the auspices of the Unicode Consortium was UTF 32.. The digit in the name of the encoding means the number of bits that is used to encode one symbol. 32 bits are 4 bytes of information that will be needed to encode one single sign in the new Universal UTF encoding.

As a result, the same file with the text encoded in the extended version of ASCII and UTF-32 will in the latter case will have the size (weigh) four times more. It is bad, but now we have the opportunity to encode the number of signs equal to two to thirty second degrees with the help of UTF ( billions of characterswhich will cover any real value with a colossal margin).

But many countries with the languages \u200b\u200bof the European Group have such a huge number of signs to use in the encoding at all and there was no need, however, when using UTF-32, they didn't receive a four-time increase in the weight of text documents, and as a result, an increase in Internet traffic and volume stored data. This is a lot, and no one could afford such waste.

As a result of the development of Unicode appeared UTF-16which turned out so successful that was adopted by default as a basic space for all the characters that we use. It uses two bytes to encode one sign. Let's see how this thing looks like.

In the Windows operating system, you can pass along the path "Start" - "Programs" - "Standard" - "Service" - "Character Table". As a result, a table opens with vector forms of all installed in your fonts. If you choose in "additional parameters" a set of unicode characters, you can see for each font separately the entire range of characters included in it.

By the way, clicking on any of them, you can see it two-by code in UTF-16 formatconsisting of four hexadecimal digits:

How many characters can be encoded in UTF-16 using 16 bits? 65 536 (two to sixteen), and this number was taken for the basic space in Unicode. In addition, there are ways to encode with it and about two million characters, but limited to the expanded space in a million text symbols.

But even this successful version of Unicode's encoding did not bring much satisfaction to those who wrote, for example, the programs only on english languageFor them, after the transition from the extended version of ASCII to UTF-16, the weight of the documents increased twice (one byte per symbol in ASKI and two bytes on the same symbol in UTF-16).

That's it precisely to satisfy everyone and all in the Unicode consortium was decided to come up with encoding variable length. She was called UTF-8. Despite the eight in the title, it really has a variable length, i.e. Each text symbol can be encoded into a sequence of one to six bytes.

In practice, the UTF-8 uses only a range from one to four bytes, because there is nothing even theoretically possible to submit anything to the four bytes of the code. All Latin signs are encoded in one byte, as well as in the old good ASCII.

What is noteworthy, in the case of coding only Latin, even those programs that do not understand Unicode will still read what is encoded in UTF-8. Those. The basic part of Aska simply switched to this off the Unicode Consortium.

Cyrillic signs in UTF-8 are encoded into two bytes, and, for example, Georgian - in three bytes. The Unicode Consortium after the creation of UTF 16 and 8 decided the main problem - now we have in the fonts there is a single code space. And now their manufacturers remain only on the basis of their forces and opportunities to fill it with vector forms of text symbols. Now in the sets even.

In the Symbol table below, it can be seen that different fonts support a different number of characters. Some symbols of Unicode fonts can weigh very well. But now they are not distinguished by the fact that they are created for different encodings, but by the fact that the font manufacturer filled or not filled the single code space by those or other vector forms to the end.

Krakoyabry instead of Russian letters - how to fix

Let's now see how the Crakozyabe text appears instead of the text or, in other words, how the correct encoding is selected for Russian text. Actually, it is set in the program in which you create or edit this same text, or code using text fragments.

For editing and creating text files, I personally use very good, in my opinion. However, it can highlight the syntax still good hundreds of programming languages \u200b\u200band markup, and also has the ability to expand with plugins. Read detailed review This wonderful program according to the link.

In the NotePad ++ top menu, there is an "encoding" item, where you will have the ability to convert an existing option to one that is used on your default site:

In the case of a site on Joomla 1.5 and above, as well as in the case of a blog on Wordpress, you should choose the option in order to avoid the appearance of krakoyar UTF 8 without BOM. What is the BOM prefix?

The fact is that when the ETF-16 encoding was developed, for some reason decided to fasten such a thing to it as the ability to record a symbol code, both in direct sequence (for example, 0a15) and in the reverse (150a). And in order for the programs to understand which sequence reading codes, and was invented BOM. (Byte Order Mark or, in other words, signature), which was expressed in adding three additional bytes to the very beginning of documents.

In the utf-8 encoding, there were no BOM in the Unicode Consortium and therefore adding signature (these most notorious additional three bytes to the beginning of the document) Some programs simply prevent reading the code. Therefore, we always, when saving files in UTF, you must select an option without BOM (without signature). So you are in advance mustrase yourself from crackering.

What is noteworthy, some programs in Windows do not know how to do this (do not be able to save text in UTF-8 without BOM), for example, the same notorious notebook Windows. It saves the document in UTF-8, but still adds signature to its beginning (three additional bytes). Moreover, these bytes will always be the same - read the code in direct sequence. But on the servers, because of this little things, there may be a problem - crackels will get out.

Therefore, in no case do not use the usual notebook Windows To edit documents of your site, if you do not want the appearance of krakoyarbra. I consider the latest and easiest option for the already mentioned NotePad ++ editor, which practically does not have drawbacks and consists of one of the advantages.

