A complex of technical information processing is a combination of autonomous devices for collecting, accumulating, transferring, processing and presenting information, as well as instruments of office equipment, management, repair and preventive and others. A number of requirements are made to a complex of technical means:

Ensuring solving problems with minimal costs, necessary accuracy and reliability;

The possibility of technical compatibility of devices, their aggregative;

Ensuring high reliability;

Minimum acquisition costs.

The domestic and foreign industry produces a broad nomenclature of technical means of processing information that differ in the elementary base, constructive execution, using various information carriers, operational characteristics.

Technical means of processing information are divided into two large groups. These are the main and auxiliary means of processing (Fig.12). Auxiliary means of informatization - This is an equipment that ensures the performance of fixed assets, as well as equipment facilitating and making managerial work is more comfortable. Admission tools include office equipment and repair and preventive measures. The office equipment is represented by a very wide range of funds, from stationery products, to means of delivering, reproduction, snapsurance, search and destroying the main data, administrative and production facilities, and so on, which makes the work of the managerial and comfortable and comfortable.

Fig. 12. Classification of technical information processing

Basic informatization tools - It is a labor tool on automated information processing. It is known that certain management information is needed to manage those or other processes, characterizing the states and parameters of technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, sales, financial activities. The main technical processing tools include: Means of registration and collecting information, data reception and data means, data preparation tools, input tools, information processing tools and information display tools.

Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the time-consuming processes. Therefore, devices for mechanized and automated measurement, collecting and registering data are widely used. The nomenclature of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, a variety of meters, scoreboard, flow meters, cash registers, banknotes accounts, ATMs and much more. As well as various production recorders intended for registration and fixation of information about economic operations on machine carriers.

Means of reception and transfer of information. The transmission of information is understood as the process of sending data (messages) from one device to another.

Data preparation tools are presented with information preparation devices on machine media, devices for transferring information to media.

Input tools are used to perceive the data of machine media and entering information into computer systems.

Information processing tools play a crucial role in the complex of technical information processing. Computers can be attributed to the processing tools that in turn divide into four classes: micro-computer, small (mini) computer, large and super-computer.

Micro-computer is two species: universal and specialized. And universal and specialized can be both multiplayer - powerful computers equipped with multiple terminals and functioning in time separation mode (servers) and single-user (workstations) that specialize in performing one type of work.

Small computer - work in time separation mode and in multitasking mode, are distinguished by reliability and ease of operation.

Large computer (Meinferm) are characterized by a large amount of memory, high fault tolerance and performance, as well as high reliability and data protection; Connection opportunity big number users.

Super-computer is powerful multiprocessor computers with speed 40 billion operations per second.

The server is a computer dedicated to process requests from all network stations and representing these stations access to system resources and distributing these resources. The universal server is called - server-application. Powerful servers can be attributed to small and large computers.

Information display tools are used to display the results of calculation, reference data and programs for machine media, printing, screen. Output devices include monitors, printers and plotters. The monitor is a device designed to display information entered by the user with the keyboard or the displayed computer. The printer is an output device for text and graphics information. The plotter is a device for the output of the drawings and schemes of large formats on paper.

Office equipment- An integral part of technical equipment of any office. Office Organizational Technology (office equipment) - technical means used for mechanization and automation of managerial and engineering and technical works. Insufficient use of office equipment leads to a decrease in labor productivity and the efficiency of management and technical personnel. Under office equipment, we understand the technical means used in the office work to create information paper documents, copying, reproduction, processing, storage, transportation and administrative management tools.

Means of drawing up and manufacturing documents. These include writing machines, organizational machines. Typewriters Recently, even an indispensable type of equipment is increasingly crowded with personal computers equipped with printers. Mechanical typewriters are the simplest and cheap, but the most uncomfortable in the work. Electrical typewriters require minimal strengths from keystrokes when you press the keys and at the same time provide a large number of copies - to 12. Electronic typewriters, having all the merits of electrical, have also memory, which brings them to efficiency to organizational machines. The memory of electronic writing machines can be both internal (electronic, magnetic) and external (magnetic cards, ribbons, floppy disks). A variety of information is stored in this memory: standard texts, templates, addresses format documents. Printable information can also be recorded in memory for further analysis and use. Naturally, the information retrieved from the memory can be directly edited, change addresses, surnames and any other fragments of texts. Electronic writing machines can have a display for pre-displaying and editing printed information, can be connected to a computer to enter the necessary information and editing texts using more modern computer editors. Stationery typewriters are desktop and hard-only, among them there are mechanical, electrical and electronic. Portable or road typewriters are most often mechanical. Specialized writing machines, depending on the destination, include typewriters with fonts for blind, type-writing machines and machinery for the preparation of forms for subsequent replication, stenographic machines and consoles for the formation of stenograph reports on meetings, plaque typewriters for imprinting texts in passports Both blanks and applying inscriptions.

Organizational machines - uthen a registered complex of electromechanical and electronic devices, intended for the day of automation of the process of drawing up, editing and making text and text and tabular documents. Oboltomats include high-speed printing devices, various storage devices, microprocessors and other control devices, displays. The functionality of the orbitomates is wider than the electronic writing machines. It should be emphasized to note the feasibility of applying voice recorder techniques as an intermediate link of information registration when creating machine-visiting documents. Statistics show that labor costs for drawing up a document with an intermediate laying text on a voice recorder and subsequent seal from a voice recorder 2-3 times less than with handwritten preparation and subsequent printing from a draft. With large volumes of regular machine-visiting works in organizations, it is advisable to create voice recorder bureaus.

Transportation of documents between the official premises of the company, the Bank, the library or another organization can be carried out with transportation of documents (trolleys, conveyors, elevators, pneumatic) . Lift conveyors (or lifts) are used to vertical displacement of documents. According to the principle of operation, they can be discrete and continuous. If the elevators have continuous movement, then on their platforms (pallets) programmable devices for automatic unloading and cargo capture are used.

Pneumatic mail ensures the movement of documents on the pneumatic pipeline at high speed and over long distances. Many pneumatic produces provide cargo transmission in different directions with automatic routing on a given program.

Document processing toolsdesigned to address the addressing, labeling, blocking and implementation of other operations on documents. Addressible machines are widely used for imprints into documents of local fragments of texts, most often standard: customer addresses, account titles, applications, notices of payment documents. The addressing machine copies to documents or labels for the subsequent sticker of the text fragment, promptly selectable from a large number of texts stored either in the machine's memory, or in the form of printed forms in the template stamp cards, often inserted for the convenience of manual choice in multicolored standard frames. The addressed machines use special forms for flat, and sometimes high printing. Texts for printouts can also be obtained from the computer.

Marking machines (Frankings) Instead of brands on envelopes, mail stamps are printed with the date of mail and the amount of payment. When printing, the amount of payments to be executed accumulates on the frame of the French francated machine. Such a mail stamp may contain a brief advertisement, the name of the organization, its address, telephone.

Stamped devices (numbering) serve to print on short digital messages: numbers, indexes, dates.

Laminators - machines to protect documents from moisture, dust, oil and from negligent storage by applying a protective coating on the surface. The document is inserted into the car, where it is subjected to heat treatment, as a result of which the protective film is applied to the document, or sticky transparent film is simply glued to the surface of the document. Lamination is advisable securities, ads, books and reports, menus and many other documents.

Folding machines - devices for performing various types of folding (flexion) of papers on a given format and neat folding them. Folding machines perform all standard types of falseing single, type of writing, zigzag, etc.

Binding machines devices for automatic folding and bonding brochures with metal clips. The simpler hand and electrified paper staplers are available.

Headband machines (collars) Machines for selection (sorting) of printed sheets in blocks, for example, for subsequent manufacturer, brochures.

Copy and reproduction of documents Designed for the implementation of operations of copying and reproduction of documents (articles, ads, advertising avenues) are very common in business business and other areas of labor and social activities. For the purpose of copying and reproducing documents, special technical means are used. The day of receiving a small number of copies (up to 25 copies) it is advisable to use the means of copying documentation (reprograms), with large replication (more than 25 copies) - means of reproduction of documents (operational or small printing). Electrographic copy (electrophotographic, xerographic) is currently the most common way to copy. More than 70% of the world's copying equipment fleet make up electronized copiers, through which more than 50% of all copies obtained in the world are manufactured.

Thermographic copying. This is the most operational way of copying (dozens of meters per minute), allowing you to receive a copy on a specially expensive thermosetting paper or on ordinary paper, but through a thermoconium paper. Photographic copying. This copying method is the most longtime. It provides the highest quality, but requires expensive supplies and long process. Electron-graphic copying. It is based on optical reading documents (photodiodes convert the image of the document into electrical signals designed on them) and electrical checking information on the special copy carrier. The copies will most often get on the electrophotile and on thermosetting paper. Copies on electrophotile serve as the basis for subsequent replication of documents by screen printing by means of screen printing, and in the aspect of the preparation of high-quality screen printing forms, electron-graphic copying is very efficient and widely used. Diazographic Blueprint - Diazography, Signcography. It is used mainly to copy the larger drawing and technical documentation. The original must be performed on a light paper, tracing paper. The process is to exposure the original to the contact method on photosensitive diazobumagu and whitening paper with bright light in places where there is no image.

TO funds of operational printing Pain the hectographic, offset, screen printing. Hectographic print. The principle of it is based on the manufacture of printed form with a large paint margin, which is gradually dissolved with alcohol (from here the common name - alcohol printing) and is consumed, tolerated on the copy. The basis of offset printing is the principle of incompatibility of oil and water. Printing is performed with a flat surface (shape) treated in such a way that the areas corresponding to the applied image hold the paint on an oil base and repelled water, and the rest of the surface kept water and repelled the paint. Printed form It is manufactured on the coated paper by transferring to it using a special copy paper of a mirror image of the document. Printing is performed on hectographs by moisturizing paper with alcohol and contact transfer of a thin paint layer with a printed form on this paper. From one printed form you can get 100-200 writing. Geotographic printing is used with a small replication of 25-250 copies. The printed form is made on a metal (foil) or a hydrophilic paper plate by printing on a typewriter (printer) or electronically or thermographic copying of the document, but with the mandatory use of a fatty dye. When printing on rotaprints on the plate, the paint is rolling, sticking to the fatty methows, and then contact method through an intermediate elastic link (offset drum), the paint is transferred to the paper to get a copy.

Screen printing. Printing form - stencil, is made on a sheet of wax, gelatin or colloid paper either on a film by penetrating micro-rigors in its special typewriters or electronically copying methods. The printing process is to join the paint through the stencil on machines called rotators.

Electronic screen printing. Of particular attention deserves, of course, the most effective and promising version of the operational printing on risographs, using the latest achievements of digital electronics and significantly improves all the characteristics of screen printing. Risographs are a relatively new type of copying technology, they combine traditional screen printing with modern digital methods of manufacturing and processing electronic documents. By connecting the risograph to the computer through a parallel port, it can be used to operate, edit and reproduction of any printing publications.

The risograph was invented and created in 1980 in Japan, and by the beginning of 1995, more than 70% of Japanese schools were equipped with risographs; In Russia, the first risographs appeared in 1992, in 1995 their quantity exceeded 3000, and the general needs of the Russian market are based on specialists, 200 thousand hp. When preparing the matrix, the original document is placed on the built-in scanner. The scanner reads information, encodes it and creates an appropriate digital file. After processing a special multi-layer master film by a thermal head controlled by the SIMM digital file, a working matrix is \u200b\u200bcreated, which contains a copied image or text in the form of microcertices in the outer film layer. Then the working matrix is \u200b\u200bimpregnated with a special dye absorbed by the inner layer of film, and is used as a stencil for replication of the document. With one working matrix, you can get at least 4000 wells of good quality. All named procedures are automatically executed. Risographs are produced in two configurations: roller and tablet. Tablet risographs allow you to copy both color and shutdown materials. But they are usually without automatic feeding of the original. Risographs are supplied with a design tablet for workouts. With this tablet without scissors and glue, you can make the original and make copies better than the original. In the original placed on the tablet, you can mark the fields to be changed with a special pencil, and for each field, specify the type of processing.

Electronic Document Management System - This is a set of devices and programs that make it possible to effectively organize procedures for creating, storing, manipulating and shipping electronic documents. Creating simple text documents can be performed on typewriters of various types with subsequent text input from a paper document in personal computer using a scanner. But, of course, more efficiently, even simple documents to create directly on personal computers using a wide arsenal. softwareproviding a convenient and high-efficient service. Moreover, this service is important when creating complex highly artistic documents intended for subsequent replication. Drawing up such complex documents requires the execution of the text, editing, proofreading, illustration, design, and version version, printing, printing, printing.

Often direct sources of materials for documents are the scanning systems, faxes, email, spreadsheets, graphics, drawings. All document creation procedures can be effectively executed on a personal computer equipped with a scanner and a set of problem-oriented application software products, primarily text editing programs or a desktop publishing system. The scanner can be used to enter separately trained fragments, drawings, photographs, schemes, seals, signatures into a document.

Electronic Document Storage System It should ensure effective storage and updating of documents in the external memory of the computer, as well as their effective search and confidential access to them. The storage of specially organized information, including electronic documents in the outer memory of the computer, are databases. Manipulating electronic documents. The main functions of this subsystem are: organization of work with electronic documents, control of the execution of documents, their electronic distribution, printout and replication.

Administrative and Management Systems. A powerful computer computer is converted to a powerful electronic document management tool into a powerful communication tool. Indeed, on a variety of information and computing networks, you can poison and receive messages to the most remote points of all over the world, share data and programs with hundreds and thousands of subscribers, to obtain any reference information from operational services systems. The computer can be connected to the subscriber telephone network and access other subscribers of this network, to email, to teleteps and telefax, working with this network.

To connect to all these networks you need a modem. The modem is installed in the slot (connector) of the personal computer's motherboard or autonomously connects to the sequential port. A computer modem often has two external connectors: one is used to enable in the telephone network, the second - to connect parallel to the modem of the second telephone. For computers, high-speed modems (14400, 28800 and 33600 BOD) should be used, for they, among other things, significantly save the costs of renting communication channels 1 MB of data with a speed of 300 baud takes about 3 hours, and at a speed of 28800 Bud - less than 2 minutes .

A computer with a fax modem works much more reliable and more stable by telefax, provides many additional service services: significantly more convenient and efficient automation of fax text preparation using the entire arsenal of computer tools, integration with email, telex and computer database, availability of more volume electronic reference Books containing the most diverse useful information, delimitation of the rights of access to employees and external subscribers to fax, control the passage of correspondence, detailed statistics of fax work. At the moment, the keyboards of computers are available from which you can directly dial the subscriber's phone number, as well as computers equipped with a video camera and microphone, allowing not only to exchange faxes with a partner, but also to see it, and talk to him.

Questions for self-test

1. Describe the existing approaches to the creation of AIS and their essence.

2. Determine the concept of information model and requirements for them.

3. Describe the essence of the conceptual level of the design of AIS.

4. Describe the essence of the logical level of the design of AIS.

5. Describe the essence of the physical level of the AIS design.

6. Describe the essence of the principles of designing AIS of an economic and mathematical nature.

7. Describe the essence of the principles of the design of the AIS system.

8. Describe the essence of the principles of the design of AIS organizational and technical nature.

9. Describe the essence of the private principles of the design of AIS.

10. Describe the essence of the decomposition and the problem of the AIS decomposition.

11. Determine the composition of the AIS subsystems, describe the goals and essence of tasks.

12. Determine the concept of the AIS integration and describe the problems associated with the creation of the IAIS.

13. Determine the concepts of complexity and adaptability of AIS.

14. Determine the concept of ACS. Describe their essence on one example.

15. Principles of interface design for AWP.

16. Describe the classification of technical means of processing informatization.

Coursework: Modern technical means used to create and process documents

Introduction

From the point of view of technology, the management of the organization, as well as the management of the economy or the state, is the process of obtaining, processing and transmitting information. Documentation of management activities is to fix this information, i.e. in creating documents. Almost every managerial action is reflected in the relevant document. Inochanging managerial operations (not requiring document creation) are auxiliary, operational and organizational and make up a meager percentage compared to the documented.

As you know, at present, humanity is experiencing a period of avalanche-like growth in the number of information. This fully applies to information arising in the field of management and recorded in documents. The implementation of documentation processes is associated with the creation, processing, storage, transmission and use of truly huge arrays of documents recorded on paper and other carriers.

Activities of any organization depends on the ability to effectively use information. Before making any managerial action, it is necessary to make a managerial solution to collect, rework and analyze the information necessary for this, as a rule, recorded in the documents. Under the use of traditional technology, the processing of increasing volumes of documents is becoming increasingly laborious. At the same time, in the face of the formation of market relations and exacerbating competition, the value of operational and reliable information for the adoption of optimal management decisions is constantly increasing.

As the activities of any organization are expanded and complicated, the processes related to the processing, search and the storage of document information, as well as the management of document management as a whole, are threatened to finally get out of control, which makes it take measures to improve the efficiency of management work for An account of the use of modern technical means and information technologies.

For the use of new technical means and technologies, de-produce processes are adapted to. To. To create and process documents are used standard operations. It can be clearly clearly represented by the structure of the documents of most organizations. To document certain management actions, standard species and varieties of documents are used. Standard structure of the form and text of management documents. In addition, a significant part of management operations (in particular, all degree-effective operations) is formally logical, i.e., it is relatively easy to dismember the simpler operations.

So, currently take place, on the one hand, the urgent need to use modern techniques and technology in management processes; On the other hand, objective prerequisites for their implementation.

In connection with the foregoing, the conclusion is legitimate: the relevance of the traditional focused on "paper informatics" of technology remains very high.

The topic is relevant in that with the development information society All new technologies are being implemented in all areas of human activity, including office work. Every year, the workflow in organizations increases and technical means for simplifying the processing, storage, documentation, which, in turn, the weak use of office equipment leads to a decrease in labor productivity and management efficiency and technical personnel.

Object of research: information processing tools.

Subject of research: Modern technical means used to create and process documents.

Objective: To study the features of the use of modern technical means of processing documents in office work.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks were delivered:

Examine ways to document information;

Classify types and types of documents;

Consider varieties of doctors;

Describe ways to change, replication and physical processing documents;

Identify the features of the use of telecommunications.

1. Technical means in a wide and narrow sense

Technique is the general name of various devices, mechanisms and devices that do not exist in nature and manufactured by a person.

The main purpose of technology is to delivered a person from performing physically severe or routine (monotonous) work to provide him more time for creative classes to facilitate his daily life.

The main tasks of technology is :

· Creation of material and cultural values;

· Production, transformation and transmission of various types of energy;

· Collection, processing and transmission of information;

· Creation and use of various means of movement;

· Maintaining defense capability

The universal classification of technical means is not yet created, and it is unlikely to be created in the future. Currently, the technique is classified by applications, for example: industrial equipment, transport, household appliances, computing equipment, etc. Additionally, the technique can be divided into production, for example, machines, tools, measurement tools, etc., and non-production - Household appliances, passenger transport, leisure technique.

History of development of technology

Technique is the fate of a person accompanying him from the moment of the awakening of consciousness. Initially, in the era of the stone century, the technique was a gun of murder and processing: a spear, a boomerang, a stone ax, a needle, Shilo. In the era of the Neolithic Revolution, agricultural equipment, transport and hydraulic structures, as well as the simplest mechanical devices are appeared: lever, wedge, gate, block, wheel. If we take its current state, then you can designate the following main stages of its formation:

End of XVIII - the beginning of the XIX century. The industrial revolution is the creation of a steam machine and universal spinning machines, which marked the sunset of handicraft production and the transition to the industrial economy (machine production).

End of the XIX century. Creating an internal combustion engine, which made it possible to create a new class of compact machines, including cars, vessels, etc. The widespread introduction of electricity, including the methods of its generation and use in electrical machines.

Start of the XX century. Development of radio engineers and electronics. Creating conveyor production.

Middle of the XX century. Introduction of broad production automation, creation computer equipment. Cosmos.

End XX - early XXI century. Studies in the field of biological and nanotechnologies, which can lead to another revolution in many areas of human activity.

A separate class is also a military equipment in which everything includes technical devices and machines designed to maintain defense capability and conducting hostilities on land, in the sea, in the air and in space.

Various technical devices make it possible to significantly improve the efficiency and productivity of labor, more rationally use natural resources, as well as reduce the likelihood of human error when performing any complex operations.

1.1 Methods of documentation

Fixing information on material carriers, as it is clear from the definition of a document, is carried out by a person created by a person. Under the method of documentation means an action or a set of actions that apply during information recording process. As the human society develops, the number of these methods has increased continuously and becoming more and more diverse

Historically, the first method of documentation was the designed way. This method is to apply the language signs and signs of images on the surface of the material carrier, usually with the help of any coloring agent. First, using the simplest typewriters (styles, calam) VII-VIV. to R.Kh.

For replacing the simplest means, fears of goose, duck, coronary first mentions about them in the Viiovek come. However, in ancient Rome, feathers from bronze and copper appeared. In 1809, the first handle was patented by the inventor of which Frolrig Fall from Austria became.

In 1938, a ballpoint pen was invented by the Hungarian journalist Josef Laslo Bio, in which the "Eternal Feather" was replaced by a freely rotating ball. In 1949, the first Soviet ballpoint pen appeared. In 1960-1970, in the process of improving ink for feathers, markers began to appear, rapidographs, markers. The process of improving and modifying the handles continues. The simplest instruments of the letter still remain the most common means of manual, textual and visual documentation. They differ simplicity, reliability, diversity. Almost everyone who has to work with documents use manual writing means, but their use does not provide high performance during the documentation process.

Among the variety of documentation methods can be allocated:

1. Manual recording:

1.1. Perforation (in such a way, the documents of the arrays of which (in whole or in part) are called technotronic, computer-readable, audiovisual;

1.2. Analog and mechanical sound recording. The mechanical recording of the sound is a system with which the groove is cut on or squeezed on a moving material carrier or squeezed in accordance with the recorded sound oscillations. Mechanical recording is a typical analog information record;

2. Photochemical method (photo-documentation);

3. kino-substitution;

4. Electronic documentation method. Electronic documentation.

5. Optical (laser) and magneto optical recording and information reproduction;

6. Holography;

Documentation can be carried out not only in natural language (textual documentation), but also in artificial language. In this case, information is processed using electronic computing machines, is encoded, i.e. It seems in one standard form. Moreover, the same information can be encoded in various forms and, on the contrary, different information can be presented in a similar form.

For information encoding, a person began to resort for a long time. As it is rightly noted in the literature, the letter and arithmetic is no longer anything, as a speech coding system and numerical information. However, the decisive step was made as a result of the invention of the so-called binary coding, i.e. Coding information using only two characters - 0 and 1, called bits (from English. Bit - Binary Digit - binary digit). In this way, encoding letters, numbers, other characters and symbols, as well as images, sound. It is binary coding that was laid in the design of the computers.

In the first quarter of the 20th century, electronic lamps were also invented and widespread in radio engineering.

As a result, at the turn of the 1930s - 1940s, at once in several countries of the world, including in the USSR, there was an idea of \u200b\u200bcreating software managed computing machines. In our country, mass production of computers was established in 1952

With the advent of computers, the rapid development of the automation of information documenting processes, its transfer, storage and use began. All widespread documents on machine carriers are obtained, i.e. Documents created using material carriers and recording methods that ensure the processing of documented information by electronic computing equipment.

Since the beginning of the 1960s, the first computing complexes designed for automated processing of management information began to operate in the Soviet Union. By the mid-1980s, more than 6,000 automated control systems have already numbered in the country. This led to the mass creation of managerial documents on machine media. In 1982, the first in the USSR archived machine-reading documents was created.