In NotePad ++ when choosing an encoding, you will have the ability to convert text to the UCS-2 encoding, which is very close to the Unicode standard in essence. Also in a non-type can be encoded in ANSI, i.e. With reference to the Russian language, this will be already described by us just above Windows 1251. Where does this information come from?

She is spelled out in the registry of your operating room windows systems - What encoding to choose in the case of ANSI, what to choose in the case of OEM (for the Russian language it will be CP866). If you install another default language on your computer, then these encodings will be replaced with similar to ANSI or OEM discharge for the same language.

After you in NotePad ++, save the document in the encoding you need or open a document from the site to edit, then in the lower right corner of the editor you can see its name:

To avoid krakoyarbrovexcept the actions described above will be useful to register in his cap source code All site pages information about this coding, so that the server or local host does not occur.

In general, in all languages \u200b\u200bof hypertext marking other than HTML, a special XML ad is used, which specifies the text encoding.

Before starting to disassemble the code, the browser will find out which version is used and how exactly you need to interpret the codes of the characters of this language. But what is noteworthy, in case you save the document in the default Unicode, this XML declaration can be omitted (the encoding will be considered UTF-8, if there is no BOM or UTF-16 if there is a BOM).

In the case of a document hTML language To specify the encoding used meta elementwhich is prescribed between the opening and closing HEAD tag:

... ...

This entry is quite different from the accepted B, but fully complies with the newly introduced slowly by the HTML 5 standard, and it will be absolutely correctly understood by anyone used on this moment browsers.

In theory, META element with an indication of encoding HTML document Better to put as high as possible in the dock headerSo that at the time of the meeting in the text of the first sign is not from the basic ANSI (which always read always and in any variation) the browser must already have information on how to interpret the codes of these characters.

Good luck to you! To ambiguous meetings on the blog pages Website

see more Rollers you can go on

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By the way, on our site you can translate any text in a decimal, hexadecimal, binary code using the CODE Calculator online.

Table ASCII

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

ASCII Summary Table

ASCII Windows Symbols Table (Win-1251)

Symbol specialist. Tabulation specialist. LF (exclusive carriage) specialist. CR ( New line) cup. SP (space)

Symbol

Extended ASCII Code Table

Formatting symbols.

	Backspace (Return to one character). Shows the movement of the mechanism of printing or the display cursor back to one position.
	Horizontal Tabulation (horizontal tabulation). Shows the movement of the printing mechanism or the display cursor to the next prescribed "tab position".
	Line Feed. Shows the movement of the printing mechanism or the display cursor to the beginning of the next line (one line down).
	Vertical Tabulation (Vertical tabulation). Shows the movement of the printing mechanism or the display cursor to the next group of strings.
	Form Feed. Shows the movement of the printing mechanism or the display cursor to the original position of the next page, form or screen.
	CARRIAGE RETURN (carriage translation). Shows the movement of the printing mechanism or the display cursor to the original (extreme left) position of the current line.

Data transfer.

	Start of Heading. It is used to determine the beginning of the title, which may contain routing information or address.
	Start of Text. Shows the beginning of the text and at the same time the end of the header.
	End of Text. It is applied at the end of the text that has begun from the STX symbol.
	Enquiry. Request identity data (type "Who are you?") From the remote station.
	ACKNOWLEDGE (confirmation). The receiving device transmits this sender symbol as confirming the successful data reception.
	Negative Acknowledgement. The receiving device transmits this sender symbol in case of denial of data receiving.
	Synchronous / IDle (synchronization). Used in synchronized transmission systems. In the absence of data transmission, the system continuously sends SYN characters to provide synchronization.
	END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK (end of the transmission block). Shows the end of the data block for communication purposes. It is used to split into separate blocks of large data volumes.

Separation signs when transferring information.

Other characters.

	NULL. (NO Character- No data). Applied to transmission in the absence of data.
	Bell (Call). It is used to control the alarm devices.
	SHIFT OUT. Shows that all subsequent code combinations must be interpreted according to external set Characters before the arrival of the SI symbol.
	SHIFT IN. Indicates that subsequent code combinations should be interpreted according to a standard character set.
	Data Link Escape. Changing the value of the characters going down. It is used for additional control or to transmit an arbitrary bits combination.
DC1, DC2, DC3, DC4	Device Controls. Symbols for managing auxiliary devices (special functions).
	Cancel. Indicates that the data preceded by this symbol in the message or block must be ignored (usually in case of error detection).
	End of medium (end of the carrier). Indicates the physical end of the tape or other media
	Substitute (substituent). It is used to substitute an erroneous or unacceptable symbol.
	Escape. It is used to expand the code, indicating that the subsequent symbol has an alternative value.
	Space. An unprinted symbol for splitting words or move the printing mechanism or the display cursor forward to one position.
	Delete. Used to remove (erasing) of the previous sign in the message

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In this article

Insert an ASCII or Unicode symbol into a document

If you need to enter only a few special characters or characters, you can use or shortcut keys. For a list of characters ascii, see the following tables or article Insert letters of national alphabets using keyboard shortcuts.