From the late 1980s. In our country, the wide use of personal computers begins. To date, in most organizations, institutions, enterprises work with documents is carried out mainly by computer equipment. Thus, the electronic documents are firmly included in the scope of documentation management. In the second half of the 1990s, the term "electronic document" was used.

1.2 Types and types of documents

Any sphere of human activity, one way or another, is associated with documented information, i.e. Information contained in the document. The information contained in the document has a specific specificity expressed in the following:

a) the document is a carrier of social information created by a person for use in society;

b) the document assumes the presence of semantic (meaning) information, which is the result of human intellectual activity. The presence of content is one of the main distinguishing features of the document. Meaningless information document can not be;

c) information is transmitted discretely, i.e. in the form of messages. The message recorded on any material carrier becomes a document. The document is characterized by the completion of the message. Incredited, a fragmentary message cannot be a full-fledged document. The exceptions are unfinished literary works, sketches, sketches, drafts characterizing the creative process of their creator (writer, scientist, artist);

d) as any object having an iconic nature, the message is a coded text. The value or meaning of the encoded text can be understood only by knowing the iconic encoding system and decoding information. The fixed message has a marked form because only in this form you can pass in the knowledge, emotions, volitional impacts of the author (Communication), providing the reader (recipient) the ability to decode and master the relevant knowledge. Badge - mandatory property of any document report;

the federal law "On information, informatization and information protection" defines the concept of a document (documented information), as information recorded on the material carrier with requisites, allowing it to identify. This concept Most often used at present.

All documents on the activities reflected in them are divided into two large groups. The first is the documents on general and administrative issues, i.e. on the general management of the enterprise (organization) and its production activities. These documents can be employees of all enterprise units. Second group - Documents on management functions. Such documents constitute employees of financial institutions, accounting, planning, supply and sales departments, other functional units.

Documents are classified by names: service letters, orders, protocols, acts, reports, contracts, etc. The design of all these documents is unified, but in content they can be completely different:

· At the place of compilation: Domestic (documents compiled by the employees of this enterprise) and external (documents coming from other enterprises, organizations and individuals);

· In the form: Customized when the content of each document has its own characteristics (for example, reports notes), screening, when part of the document is printed, and the part is filled in compilation, and typical created for a group of homogeneous enterprises. As a rule, all typical and screen documents are printed by a typographical way or for multiple devices;

· In terms of execution: urgent, requiring execution within a certain period, and indefinition, for which the execution period is not established;

· By origin: Service affecting the interests of the enterprise, organization, and personal, concerning a particular person and are nominal;

· By type of design: genuine, copies, extracts, duplicates;

· For fixation tools: written, graphic, photocinct circulation, etc.

Consider the types of documents in more detail:

1. Organizational and legal documents (OD) are the legal basis of the organization's activities and contain provisions based on administrative law standards and mandatory execution. Such documents contain rules, norms, provisions, determine the status of the organization of its competence, structure, staffing, the official composition, the functional content of the organization of the organization as a whole, its divisions and employees, their rights obligation and other aspects. Organizational and legal documents in obligatory The procedure of approval by an authorized authority to this is a higher organization, the head of this organization, a collegial body (for example, the general meeting of shareholders, the Board of Directors, etc.)

From the point of view of the term of OD relate to indefinite, they actually act before their abolition or approval of new (an exception is a regular schedule, which is developed and approved annually). As the nature of the institution and the organization of labor is changed, changes can be made, for which the head publishes the administrative document (order or order). In the case of reorganization, new OD is being developed and approved. The procedure for making changes and their revision depends on the type of OD.

The text of the majority of OD consists of sections that have their own headlines and separated to items and subparagraphs, numbering Arabic numbers. In the process of training, one is necessarily undergoing a procedure for visiting and coordination with all interested units and persons, legal service, deputy head of the organization or one of the deputies, supervising the appropriate direction of the organization.

To one include: Charter, Constituent Agreement, Regulation on the organization, Regulation on the structural unit, Regulations on the collegial (advisory) body of the Organization, Regulations, staffing, instruction, job description.

Organizational and legal documents are made on a standard sheet of paper (A4 format) or on a shared format (depending on the type of document), with the required details are the following: The name of the organization (also indicates the name of the unit, if the document is approved by the head of the unit), the name of the document type , date, document number, heading to text, signature, marginal assertion.

2. Regulatory documents - These are documents in which the decisions of administrative and organizational issues of the organization are recorded. These documents regulate and coordinate activities, allow the management authority to ensure the implementation of the tasks set before him. Regardless of the organizational and legal form, the nature and content of the organization, its competence, structures and other factors, the management of any organization is endowed with the right to implement executive and administrative activities and, accordingly, issuing administrative documents. Regulatory documents contain decisions running down on the control system: from the control body to managed, from the head of the Organization to the structural divisions and employees. These documents are implementing the manageability of vertical objects.

In legal terms, the administrative documents relate to legal acts: they receive the expression specific legally authorous regulations of the management subjects. The specificity of such prescriptions is manifested in the fact that with the help of administrative documents, problems and issues emerging in the field of management; their addressee are specific institutions, structural units, officials or employees; They are legal facts that cause concrete administrative and legal relations.

Taking into account the sphere of its actions, the administrative documents are divided into:

· Legal acts of the federal level - acts published by the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, the federal executive bodies (ministries, committees, agencies, services, etc.);

· Legal acts acting at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - republics, edges, regions, cities of the republican importance of Moscow and St. Petersburg, autonomous regions and districts, as well as territorial entities;

· Legal acts of organizations, institutions, enterprises.

The basis for the publication of the ordered document may be:

· The need to fulfill the legislative, regulatory legal acts and other solutions of higher authorities and previously decisions of this organization;

· The need to carry out its own executive and administrative activities, due to the functions and objectives of the organization.

Regulatory documents may be published jointly by several governments.

From the point of view of the procedure for resolving issues (decision-making), all administrative documents are divided into two groups:

· Documents issued in terms of collegiality;

· Documents issued in the conditions of sole decisions.

3. Information and reference documents report information that prompted certain solutions. Initiate management solutions, allow you to choose one or another method of managerial impact. They do not contain instructions, do not oblige to carry out instructions. Documents of this system play a service role in relation to organizational and legal and administrative documents. A feature of these documents is that they go up up on the management system: from the employee to the head of the unit, from the head of the department to the head of the organization, from the subordinate organization to the superior.

Based on the resolution of the head, information and reference documents may be the basis for making some decisions or preparation of the administrative documents.

The composition of information and reference documents includes: a memorandum, office note, explanatory note, offer, performance, statement, all varieties of correspondence, protocol, act, certificate, conclusion, review, summary, list, list.

All these types of documents can be created in format electronic document.

1.3 varieties of documents of documents

In the modern world, the information is the most worthwhile resource, which is comparable except with time. Information performs many tasks in the life of society, providing the communication effect of all its components, fixing, while maintaining and transmitting received and accumulated knowledge. Nevertheless, the key role plays information in management. Management information is recorded in documents. The document as a carrier of information is the information resource that is entrusted to the Document Specialists. We give several definitions of concept information:

INFORMATION - information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation (this concept is most often used now).

INFORMATION - fixed by any type of writing or any recording system, which encloses all or the main part of the document's voice information.

To date, the Russian Federation has accumulated huge reserves of information focused in a variety of databases and data banks, on diskettes and CD-ROMs, on other information carriers. This information is used everywhere - in libraries, information centers, museums, archives, educational institutions and other organizations.

The information itself does not act as a sufficient sign of the document. The material component is one of the two necessary and mandatory terms of the document, without which it cannot exist. The material component of the document determines the information carrier (material carrier) is a material object specifically created by a person and intended for recording, storing and transmitting information. The existence of a document outside the material carrier is impossible.

Information medium (information carrier) is any material object or environment containing (carrier) information and a powerful time to maintain it in its structure.

Information media are used to record, storing, reading, transmitting and disseminating information.

Consider the classification of media information:

By main purpose

1. overall widespread (such as paper);

2. Specialized (for digital recording only);

By the number of recording cycles

1. For one-time record

2. For multiple recording

For durability

1. For short-term storage (accumulation)

2. For long-term storage

The most popular type are paper based carriers. Most modern documents operating in society are made on paper basis or paper substitutes. They are called paper, i.e. having a paper carrier.

In these media, information is displayed as characters and images. Such information is related to the category of documented information and represents various types of documents.

Paper include business documents, scientific and technical documentation, books, magazines, newspapers, manuscripts, cards, notes, iszza, punctuents, pigets, etc.

The paper complies with many requirements: relatively easy to manufacture, is available, moderately stored for a long time, and it makes it easy to fix information. The most valuable paper quality - it allows you to replicate information. The mass distribution of information with a typography was only possible as a result of industrial paper production.

The appearance of artificial carriers on a polymer basis (Shellac, polychromified, semiconductor, biomass) has replenished a species diversity of documents that can bring sound speech, music, moving and a surround image. Gramplastics, magnetic films, photo and film, magnetic and optical discs were created - material carriers of such information that cannot be fixed on paper.

Polymer-film documents include: Film Cinema (Cinema, Dia-, Video), Photo Code (Diaposition, Microfilm, Microcardine, Microfish), Phonocuments (magnetic phonograms for writing and sound), Documents for use in computer (punched).

A group of polymer-plate documents is: a flexible magnetic disk, a magnetic map, a flexible and rigid recorder, an optical disk - both rigid and soft.

The transfer of documented information in time and space is directly related to the physical characteristics of its material carrier. Documents, being a massive social product, are distinguished by relatively low durability. During its operation in the operational environment and especially during storage, they are subjected to numerous negative effects, due to temperature differences, humidity, under the influence of light, biological processes, etc.

Therefore, it is not by chance that the problem of the durability of material information carriers at all times attracted the attention of the participants in the documentation process. Already in ancient times there is a desire to fix the most important information On such relatively durable materials, like a stone, metal.

In the process of documentation, the desire to use high-quality, resistant paints, ink was observed.

However, solving the problem of durability, the person was immediately forced to engage in another problem in the fact that durable media were, as a rule, and more expensive. Therefore, it was constantly to look for the optimal relationship between the durability of the material carrier of information and its value. This problem still remains very important and relevant.

Consider a storage device as a type of media information.

A storage device (memory) is a medium of information designed to record and storing data. At the heart of the memory of the storage device, any physical effect may lie, providing a system to two or more stable states. I can classify on recording stability on the:

· Permanent memory (ROM), the content of which cannot be changed by the end user (for example, CD-ROM). ROM in operating mode allows only reading information;

· Paradise (PPZ), in which the end user can record information only once (for example, CD-R);

· Multiplely rewritable memory (PPPU) (for example, CD-RW);

· Operational memory (RAM) provides recording, storing and reading information during processing process. Quick, but expensive RAM (SRAM) build on triggers, slower, but cheap varieties of RAM - dynamic memory (DRAM) are built on capacitors. In both types, the information disappears after disconnecting from the current source.

By type access Zu are divided into:

· Requirements with sequential access (for example, magnetic tapes);

· Arbitrary access devices (RAM) (for example, RAM);

· Direct access devices (for example, hard magnetic discs);

· Associative access devices (special devices, to increase the performance of the database).

On geometric construction :

· Disc (magnetic discs, optical, magneto-optical);

· Ribbon (magnetic tapes, punched);

· Drum (magnetic drums);

· CARD (Magnetic Maps, Perfgories, Flash Maps, etc.)

· Printing boards (DRAM cards).

On the physical principle:

1. Perforation (with holes or cutouts):

Card;

Perflector;

2. With a magnetic record:

Ferrite cores;

Magnetic discs (hard and flexible);

Magnetic tapes;

Magnetic cards;

3. Optical:

4. Magneto-optical

5. Using the accumulation of electrostatic charge in dielectrics (condenser, memorizing electronization tubes);

6. Using effects in semiconductors (EEPROM, flash memory);

7. Sound and ultrasound (delay lines);

8. Using superconductivity (cryogenic elements), etc.

In the form of recorded information, there are analog and digital storage devices.

Digital storage devices - devices intended for recording, storing and reading information presented in digital code.

Speaking about the electronic document, it is necessary to consider the formats of these documents. The format of the electronic document is the format of the file containing text and audiovisual information in the encoded form. Text formats are used to create texts using text processors.

Dock view and document text changes

PD Format Display Document in Identity

RTF is appointed for viewing documents, edit them in different versions software products.

2. Modern technical means used to create and process documents

The means used to create and process documents are in turn means of processing information, they can be divided into two large groups. it maintenance and auxiliary funds.

Aciders are equipment that ensures the performance of fixed assets, as well as equipment facilitating and making managerial work more comfortable. Admission tools include office equipment and repair and preventive measures. The office equipment is represented by a very wide range of funds, from stationery products, to means of delivering, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, means of administratively production communications and so on, which makes the work of the managerial and comfortable and comfortable.

Fixed assets are labor tools for automated processing of information. It is known that certain management information is needed to manage those or other processes, which characterizes the states and parameters of technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, sales, financial activities, etc. The main technical processing tools include: Means of registration and collecting information, data reception and data means, data preparation tools, input tools, information processing tools and information display tools. Below, all of these funds are considered in detail.

· Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the time-consuming processes. Therefore, widely used devices for mechanized and automated measurement, collection and data registration. The nomenclature of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, a variety of meters, scoreboard, flow meters, cash registers, banknotes accounts, ATMs and much more. This also includes various production recorders intended for registration and fixation of information about business operations on machine carriers.

· Means of reception and transfer of information. The transmission of information is understood as the process of sending data (messages) from one device to another. The interacting set of objects, formed data transmission and processing devices, is called a network. The devices intended for transmitting and receiving information. They provide the exchange of information between the place of its occurrence and the place of processing. The structure of the means and methods of data transmission methods is determined by the location of sources of information and data processing tools, volumes and time transmission time, types of communication lines and other factors. Data transfer tools are represented by subscriber points (AP), transmission equipment, modem, multiplexers.

· Data preparation tools Presented with information preparation devices on machine media, devices for transmitting information from documents to media, including computer devices. These devices can extend and adjust.

· Input tools serve to perceive data from machine media and entering information in computer systems

· Information processing tools Play a crucial role in the complex of technical information processing. Computers can be attributed to the processing tools that, in turn, divide into four classes: micro, small (mini); Large and super email. Micro EUM. There are two species: universal and specialized. And universal and specialized can be both multiplayer - powerful computers equipped with multiple terminals and functioning in time separation mode (servers) and single-user (workstations) that specialize in performing one type of work.

Small EUM. - Work in time separation mode and in multitasking mode. Their positive side is reliability and simplicity.

Large EUM. - (Meinferm) are characterized by a large amount of memory, high fault tolerance and performance. Also characterized by high reliability and data protection; The ability to connect a large number of users.

Super-Evm. - These are powerful multiprocessor computers with speed of 40 billion operations per second.

Server - A computer allocated for requesting queries from all network stations and representing these stations access to system resources and distributing these resources. The universal server is called - server-application. Powerful servers can be attributed to small and large computers. Now the leader are Marshall servers, as well as there are Cray servers (64 processor).

· Information display tools Use to display the results of calculations, reference data and programs for machine media, print, screen, and so on. Output devices include monitors, printers and plotters.

Monitor - This is a device designed to display information entered by a user with a keyboard or a computer displayed.

Printer - This is an output device for paper media textual and graphic information.

Plotter - This is a device for the output of drawings and schemes of large formats on paper.

2.1 Methods and means of change, replication and physical processing of documents

In connection with the widespread use of means of change, replication and physical processing of documents directly in the field of management, in various offices and organizations, such funds began to call "Office Organizational Technique" (office equipment) - technical means used for mechanization and automation of management and engineering and technical work.

Office equipment for the office of a solid company may include in their composition, for example, devices and equipment, such as a personal computer, organizational machine, typewriters, telephone and radiotelephone devices, mini-PBX, directory switch, loud-speaking telephone negotiation device, paging system, teletype , fax machine, copy machine, risograph, dictaphones, projection equipment, addressing machine, labeling machine, laminator, stamped machine, machine for destruction of documents, converter car, document stapler, cardinate equipment, racks and wardrobes for storing documents, safe, trolley, Pneumatic and others.

To the office equipment in a broad sense, any devices, devices, technical instruments and devices, machinery, furniture, etc., starting with pencils and sharpeners for them and ending with computing machines and systems.

In a narrower sense of the word under the office equipment, only the technical means used in the office work to create information paper documents, their copying, reproduction, processing, storage, transportation, and administrative and administrative ties

We describe some historical information related to the advent of office equipment, and its "predecessors", as well as tell about how to copy and replicate documents.

In order to facilitate and speed up the copying process at the beginning of the XIXTEET, copy paper ("Copy") was used. "The device for receiving copies of letters and documents" patented in 1806 the Englishman R. Madzhwood. In the device invented by them, thin paper was soaked in blue ink, and then dried between two sheets of wet. The "copy-ache" obtained in this way could be put under a sheet of paper when writing and receive a copy of it. The mass release of writing machines, which began at the end of the XIXVE, led to the appearance of a black copy-up, close in quality to modern. Its use made it possible to make several copies of the document. Polyethylene copier was invented, allowing to obtain 15-20 clear implications at the same time. Currently, for impregnation of copying papers, approximately the same coloring substances are used as in the manufacture of tapes for writing machines.

Scientific and technical progress led a number of original copyright and replication technologies in the XIX-XXXEXs and relevant reproducts (from the lat reinfix, indicating a re-action, produce- arrange and Greek. Graph - Catch, I am writing, draw - a generalized name Processes of copying documents) and operational printing. The most common copy methods in this period were the following:

Photographic is one of the long-time copying methods. It gives high quality, but is expensive and durable in time, as a result of the complexity of the processing process of photographic materials. Photocopying is made both using conventional cameras and using special photographic equipment. In particular, at the end of the XXVEK in Russia, the restoration archive camera was invented, which allows you to copy the texts of documents previously considered non-alignment. With it, for example, it was possible to read 18 sheets of parchment discovered during the excavations in the Kremlin in 1843

A variation of photocopying is microphotocopying (microfilming) - manufacturing by the photographic method of microbe, i.e. Reduced (from 7 to 150 times) copies of documents. A variety of microcopy is microfishing - recording a photographic method of information on a flat photographic flicker of standard size A6 (105 * 148 mm) decreases with optics 24 times and fixed on a microfish in the form of a small cell. In total, 98 reduced images of the usual text pages are located on the standard microfish. However, technologies have been developed to be placed on a microfish to 270 pages.

The current recording equipment of the record and playback of information using the microphis allows you to take the print text to the microfish with a performance of 1500-2000 documents per hour (15 microfis). It should be noted that the reading microfish is possible only with the help of magnifying equipment.

The diazographic method (BRIGHT) is used usually when copying the larger drawing and technical documentation for special photosensitive (to ultraviolet rays) diazobumagu, for the first time such copies were obtained in the UK in 1842.

Thermographic copy (thermography) is carried out with the help of thermoconium apparatus on special thermosetting paper, or through a thermoconium paper for ordinary paper. Based on the principle of paper irradiation intensive flow of thermal infrared rays, carrying out local heating, which is then transmitted by thermosetting paper;

Electrographic copy (xerography) was first suggested by Russian E.E. Gorin in 1916. Currently is the most common. This method allows you to quickly, efficiently and relatively economically copy the necessary documents. And during the copying process, it is possible to scale and edit documents.

Digital Electrographic Copy (Digital Copy). The digital copying machine allows you to copy not only quickly and efficiently but also get copies, better than the original. However, in the process of management, it is very often necessary to multiply the documents with a circulation of 50-100 or more instances. Starting in the 1980s, it comes to electron-parameter printing (risography), as the most promising method of operational printing. It is carried out using digital multiple apparatuses - risographs, as well as duplicators. They allow replication directly from a computer at a speed of up to 130 implications per minute.

For mass reproduction of documents, various printing methods are used, the most perfect of them are high and deep seal used for mass replication of books, brochures and other printed products. The need for today to own information, be aware of all cases, new products causes a person to invent newer technologies that allow you to propagate, replicate, process the documentation of the information. All this organizational technique is material base Progressive management systems. Weak use of office equipment in management leads to a decrease in labor productivity and efficiency of management personnel, to unacceptable delays in solving operational issues, and often to their incorrect solutions due to the lack of necessary information, and to other negative consequences.

2.2 Tools of telecommunications

document Documentation Telecommunications Information

Local computing network (LAN, local network; English. Local Area Network, LAN) - a computer network that covers usually relatively small territory or a small group of buildings (house, office, firm, institute). There are also exist local networksThe nodes of which are separated geographically at a distance of more than 12,500 km (space stations and orbital centers). Despite such distances, similar networks are still referred to as local.

Most often, the term "local networks" LANPimiates literally, that is, this is such a network that has small local sizes and connects closely located computers, but on the other hand, some LANs, as the network connects a small number of computers, but the limiting capabilities of modern local networks allows you to connect tens Thousands of computers. Some authors define the LANKak system to directly connect many computers, while it is understood that information from the computer to the computer is transmitted without any intermediaries and by a single environment.

The most accurately identify LAN can, as a network that allows the user to not notice the links, in fact computers combined Launt the same virtual computer. Which resources are available to all users of the network, it follows that the transfer rate over the local network should grow as the PC performance increases, at the moment the minimum speed is 100 megabit per second. Also, a low level of errors in transmitting information and the ability to work is stable at maximum loads. Not rarely allocate one class of networks: urban or regional networks MAN (MetropolitanareAnetwork) by characters such networks are closer to the global, but the internal structure more resembles a local network.

Along with all applicable networks, there is a happy shortcomings:

1. The network requires additional sometimes significant material costs for the purchase of equipment, software, laying of connecting cables, personnel training.

2. The network requires acceptance of the network administrator, which is engaged in the network control, its upgrades, managing access to resources. For large networks requires a brigade of administrators.

3. The network limits the possibility of moving computers, as in this case, the cable is required.

4. The network is an excellent environment for spreading viruses, which follows additional financial costs for antivirus programs.

5. Network, dramatically increases the possibility of unauthorized access to information, information protection requires a set of organizational and technical events.

We present the basic concepts of network theory

1. Subscriber (node, host, station) - the device connected to the network and actively participating in the information exchange. Most often, the subscriber is a personal computer (PC). There can also be a network printer or any other peripheral device.

2. The server is a subscriber who provides its resources to other subscribers, but does not use them himself. Thus, it serves the network.

Servers on the network may be somewhat, it is not necessary that the server is the most powerful computer. Servers are selected and not dedicated. Dedicated server - only engaged in network tasks. Not selected - performs other tasks.

3. The client is a network subscriber, which only uses network resources, but does not provide them.

4. The client's computer is also called the workstation.

Each computer can both be both the server and the client. Under the server and the client often understood not computers themselves, but working on them software applications. In this case, applications that give resources to the server, and the application consumes resources to customers.

2.3Mobile communications

Not only local networks are used to transfer information, but also a mobile communication.

Currently, the use of mobile communications is a necessary part of everyday life. Consider the main standards of mobile communications:

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications - World Mobile Communication System) is the most common mobile standard in the world (82% of mobile subscribers in 212 countries of the world). Most GSM networks operate at 900 and 1800 MNZ frequencies, frequencies 850 and 1900 mnz are used in some American countries. In its pure form, the channel is used to provide voice services, since the data transfer rate is only 13 kbps - it is enough only to transfer the voice (which is pre-processed by codecs), sending text messages and exchanging service information.