Notes:

ASCII characters insert

To insert the ASCII Symbol, press and hold the ALT key, entering the symbol code. For example, to insert a degree symbol (º), press and hold the ALT key, then enter 0176 on the numeric keypad.

To enter numbers, use a digital keyboard, not the numbers on the main keyboard. If you need to enter numbers on the numeric keypad, make sure that the NUM LOCK indicator is enabled.

Inserting symbols of unicode

To insert the Unicode Symbol, enter the character code, then consistently press keys Alt. and X. For example, to insert a dollar symbol ($), enter 0024 and sequentially press the ALT and X keys. All Unicode characters codes see.

Important: Some microsoft programs Office, such as PowerPoint and InfoPath, do not support the conversion of Unicode codes into characters. If you need to insert a Unicode symbol in one of these programs, use.

Notes:

If, after pressing the ALT + X keys, an incorrect Unicode Symbol is displayed, select the correct code, and then press Alt + X again.

In addition, in front of the code should be introduced "U +". For example, if you enter "1U + B5" and press the ALT + X keys, the text "1μ" will appear, and if you enter "1b5" and press the ALT + X keys, the "ƶ" symbol will appear.

Using a symbol table

Character table is a program built into Microsoft Windows.which allows you to view characters available for the selected font.

Using the character table, you can copy individual characters or a group of characters to the clipboard and insert them into any program supporting the display of these characters. Opening a character table

In Windows 10. Enter the word "symbol" in the search field on the taskbar and select the character table in the search results.

In Windows 8. Enter the word "symbol" on the initial screen and select the character table in the search results.

In Windows 7. Press the button StartSequentially select All programs, Standard, Service and click symbol table.

Symbols are grouped in font. Click the font list to select a suitable set of characters. To select a symbol, click it, then click Choose. To insert a character, right-click the desired location in the document and select Insert.

Frequently used symbols codes

Full list For symbols, see on the computer, the ASCII character codes table or UNICOD symbol tables ordered by sets.

Glyph		Glyph
Cash units
Legal symbols
Mathematical symbols
Drobi.
Punctuation marks and dialect symbols
Symbols of form
			Frequently used diacritical signs codes Full list of glyphs and relevant codes, see. Glyph Glyph Unprintable ASCII Managing Signs Signs used to manage some peripheral devicesFor example printers, the ASCII table has numbers 0-31. For example, the page translation / new page corresponds to number 12. This sign indicates the printer to go to the top of the next page. Table of Unprintable Handling Signs ASCII Decimal number Sign Decimal number Sign Data Channel Liberation Start header First device management code Beginning of text Second device management code End of text Third device management code End of the transfer Fourth Device Management Code five-pointed Negative confirmation the confirmation Synchronous transmission mode Sound signal The end of the data transmitted block Horizontal tabulation End of carrier Row / New Row Symbol of replacement Vertical tabulation exceed Page / New Page Twelve File separator Return carriage Separator Group Shift without saving discharges Separator records Discharge shift fifteen Data separator

Unicode (in English Unicode) is the standard encoding standard. Simply put, this is a table of conformity of text signs (, letters, elements of punctuation) binary codes. The computer understands only the sequence of zeros and units. So he knew what exactly it should be displayed on the screen, you must assign your own character unique number. In the eighties, the signs were encoded by one byte, that is, eight bits (each bit is 0 or 1). Thus it turned out that one table (it is the same encoding or set) can accommodate only 256 characters. This may not be enough even for one language. Therefore, many different encodings appeared, the confusion with which often led to the fact that some strange krakozyabry appeared on the screen instead of the read text. The unified standard was required, which Unicode became. The most used encoding - UTF-8 (Unicode Transformation Format) for the image of the symbol involves from 1 to 4 bytes.

Symbols

Symbols in Unicode Tables are numbered by hexadecimal numbers. For example, Cyrillic capital letter M is denoted by u + 041c. This means that it stands at the intersection of the string 041 and the column of C. It can be simply copied and then inserted somewhere. In order not to rummage in the multi-kilometer list, you should use the search. Going to the Symbol page, you will see its number in Unicode and a way of drawing in different fonts. You can drive into the search string and the sign itself, even if the square is drawn instead, at least in order to find out what it was. Also, on this site there are special (and random) sets of the same type of icons collected from different sections for the convenience of using them.

UNICOD standard - international. It includes marks of almost all the writing of the world. Including those that no longer apply. Egyptian hieroglyphs, German runes, Mayan writing, clinp and alphabets of ancient states. Presented and designations of measures and scales, musical literacy, mathematical concepts.

The Unicode consortium itself does not invent new symbols. The tables are added to the tables that find their use in society. For example, the ruble sign was actively used for six years before was added to Unicode. The emoji (emoticons) pictograms also first gained widespread use in Japan before they were included in the encoding. But trademarks, and company logos are not added fundamentally. Even the apple apple or Windows flag. To date, about 120 thousand characters are encoded in version 8.0.