GPRS (GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE - a packet data radio channel) is a technological superstructure over the GSM network, which allows you to transmit data at speeds up to 120 kbps (Class 32, when 6 channels are simultaneously used). The advantage is that the transmitted data, as in the case of GSM, does not occupy the entire channel, and only part of it is used, which is highlighted in a certain frequency. Under each channel is reserved 20 kbps. However, the number of channels of channels is determined not only by the phone, but also a base station, which allows the connection to establish a certain amount of Data transfer channels, depending on the workload. The average speed is approximately 50-60 kbps.

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution - Advanced Data Transmission Channel, GSM Development) - Specially developed technology for increasing the data transfer rate and improving the connection reliability. The second name of EDGE is E-GPRS (Enhanced GPRS - advanced GRS). Taking into account the fact that the speed technology is even more approaching the second generation network to the capabilities of 3G-networks, it is customary to attribute the EDGE to the 2,75-generation networks. When using EDG, theoretically, the maximum possible data transfer rate is 473.6 kbps (at the same time 8 the most high-speed channels are 59.2 kbps), in practice, the speed is usually 2-3 times lower (depends on the number of used Channels and their speed). On average, the effective speed of operation is 180 kbps.

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System - Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) The third-generation communication format, which is the development of GSM using the principles of frequency and code separation of the channels. Theoretically, the maximum possible data transfer rate on the UMTs network is 14 Mbps. In the meantime, in practice, subscribers have to be content with speeds from 384 kbps to 3.6 / Mbit / s (when using HSDPA, High Speed \u200b\u200bDownload Packet Access, special technology for high-speed data loading). The main feature of such networks is the possibility of video calls. In Europe, the UMTs network, as a rule, use frequencies 2100 mnz to download and 1900 MNZ to send data. In America, depending on the operator, other frequencies are used - for example, 1700 mnz.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access - Multiple Code Separation Technology) - Alternative GSM Communication Standard. The data transfer rate is almost the same - 14 kbps. A distinctive feature is that several devices can work on one frequency, each of which is assigned its own unique number. The CDMA standard uses about 15% of mobile subscribers in the world. This communication standard was developed by Qualcomm, and is used mainly in America and Asia. For the work of the CDMA standard, frequencies 800 and 1900 MNZ are used.

CDMA2000 1X - Development of the CDMA standard, is an intermediate link between the second and third generations of the CDMA format. Peak speed is 144 kbps. The frequencies used include 450, 700, 800, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2100 MNZ.

CDMA EV-DO (Evolution Data Optimized - Optimized Evolutionary Data Transmission) Telecommunication Standard for Data Radio Labels is most often used for broadband high-speed Internet access. There are several modifications of the standard: Basic - Revision 0 - which provides 2.4 Mbps data transfer rate, but the download speed significantly exceeds the speed of sending data to the network; Advanced - Revision A - Provides a speed of 3.1 Mbps and the same speed of receiving and transmitting data, which allows two-way video calls; Theoretical - Evision B - provides a data transfer rate of 14.7 Mbps (3 channels of 4.9 Mbit / s).

2.4 Fax communications

Principle of operation of modern telefax

Facsimax is an electromechanical device consisting of a scanner, modem, printer, motor and gear. The motor and gears are responsible for the normal supply of paper into the scanner and printer. The scanner reads the document image, digitizes it and transmits information in the modem. The modem converts digital signals into a sequence of modulated signals and provides them with a transmission to another fax machine through a regular telephone line. The modem of the receiving telefix converts this sequence back to the digital and transmits it to the printer. The printer prints the image on a special thermal paper in accordance with the information received.

Disadvantages of telexcas

Exposure to significant mechanical wear. With frequent use, the fax scanner is clogged with dust and dirt falling from readable documents. Plastic gears wear out. All this leads to skewers and uneven feeding both read documents in the scanner and thermal paper to the printer. Thus, the quality of the transmitted and accepted documents is significantly deteriorated.

The impossibility of automated work. According to ordinary telefax, it is difficult to send documents by a large number of recipients. The secretary is forced to manually recruit numbers, call back in the event of an employment of the addressee or with failed transmission.

Inefficient use of expensive thermal paper. Most fax devices print all received messages (including not carrying any useful information) on a special dear thermobumage. In addition to high prices, this paper has another significant drawback - the image on it inevitably fades with time. Thus, all important messages must be copied for storage.

New facsimile equipment

The amount of information transmitted by ordinary telephone lines is constantly increasing. First of all, it concerns fax messages. Therefore, today many users are interested in purchasing not simple autonomous telefax that perform strictly certain functions, but more advanced systems that allow you to automate the process of receiving, processing and sending facsimile messages and eliminate the marked disadvantages.

The idea to use for the creation of such integrated systems personal computer was first implemented in 1985, when Gammalink released the first computer facsimile fee. This made it possible to connect the telephone line directly to the computer and turn it into powerful and multifunctional telefax. Today, computer fax cards produces a huge number of manufacturers. Their products that differ in some functional features, serves one goal - automating the transmission process, reception and distribution of facsimile messages, exchange that occurs on conventional telephone lines.

Computer-telephone facsimile fees are an integral part of the computer telephony industry (CT). Their cost may vary from $ 50. (For ordinary low-speed fax modem boards, whose capabilities and characteristics, as a rule, leave much to be desired) up to 5000-7000 dollars. (for special facsimile fees, when creating the latest achievements and which are able to transmit different information at a speed of 14,400 bits / s at the same time on 12 telephone lines. Systems based on PCs using such boards have a number of significant advantages over conventional facsimile apparatuses .

Ease of use. The integration of the PC with the telephone network and empowering the fax features allows users to receive, process and send facsimile messages without breaking away from their computers.

Effective use of telephone lines. A facsimile system based on a PC provides an effective exchange of information on a small number of telephone lines, replacing a lot of autonomous telefaxes, for each of which requires a separate line.

High quality transmitted image. Any document text or graphic Editor It can be transferred in the form of a fax message high quality. To do this, using a special software, it is converted to the format used by the fax card for transmitting messages. Thus, high quality image is guaranteed, since the document cannot be "is spoiled" or the low print quality of the printer nor the contamination of the Faux scanner, nor fails in the paper feed mechanism.

Saving the confidentiality of the received messages. Unlike conventional telefixes, printing all incoming messages on a single roll of paper, the CT system is received and saved in personal user directors, access to which is limited to the password. Thus, it is completely eliminated to view important documents by unauthorized people.

In addition, the use of a PC to control the work of facsimile cards allows you to implement many useful and convenient algorithms - CT applications. Many of them provide the ability to fully automate the process of sharing the facsimile messages. Such applications of the CT received the most widespread includes a fax server, fax for request and fax mailing. The application of the fax server minimizes temporary and material costs when receiving and transmitting facsimile messages. Fax on request allows you to automate the process of providing subscribers frequently requested documents. Fax mailing greatly simplifies staff work when mailing large number Different documents by a large number of recipients.

2.5 Modem communication

Without modem, the system of electronic communications is unthinkable. This device allows you to engage in a fascinating, and today, using the latest inventions of the world of telecommunications, is already simply vital, the world of information flows, electronic databases, email, electronic reference books, electronic announcements boards and much more. The possibility of obtaining and sharing information with the help of modems today is difficult to overestimate, and what awaits us tomorrow, we cannot even imagine. An email sent by email to any point of the globe will reach the addressee less than in two hours. We can put any announcement or advertising in the teleconference system of your email network and this information will find out the whole world in a day. Through the modem, you can, for example, from Moscow to connect directly to the server in New York and working with information databases it contains. Finally, we can send a fax. Already today, no solid brokerage office can do without the operational receipt and transmission of information using computer communication channels and, as a result, modems.

Let us explain what is a modem, and how it works. When a computer is used to exchange information on the telephone network, a device must be taken from the telephone network and convert it into digital information. At the output of this device, information is modulated, and at the demodulation input, hence the name of the modem. The module assignment is to replace the signal coming from the computer (combination of zeros and units), an electrical signal with a frequency corresponding to the working range of the telephone line. The acoustic channel of this modem line shares the low and high frequency bands. A low frequency band is used to transmit data, and a high frequency band for receiving. Many ways of encoding information are used, the most famous of which are the FSK (Frequency SNIFT keying) method for transmission speed up to 300 baud (Bod - information transfer speed unit equal to 1 bit / s) and RSK method (RNASE SNIFT KEYING) for faster modems , transmission speed up to 2400 baud.

FSK uses four highlighted frequencies. When transferring information, the signal with a frequency of 1070 Hz is interpreted as a logic zero, and the signal with a frequency of 1270 Hz - as a logical unit. When taking zero corresponds to a signal 2025 Hz, and a unit of 2225 Hz.

PSK uses two frequencies: to transfer data 2400 Hz, for receiving - 1200 Hz. The data is transmitted by two bits, while the encoding is carried out by shifting the signal phase. The following phase shifts are used for the encoding: 0 degrees for a combination of bits of 00.90 degrees for 01.180 degrees for 10,270 degrees for 11.

There are also other modulation types (DRSK, QAM, TCM). The modem is performed either as an external device that is connected with one output to the telephone line, and to the standard COM port of the computer (RS232 connector for CCITT V. 24 Recommendations), or as an ordinary printed circuit board, which is installed on the total bus of the computer. Internal modem variants can be adapted to both ordinary ISA and RCI tires.

Consider some standard standards.

The so-called hayes-compatible modems, named by the manufacturer of one of the first modems, were most widely distributed. Such modems use AT commands (from the English word Attention) compatible with the NAYES SmartModem. In addition to the standard commands for all nayes-compatible modems, each manufacturer separately offers the user a wide range of specific teams that are powerful only in models of this company (for example, usrobotics, Rockwell, ZyXEL, etc.)

In addition to compatibility, the modem command set must comply with any standard for transferring information on telephone lines. Such standards are MKTT recommendations (International Telegraph and Telephony Advisory Committee, France CCITT (Comite Consultatie International Telegrarnique et TeleRonique).

Modems corresponding to standards for speed up to 2400 bodes can freely exchange information. It should be noted that CCITT V. 32 Recommendation is not a standard in the full sense of the word, since almost every major velocity modem producer above 2400 Bud has an additional application habit of one or more specific data transmission protocols. Their use is possible only when communicating similar modems, and at the same time it is achieved, as a rule, a higher transmission rate, noise immunity and the speed of the compound.

The most common and cheap (why and successful user preferences) is the NST Protocol (NIGN SRED TRANSFER), developed by URRBOTICS in the late 80s. There are varieties of this protocol: H96, H14, H16, H19, H21, H28, the difference of which consists only in the rate of information transfer, which is respectively 9600,14400,16800,19200,21600 and 28800 bodes. Thanks to the cheapness, wide possibilities of modernization and high noise immunity and high-speed data of the NST protocol, users prefer to acquire widely well-known models of usrobotics, such as Srortster, WorldRorth, Courier.

The modems of the company ZyXEL also received widespread, possessing the ZYX specific protocol, which gives the possibility of transmission of data at a speed of 19200 bodic duplex. Zyxel's great popularity was acquired at the beginning of the 90s solely due to unavailability for the domestic buyer of other modem brands. The main drawback is high price, scares a wide range of consumers. But, despite this, banking structures and government agencies, based on the current tradition, prefer the modem of this company.

Less common, very expensive, but possessing a strong and stable signal capable of ignoring even protective filters that are put on the PBX to avoid free use of modems. These are Telebit Modems TELLBLAZER brand and the famous RECTOCOL protocol (Rackt Ensemble Rodocol) almost all high-speed modems are compatible with less quick standards.

Conclusion

The progressive development of information technology funds, makes it possible to implement the elements of "paperless" technology, information exchange is carried out using electronic communications, storage and processing of information - with personal computers and peripherals, copying and replication of office documentation using modern copying equipment.

Now, in conditions of many times increasing every year of information flows, it is almost impossible to imagine a clear interaction of banking structures, trade and mediation firms, government agencies and other organizations without modern computing equipment and computer networks. Otherwise, it would have to contain a giant staff of paper documents and couriers, and the reliability and speed of the functioning of such a system would still be significantly lower provided by the modem bond and computer networks. But every minute of delay in sending important information messages can pour out in very tangible cash losses and image paints.

In this course work, we reviewed the current technical means used in the creation and processing of the document, studied ways to document information, classified types and types of documents, considered varieties of documents, described some methods of replication of documents, as well as identified the features of the use of telecommunications.

Thus, the purpose of studying the features of the use of modern technical means of processing documents in the office work is achieved.

List of sources and used literature

Sources

1. Antonova P. Relcom network and email. - M.: Demos, 1991.

2. Wilhovchenko S.D., Modems (Select, Installation, Setup), M.: ABF, 1997.

3. Gavrilov A. A. We work with a modem. - M.: MP "Malip", 1992.

4. Golov V.M. "Technical means of I / O Graphic Information" (Series in the seven books "Organization of human interaction with technical means ACS" edited by V. N. Chetverikova)

5. Gurin N.I. "Work on a personal computer"

6. Jones R. Theory of data transmission. - M.: Science and Technology, 1993.

7. Solomenchuk V.G., hardware personal computers. BHV-Saint Petersburg, 2003.

8. under. ed. W. Tompkins and J. Webser. Conjugation of sensors and data entry devices with IBM PC computers. - M.: Mir, 1992.

9. Directory "Computer networks of Russia. International communication services." - M.: Alice Ltd. Ltd., 1992.

10. Fichenko L.P. "Internal PCI modems"

11. GOST R 51141-98 "Customs Production and Archival Case. Terms and definitions ", approved by the Resolution of the State Standard of the Russian Federation of 27.02.1998 No. 28.

12. GOST R 6.30-2003 Unified documentation systems. Unified system of organizational and administrative documents. Requirements for paperwork. - Introduction 3.03.2003. - M: Publishing standards, 2003.

13. Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection".

14. GOST R ISO 15489-1-2007 "System of standards according to information, library and publishing. Document management. General requirements, "approved and enacted by order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of 12.03.07 No. 28-art.

15. Document proof 2010. Chramzova N.A. : http://www.delo-press.ru/magazines/documents/issue/2009/12/11315/.

16. Documentation with the use of electronic computers.- http://aleho.narod.ru/document/48.htm, 10.08.10

17. Consulting Group "Termics", Encyclopedia of Cleruction: http://www.termika.ru/dou/enc/25.08.10

18. Repina S.O., "Electronic hyperlink manual": http://cde.osu.ru/demoversion/course123/0.html, 09/01/10

19. Free Encyclopedia: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

20. Mobile standards: http://promobil.kiev.ua/faq/2404-mobile-communication.html, 09/01/10

21. Principle of operation of modern telefaxes: http://kunegin.narod.ru/ref3/fax4/01.htm, 05.10.10

Literature:

22. Gedrovich F.A. Digital Documents: Conservation Problems // Archid Bulletin. # 1. 2004.

23. Customs Production and correspondence in matters and answers: Tutorial for students of economic universities and colleges M.I. Basakov - 2nd ed., Pererab. and add. // Series "Tutorial and tutorial»- Rostov N / D

24. Document management (organization and technology of documentation management): Textbook for universities / Kuznetsova T.V., Sankina L.V., Bykov T.A. and etc.; Ed. T.V. Kuznetsova. - M.: Uniti-Dana, 2001 - 359 p.

25. Development: Textbook / Total. ed. prof. T.V. Kuznetsova. - 2nd ed., Pererab. and add. - M.: MCFER, 2006.

26. Document learning: textbook. N.N. Kushnarenko - 7th ed., Ched. - K.: Knowledge, 2006. - 459 p. - (Higher education of the XXIV).

27. Document learning: Tutorial. N.S. Larkov

28. Documenting management activities: lectures / I.N. Miguel. - M.: Flint: MPSI, 2006. - 200С.

29. Frames of the company №10 / 2002 "On the culture of work with the documents we lost"

30. Organization of work with documents: Textbook / Ed. prof. V.A. Kudryaeva. - 2nd ed., Pererab. and add. - M.: Infra-M, 2002. - 592 p.

31. We work with a modem. Gavrilov A.A., M.: MP "Malip", 1992.

32. Sedova O.L., put up documents. Magazine "Secretarial Business", №1, 1999.

33. Secretarial. Training and practical manual / V.V. Galakhov, IK Korneev et al.; Ed. IK Koreleva. - M.: TK Velby, Publishing House Prospekt, 2005. - 608 S.

34. Modern office work. Berezina N.M., Vorontsova E.P., Lysenko L.M. - 2nd ed. - SPb.: Peter, 2006. - 272 p.: Il. - (Series "Modern Discovered Production")

35. Modern technologies of office work and document management. Journal №0, 2010.

36. Rogozhin M.Yu. Direction Manual. - "Justicinform", 2005.

The appearance of the computer became possible due to the three main technical advances:

The invention of the electronic switch - the simplest scheme, closing and opening electric chain;

Development of digital information coding;

Creating artificial memory devices that allow you to store programs and data, as well as automatically perform these programs.

1. The first counting tool appeared in the V-IV centuries. BC e. and worn title abacus. Presumably it is believed that Greece or Egypt could be His Motherland (translated from the Greek "Abak" means "learn"). He was a board drawn on the columns in which any items could be placed, for example, pebbles, according to a positional principle. On Abaca, the whole of Europe considered to approximately the XII century. It should be noted that the modified version of Abaka - "Russian" scores appeared approximately in III century. n. e. And successfully used until today.

2. The first mechanical computing device called summing machineit was constructed in 1642 by the French philosopher, mathematician and physician Tea Pascal15. It was based on a system of adhesive adhesive wheels with digital: divisions ("Pascale wheels"), which, in the future, up to our days, began to be used in all mechanical countable devices. The machine only made addition and subtraction. To date, 7Ectures of this machine has been preserved (there are more than 50 pieces of various modifications to be built by Pascal. One of them is kept in the museum of art and crafts in Paris

3. In 1673, the German scientist and mathematician made a number of design modifications in the car of Pascal (invented a carriage and handle), which allowed sharply increase the speed of operations. The device received a name calculator Leibnizaand allowed to multiply and divide. Multiplication was implemented as multiple addition, and division - as a multiple subtraction. These cars, with some improvements, began to call arifimetrami.. They were used in the 1980s: GG.

4. In 1804, French engineer Joseph Marig Jacquard fully automated the weaving machine, the work of which was programmed first using punctuents, and later - using a card dial (jacquard cloth with embroidery). The social consequence of this innovation was a weak uprising, as the machine deprived of their work.

5. In 1822, the English scientist and inventor Charles Babbage developed and built a model of a mechanical computing machine for calculating mathematical tables. She got a name difference machinewhich became interested in the scientific and government circles of England.

6. In 1847-1854. English Mathematics George Bul has developed a fundamentally new mathematical apparatus based on a binary number system that was called buleva algebra.The logical actions used in it operate only with two basic concepts - "Truth" and "Lie", which can respectively be encoded by one and zero. Boulev Algebra laid the basics of binary coding of information.

7. Attempts to build a car C. Bebadja were undertaken repeatedly. Only at the end of the XIX century. With the advent of electricity, the American inventor Herman Holelerite was able to completely embody his ideas. In 1890, it creates a computing device for solving complex statistical tasks. The car was named statistical tabulator.Information was encoded on special chapels, which were placed in a certain order. A special electrical sensor recognized holes in the punch cards and sent signals to the counting device.

This machine was so successful that it was used to handle the US population census. In 1897, Russia bought this car (Fig. 10) to process the results of its first census. In 1924 (5 years before death), Holelet was able to create his company, which later received the name of International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).

In 1936-1938 Claude Shannon, American mathematician and electrical engineering, tied binary coding of information and boolean algebra with work electrical schemesthan put the beginning of science called information theory.They also introduced the following concepts:

bit(Binary Digit) - binary discharge, which is the smallest unit of information in binary code (applied in modern computers);

byte \u003d.8 bits - a unit of information processed by a computer as a whole;

glib4 bits;

machine word- It is a chain of binary discharges in length in several bytes.

8. Before World War II and during the war, many new developments of computing equipment have appeared, which used all the accumulated theoretical and practical experience. The most impressive achievement of this period was the Mark-1 computing machine, built in 1943-1944. American Howard Eiken with the assistance and financing of the US Navy and technical support IBM.

9. In 1946, two scientists of the University of Pennsylvania (USA) John urine and Prosper Eckert constructed the world's first electronic computing machine "Eniac" - electronic integrator and calculator (ENIAC) on electronic lamps with a modern digital information coding principle. Its speed ranged only 5 thousand operations per second, which, however, was about 1000 times higher than that of the Mark-1 car.

10. The project of the first computer was interested in the famous American mathematics John von Neumanna, and he began to develop such a logical scheme, which would be able to flexibly use the memorable program, and would also allow this program to change, not rebuilding the entire car circuit. He first allocated four main blocks in the computer compartment: an arithmetic logical device, a control device, a memory device and an I / O device. Computer structure, including all listed blocks, later received a name classical architecture background Neymanan.In addition to architecture, Background Neumann has developed general principles of computer performance.

11. In 1949 in the University of Cambridge (England), under the guidance of Professor Morris Wilx, the first computer was built with a program stored in memory. She wore the name "ED-SAC" (EDSAC) and completely embodied the ideas of Nymanan.

12. The first domestic computing machine MESM (small electronic counting machine) was developed in 1950 under the leadership of Academician (Fig. 13). MESM had a more versatile appointment than the first foreign computers, had a speed of 50 operations per second, could be stored in RAM 31 Number and 63 teams. The outer memory was a magnetic drum with a capacity of 5,000 engine words.

General Principles of Emm

Currently, the concepts of "computer" and "computer" are synonyms, and the latter is more common (from the Eng. Computer- calculator). Indeed, the first computers were intended to perform complex calculations, but in the future it turned out that they can handle information of any kind if it can be represented in binary code.

Under EUM (computer) We will understand the programmable electronic device intended for collecting, storing, processing, transmitting and issuing information

EUM includes two parts: hardware (hardware)and complex programs (software).

EUM architecture. Principles von Nimanana

Despite the large variety of currently existing computer, the basis for their construction and work laid the general fundamental principles, which were first formulated by the outstanding American mathematician John von Neuman.

The principle of the general device computer

In order to be a universal and efficient information for processing information, any computer must consist of the following main devices:

Arithmetic and logical device (Allu) intended for performing arithmetic and logical operations;

Control devices (UU), which organizes the process of automatic program execution;

Operational (main) memory (OP) intended for storing programs and data;

Information I / O devices (UVV).

Subsequently, such an organization received a name classhiking architecture background neymanana. Architecture von Neymanan is a core when building all modern computers.

The principle of arbitrary access to the main memory

Memory computers should consist of a certain number of numbered cells in which the information of any kind, encoded in binary code can be stored. Access to it is carried out by cell number (address).

3. Principlestored program

Since each program command is encoded in binary code as a sequence of zeros andunits, it can be placed in computer memory, like any other data. Thus, the program itself (set commands) is stored in memory with the processed data.

4. Program principleoffice

The difference between the computers from the arithmometer (calculator) is that it knows how to perform without a person's participation, but a whole sequence of commands (program). The control device executes the sequence of commands in the memory of the machine, automatically, without human participation.

Lecture number 3.

The main questions of the lecture:

1. Technical instruments of computer science.

2. The concept of computer principles.

3. The main components of the personal computer.

Technical means of informatics

EUM is the main technical means of processing information, classified by a number of signs, in particular: by appointment, the principle of action, methods for organizing computing process, sizes and computing power, functionality, ability to parallel execution of programs and etc.

By appointment EUM can be divided into three groups:

· universal (general purpose) - Designed to solve a variety of engineering and technical tasks: economic, mathematical, information and other tasks, characterized by the complexity of algorithms and a large amount of data being processed. The characteristic features of these computers are high performance, a variety of forms of processed data (binary, decimal, symbolic), a variety of operations performed (arithmetic, logical, special), a large capacity of RAM, developed organization of I / O information;

· problem-oriented - designed to solve a narrower circle of tasks related usually with technological objects, registration, accumulation and processing of small amounts of data (control computing complexes);

· specialized - To solve a narrow circle of tasks to reduce the complexity and cost of these computer, while maintaining high performance and reliability of operation (programmable special purpose microprocessors, controllers that perform control functions of technical devices).

By principle of action (The criterion for dividing computing machines is the form of information presentation with which they work):

· Analog computing machines (AVM) - continuous computing machines, work with information presented in continuous form, i.e. the form of a continuous number of values \u200b\u200bof any physical value (most often electrical voltage); In this case, the value of the voltage is an analogue value of a certain measured variable. For example, input of the number 19.42 with a scale of 0.1 is equivalent to the supply of voltage in 1.942 V;

· Digital computing machines (TSM) - discrete-action computing machines, work with the information presented in discrete, or rather in digital, form - as several different stresses equivalent to the number of units in the value of the variable representation;

· Hybrid computing machines (GMM) - computing machines of combined action, work with information presented in digital and in analog form.

AVM is simple and easy to operate; Programming tasks to solve them is unemployed, the solution speed changes at the request of the operator (more than that of the TSM), but the accuracy of the solution is very low (relative error is 2-5%). The AVM solve mathematical problems containing differential equations that do not contain complex logic. The TSM was widespread, they are meant when they say about computer. GMM is advisable to use to manage complex high-speed technical complexes.

By generations The following groups can be distinguished:

1 generation.In 1946 The idea of \u200b\u200busing binary arithmetic (John Von Neuman, A. Burns) and the principle of the stored program, actively used in the 1 generation computer, was published. EUM was distinguished by large dimensions, greater energy consumption, low speed, low reliability, programming in codes. The tasks were solved mostly computational character containing complex calculations necessary for weather forecast, solving the problems of atomic energy, aircraft management and other strategic tasks.

2 generation.In 1948, Bell Telefon Laboratory announced the creation of the first transistor. Compared to the computer of the previous generation, everything has improved specifications. For programming, algorithmic languages \u200b\u200bare used, the first attempts of automatic programming are taken.

3rd generation.A feature of the computer 3 generation is considered to be used in their design integrated circuits, and in managing the operation of the computer - operating systems. There are features of multiprogramming, memory management, I / O devices. Recovery after failures assumed the operating system. From the mid-60s to the mid-1970s, the databases containing different types of information on all kinds of knowledge are important as an important type of information services for all sorts of knowledge. For the first time, information technology support decision-making. This is a completely new way to interact human and computer.

4th generation.The main features of this generation of computers are the presence of storage devices, the launch of the computer using the Software Software System from the ROM, the variety of architectures, powerful OS, combining computer on the network. Starting from the mid-70s, with the creation of national and global data networks, the leading type of information services has become a dialogue search for information in databases deleted from user.

5th generation.EUM with many dozen parallel working processors, allowing to build effective knowledge processing systems; EUM on ultra-empty microprocessors with a parallel vector structure that simultaneously perform dozens of successive program commands.

6th generation.Optoelectronic computers with mass parallelism and neural structure - with a network of large numbers (tens of thousands) simple microprocessors that simulate the structure of neural biological systems.

EU classification in size and functionality.

Large computer.Historically, large computers appeared, the element base of which was the way from the electronic lamps to integrated circuits with an over high degree of integration. However, their productivity was insufficient for modeling environmental systems, objects of genetic engineering, management of complex defense complexes, etc.

Large computer is often called MainFrame abroad and rumors about their death are greatly exaggerated.

As a rule, they have:

· Performance of at least 10 MIPS (millions of floating point operations per second)

· Basic memory from 64 to 10,000 mV

· Foreign memory for at least 50 GW

· Multiplayer mode of operation

Main uses - This is a solution of scientific and technical tasks, work with large databases, management computing networks and their resources as servers.

Small computer.Small (mini) computer - reliable, inexpensive and easy-to-use, have a slightly lower, compared to large computer capabilities.

Super mini computer have:

· Basic capacity - 4-512 mV

· Disc memory capacity - 2 - 100 gv

· Number of supported users - 16-512.

Mini-computers are focused on using as controlling computing complexes, in systems of simple modeling, in ASUP, to control technological processes.

Super email.These are powerful multiprocessor computers with speed of hundreds of millions - tens of billions of operations per second.

It is impossible to achieve this productivity on one microprocessor on modern technologies, in mind the final value of the speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves (300000 km / s), for the time of the signal propagation at a distance of several millimeters becomes commensurate with the time of execution of one operation. Therefore, the superem is created in the form of high-parallel multiprocessor computing systems.

Currently, there are several thousand Super EL in the world, ranging from simple office Cray EL to powerful Cray 3, SX-X company NEC, VP2000 firm Fujitsu (Japan), VPP 500 of Siemens (Germany).

Micro computer or personal computer.The PC must have characteristics that meet the requirements of the general accessibility and versatility:

· Small value

· Autonomy of operation

· Architectural flexibility that gives the ability to adapt in the field of education, science, management, in everyday life;

· Operating system friendship;

· High reliability (more than 5,000 hours of failure on failure).

Most of them have autonomous nutrition from batteries, but can connect to the network.

Special computer.Special EUM. focus on solving special computing tasks or management tasks. Electronic microcalculators can also be considered as a special computer. The program that the processor performs is in the ROM or in OP, and that The machine decides, as a rule, one task, only data is changed. This is convenient (to store the ROM program), in this case the reliability and speed of the computer increases. Such an approach is often used in onboard computer, managing the mode of operation of the camera, movie cameras, in sports simulators.

The concept of the principles of the computer

The architecture of modern personal computers is based on a trunk-modular principle. The modular principle allows the consumer to set the computer's configuration you want and make it upgrading if necessary. The modular organization of the computer relies on the trunk (tire) principle of sharing information between devices.

The highway includes three multi-digit tires:

· Data bus,

· Tire address

· And the control bus.

Tires are a largeline lines.

Data bus. Upon this bus, data is transmitted between different devices. For example, data from RAM data can be transmitted to processing processor, and then the data obtained can be sent back to the RAM for storage. Thus, data on the data bus can be transmitted from the device to the device in any direction.

The data bus discharge is determined by the processor bit, i.e. The number of binary discharges that the processor processes in one clock. The processor discharge continuously increased with the development of computer equipment.

Tire address. Select a device or a memory cell where you are sent or where data is read over the data bus, the processor produces. Each device or range of RAM has its own address. The address is transmitted via the address bus, and the signals are transmitted to it in one direction from the processor to RAM and devices (unidirectional tire). Digure of the address bus Defines the address space of the processor, i.e. The number of RAM cells that may have unique addresses. The bittenness of the address bus is constantly increased in modern personal computers is 32 bits.

Control bus. On the control bus, signals are transmitted determining the nature of the exchange of information on the highway. The control signals determine which operation reading or recording information from memory should be produced, synchronize the exchange of information between devices, etc.

The basis of building the overwhelming majority of computers is the following general principles formulated in 1945 by American scientists. John Background Neumanan.

1. Program management principle. The program consists of a set of commands running the processor automatically in a specific sequence. The method of the program from memory is carried out using command counter. This processor register consistently increases the address of the next command to the next command to the address. And since the program commands are arranged in memory with each other, it is thereby a sample of the chain of commands from sequentially located memory cells is organized. If you need to go to the next command after executing the command, and commands are used to some other, commands are used. conditional or unconditional transition which are in the command counter of the memory cell number containing the following command. Selecting commands from memory stops after reaching and executing the STOP command. In this way, the processor executes the program automatically, without human intervention.

2. The principle of uniformity of memory. Programs and data are stored in the same memory, so the computer does not distinguish that it is stored in this memory cell - the number, text or command. Over the commands you can perform the same actions as above the data. This opens a number of possibilities. For example, the program in the process of its implementation may also be recycled, Which allows you to set the rules for obtaining some parts in the program itself (so in the program is organized by the execution of cycles and subroutines). Moreover, the commands of one program can be obtained as the results of the execution of another program. In this principle are based broadcast methods - Translation of the text of the program from a high-level programming language into a specific machine language.

3. The principle of targeting. Structurally, the main memory consists of renumbered cells. A processor in an arbitrary moment of time is available any cell. From here it is necessary to give names to the areas of memory so that the values \u200b\u200bthat are memorized in them can subsequently appeal or change them in the process of executing programs using assigned names. Computers built on listed principles belong to type nymanovsky background. But there are computers that are fundamentally different from Nymananovsky. For them, for example, the principle of software control may not be performed, i.e. they can work without a team meter indicating the current executable program command. To appeal to any variable stored in memory, these computers do not need to give it a name. Such computers are called non-Nimanovskiy.

Basic components of a personal computer

The computer has modular structurewhich includes:

System unit

Metal case with power supply. Currently, system units produce an ATX standard, the size of 21x42x40cm, the power supply - 230W, operating voltage 210-240V, compartments 3x5.25 "" and 2x3.5 "", automatic shutdown Upon completion of work. The case also has a speaker.

1.1. Systemic (maternal) fee (Motherboard) on which are located various devicesincluded in the system unit. The design of the motherboard is made on the principle of the modular constructor, which allows each user to easily replace the failed or outdated elements of the system unit. On the motherboard are attached:

but) CPU (CPU - Central Processing Unit) is a large integrated circuit on a crystal. Performs logical and arithmetic operations, managing the functioning of the computer. The processor is characterized by the manufacturer and clock frequency. The most famous manufacturers are Intel and AMD. Processors have their own names of Athlon, Pentium 4, Celeron, etc. The clock frequency determines the speed of the processor and is measured in hertz (1 \\ s). So, Pentium 4 2.2 GHz has a clock 2200000000 Hz (performs more than 2 billion operations per second). Another characteristic of the processor is the presence of cache Memory (Cache) - even faster than the RAM memory in which the most frequently used CPU data is stored. Cache is a buffer between the processor and RAM. The cache is completely transparent, not detected programmatically. Cash reduces the total number of processor expectations when contacting RAM.

b) Coprocessor (FPU - Floating Point Unit). Built in CPU. Performs arithmetic operations with floating comma.

in) Controllers - chips responsible for the operation of various computer devices (keyboards, HDD, FDD, mouse, etc.). This is also taken here and a microcircuit of the ROM (permanent memory) in which ROM-BIOS is stored.

d) Slots (Tires) - connectors (ISA, PCI, SCSI, AGP, etc.) for various devices (RAM, video card, etc.).

Tire is actually a set of wires (lines) connecting the various components of the computer for supplying them to power and exchange data. Existing tires: ISA (frequency - 8 MHz, number of discharges - 16, data transfer rate - 16MB / s),

e) Operational storage device (RAM, RAM - Random Access Memory (Dual Inline Memory Module), DRAM (Dynamic RAM), SDRAM (Synchronous Dram), RDRAM)) - microcircuits that serve for short memorization of intermediate commands, calculation values \u200b\u200bmade by CPU as well as other data. There, to enhance speed, executable programs are stored. RAM - high-speed memory with regeneration time 7 · 10 -9 seconds. Capacity up to 1GB. Power 3.3B.

e) Video card (Video receptor) - a device that expands the capabilities and accelerating work with graphics. The video card has its own video memory (16, 32, 64, 128MB) for storing graphic information and graphic processor (GPU - Graphic Processor Unit), taking on the calculation when working with 3D graphics and video. GPU operates at the frequency of 350 MHz and contains 60 MLN. transistors. The resolution is maintained 2048x1536 60Hz with 32 bit color. Productivity: 286 million pixels / sec. May have an output to TV and video input. Effects are supported: transparency and transparency, shading (obtaining realistic lighting), glare, color lighting (light sources of different colors), lubrication, volumetric, buckling, reflection, reflection in the mirror curve, trembling surfaces, image distortion caused by water and warm air, Transformation of distortions for noise algorithms, imitation of clouds in the sky and others.

g) Sound card - A device that extends the sound capabilities of the computer. Sounds are generated using the samples of different timbres recorded in memory (32MB). At the same time, up to 1024 sounds are reproduced. Various effects are supported. There may be a linear input / output, headphones output, microphone input, joystick connector, input for an answering machine, analog and digital input CD audio.

h) LAN card - A device that is responsible for connecting a computer to the network for information sharing.

In addition to the motherboard in the system unit are:

1.2. Hard magnetic disk drive (Winchester, HDD - Hard Disk Drive) - a hermetically wanted body with rotating magnetic discs and magnetic heads. Serves for long-term storage of information in the form of files (programs, texts, graphics, photography, music, video). Capacity - 75 GB, Buffer size 1-2MB, data transfer rate 66.6MB / s. The maximum speed of spindle rotation is 10 000, 15000 rpm. IBM HDD has a capacity of 120GB, the spindle speed of 7200 rpm.

1.3. Flexible Magnetic Disk Drive (Drive, floppy disk, FDD - Floppy Disk Drive) - a device that serves to record / read information from diskettes that can be transferred from a computer to a computer. Capacity floppy disks: 1.22MB (size 5.25 "" "(1" "\u003d 2.54cm)), 1.44MB (size 3.5"). 1.44MB is equivalent to 620 pages of text.

1.4. CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) is a device that serves only for reading information from CD. Binary information from the CD surface is read by a laser beam. CD - 640MB \u003d 74min. music \u003d 150000st. text. Spindle speed 8560 rpm, buffer size 128kb, maximum data transfer rate 33.3MB / s. Racing and breakdowns When playing video, the reasons are not filling or overflowing a buffer that serves to intermediate storage of transmitted data. There is a volume control and headphone output (for listening to music CDs).

1.5. CD-R. (Compact Disc Recorder) is a device that serves to read and single information record on the CD. The record is based on the change in the reflective properties of the substance substance of the substance of the CD under the action of the laser beam.

1.6. DVD-ROM Discs (digital video discs) have a much greater information capacity (up to 17 GB), because Information can be recorded on two sides, two layers on one side, and the tracks themselves have a smaller thickness.

The first generation of DVD-ROM drives provided the read speed of information about 1.3 MB / s. Currently, 5-speed DVD-ROM reaches a read speed to 6.8 MB / s.

Exist DVD-R. Discs (R - Recordable, recorded) that have golden color. Special DVD-R drives have a sufficiently powerful laser, which in the process of recording information changes reflect the ability of the surface sections of the recorded disk. Information on such disks can only be recorded once.

1.7. There are also CD-RW. and DVD-RW. Discs (RW - Rewritable, overwritten), which have a "platinum" shade. Special CD-RW and DVD-RW drives in the process of recording information also change the reflectivity of individual sections of the surface of the discs, but information on such disks can be recorded repeatedly. Before overwriting, recorded information is "erased" by heating the area of \u200b\u200bthe disk surface with a laser.

The composition of the computer other than the system unit includes the following input-output devices.

2. Monitor (Display) is a graphical information output device. There are digital and liquid crystal. Dimensions diagonal - 14 "", 15 "", 17 "", 19 "", 21 "", 24 "". Pixel size - 0.2-0.3mm. Frequency of shift frames - 77Hz with a resolution of 1920x1200 pixel, 85Hz at 1280x1024, 160Hz at 800x600. The number of colors is determined by the amount of discharges per pixel and can be 256 (2 8, where 8 is the number of discharges), 65536 (2 16, High Color mode), 16 777 216 (2 24, True Color mode, may be 2 32) . There are electron beam and LCD monitors. Monitors use RGB color formation system, i.e. Color is obtained by mixing 3 main colors: red (Red), green (Green) and blue (Blue).

3. Keyboard (Keyboard) - Team input and symbolic information (108 keys). Connects to the serial interface (COM port).

4. Mouse type manipulator (Mouse) - command input device. The standard is the 3-button mouse with scrolling wheel (Scrolling).

5. Printing device (Printer) - a device for displaying information on paper, film or other surface. Connects to a parallel interface (LPT port). USB (Universal Serial Bus) - a universal serial tire replaced outdated COM and LPT ports.

but) Matrix. The image is formed by needles that pierce the paint ribbon.

b) Jet. The image is formed ejected from nozzles (up to 256) microcaps of paint. Droplet speed drops to 40m / s.

in) Laser. The image on paper is transferred from a special drum, which is electrified with a laser to which paint particles (toner) are attracted.

6. Scanner - Device for entering images to a computer. There is a manual, tablet, drum.

7. Modem. (Modulator demodulator) - a device that allows you to exchange information between computers through analog or digital channels. The modems differ from each other with the maximum data transfer rate (2400, 9600, 14400, 19200, 28800, 33600, 56000 bits per second) supported by communication protocols. There are modems internal and external.

System unit it consists of a housing with a power supply and a motherboard (system) board. Power supply converts alternating current in a constant current of low voltage. The power supply power depends on how the number of additional devices that do not have their own power supply can be connected to the system unit.

Motherboard - The main part of the computer, with which other elements are combined. This is a large printed circuit board on which the system and local bus, microprocessor, RAM, additional chips and slots for connecting additional devices are located. Motherboards are unified by sizes (currently most common AT, ATX, LPX, NLX).

System tire designed to transfer information between the central processor and other components of the computer. In modern computers, EISA, PCI, PCMCIA, AGP tires are used. Tires are divided into synchronous, where data is transmitted, respectively, to the clock frequency (RSI), and asynchronous, where data is transmitted to arbitrary moments of time (EISA).

CPU (Central Processing Unit - CPU) is a large integrated circuit implemented on one semiconductor crystal, which is intended for software managed information processing. Depending on the type of instructions that are performed, the CISC microprocessors and RISC (Reduce Instruction Set Computer) differ. The first microprocessors were CISC processors. In RISC processors, instructions are used for the same length, which are easier and faster.

The bit content of the microprocessor determines how many bits of information are processed in it in one clock. The first Intel 4004 microprocessor, which appeared in 1971 p., It was choir and had clock frequency 750 kHz. With the development of processors, their clock frequency, the discharger of the registers and the external data bus increases, improves the decoding of commands. Modern computers Pentium III have a clock frequency of 450 MHz and above.

RAM it happens dynamic or static. Dynamic type RAM is an arbitrary memory (Dynamic Random Access Memory, Dram). Each bit of such memory is represented as the presence or absence of charge on the condenser formed in the structure of the semiconductor crystal. Static memory (STATIC RAM - SRAM) As an elementary cell uses a static trigger consisting of several transistors. This memory has high speed, but it is more expensive.

By way of accessing data, memory is divided into synchronous and asynchronous. Dynamic memory chips are performed in various housings: SIMM (SINGLE IN LINE MEMORY MODULE), DIMM (DUAL IN LINE MEMORY MODULE). SDRAM is synchronized with a system timer that controls the central processor. SDRAM II (DDR DOUBLE DATA RATE) uses more accurate internal synchronization, which doubles the speed of access.

A dynamic RAM is used in the video memory, which has a number of features: access is carried out sufficiently large blocks, the data overwriting occurs without interrupting the reading procedure.

BIOS (Basic Input / Output System) - a special microcircuit that contains a set of I / O programs, with which the operating system and application programs can interact with the computer devices at the physical level; computer testing program and its devices, which starts when the computer is turned on; SETUP program to change the parameters that determine the computer configuration.

Information storage devices

Information storage devices are intended for long-term storage of large amounts of information. This type of memory, in contrast to the operational, energy-independent, i.e. Information is not lost after turning off the power of the computer. The maintenance of information storage devices are based on different principles (magnetic, optical, etc.). The cost of storing a unit of information on them is significantly lower compared to rAM, and the amount of media that are used in these devices is much more, but the access time to information in them is even more. There are storage drives with replaceable and unchanged carriers. The reliability of saving information on non-removable media is much larger, and the access time is less.

To integrate information storage devices, special interfaces have been developed, from which today the most popular IDE (Small Computer System Interface).

The SCSI interface was developed in 1970 p. You can connect up to eight devices to the bus, including the main SCSI controller. The SCSI controller has its own BIOS, which controls the eight-anniosal SCSI bus, freeing the central processor.

The IDE interface was proposed in 1988. The controller functions are implemented in the electronic part of the device. Data exchange can be carried out both through the central processor (Rio Programmed Input / Output) and directly (DMA - Direct Memory Access).

Streamers - Magnetic ribbons drives. They are commonly used to create archived copies of large volume and have built-in data compression tools.

Hard drive drives - These are devices with unchanged nash. They are often called hard drives. They contain a mechanical drive, record reading heads for multiple media and a controller that provides the operation of the device and transmit data. The magnetic properties of the carrier discs are used to record information.

Hard drive drives differ from each other primarily by their capacity and speed of work. The speed of the disk is characterized by two indicators: access time on disk and read speed and write data to disk.

When reading or writing short data blocks located in different parts of the disk, the speed of operation is determined by the data access time, and when reading or recording large data blocks, the bandwidth of the exchange path with the disk is much more important.

Drives on interchangeable disks: drives for floppy disks "and 5.25" - FDD (FLOPPY DISK Drive), magneto-optical disks - mod (Magneto-Optical Disk), CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD (Digital Versatile Disk). They allow you to transfer information from one computer to another and draw archive copies of the information contained on the hard disk.

It should be noted that the access time and speed of read-by-apice depend not only from the device itself, but also on the parameters of the entire exchange path with the disk: from the speed of the disk controller, the system tire and central processor Computer.

Keyboard it is the main information entry device to the computer. This is a combination of mechanical sensors that perceive keystrokes and closing a certain electrical circuit. Many types of keyboards have been developed, which differ mainly on ergonomic qualities. In the keyboard can be embedded additional devices, for example, a microphone. The most common two types of keyboards are most common: with mechanical and membrane switches. Technology based on membrane switches is considered more progressive, although there is no special advantage.

Mouse and trekball - These are the coordinate information entry devices to the computer. They have two or three control buttons, but the third button is practically not used. In addition, Dvoknova Mouse may have a special wheel for quick view Multi-page information. Completed both mechanical mice and optical, which make it possible to achieve greater accuracy. There are three methods of connecting the mouse: through a serial som port, PS / 2 port and uSB port. IN trekball it is not moving a housing, but only its ball, which allows to increase the accuracy of the cursor control and does not require additional space to work. Trackballs are usually used in portable computers.

Scanner - This is a device with which information from paper media is entered into the computer. The optical scanner resolution determines the size of the elements that the scanner transmits without distortion. The resolution depends on the number of elements used per unit length in the light-sensitive element line and from the step of moving the scanning device. It is measured in DPI - the number of dots per inch.

All models of scanners can be divided into manual, tablet, rolled and drum. Manual scanners should be moved by hand to the material that is scanned. In the tablet scanners, the scan head moves along the image using a stepper motor. Roll scanners stretch images through the scanning device. Drum scanners use a photoelectron multiplier as a photosensitive element.

In addition, scanners are divided into single-pass, what is used by three lineups for simultaneously obtaining information about the three main colors, and triprokhidnі, which in one pass information about some one color. The color discharge of the scanner is determined by the number of bits used to store information about color. Modern scanners use at least 24 bits (8 bits per color).

To communicate with the computer, the scanners use serial and parallel ports, as well as SCSI and USB interfaces.

Electronic tablet - The coordinate converter is used mainly for CAD tasks.

Joystick - Analog lever device for entering coordinate information. It is used almost only in games and simulators.