World Wide Web (www). World Wide Web (WWW) The World Wide Web was created in

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Hello dear readers of the blog site. We all live in the era of the global Internet and use the terms site, web, www (World Wide Web - the world wide web, global network) quite often and without going into much of what it is.

I see the same thing with other authors, and ordinary interlocutors. “Site”, “Internet”, “network” or the abbreviation “WWW” have become so common concepts for us that it does not even occur to us to think about their essence. However, the first website was born only twenty years ago. What is the Internet?

After all, it has a rather long history, however, before the advent of the global network (WWW), 99.9% of the world's inhabitants did not even know about its existence, because it was the lot of specialists and enthusiasts. Now even the Eskimos know about the World Wide Web, in whose language this word is identified with the ability of shamans to find answers in the layers of the universe. So let's discover what the Internet is, a website, the World Wide Web, and everything else.

What is the Internet and its difference from the global web WWW

The most remarkable fact that can now be stated is that Internet has no owner... In fact, this is the union of separate LANs (thanks to the once adopted common standards, namely the TCP / IP protocol), which is maintained in working order by network providers.

It is believed that due to the ever-increasing media traffic (video and other heavy content moving in tons on the network), the Internet will soon collapse due to its currently limited bandwidth... The main problem in this regard is the upgrade of the network equipment that makes up the global web to a faster one, which is primarily constrained by the additional costs required. But I think that the problem will be solved as the collapse matures, and there are already separate network segments operating at high speeds.

In general, in light of the fact that the Internet is essentially nothing, it should be mentioned that many states, trying to introduce censorship in the global network, want to identify it (namely, its most popular component at the moment, WWW) with.

But there is really no ground under this desire, because the internet is just a means of communication or, in other words, a storage medium comparable to a telephone or even plain paper. Try to sanction paper or its distribution around the world. Certain sanctions by individual states, in fact, can only apply to sites (islands of information on the network) that become available to users through the World Wide Web.

The first prerequisites for the creation of the global web and the Internet were undertaken ... What year do you think? Surprisingly, it was already in dense 1957. Naturally, the military (and, of course, the United States, well, how could it be without them) needed such a grid to communicate in the event of the deployment of hostilities with the use of vigorous weapons. The network was created for quite a long time (about 12 years), but this is understandable by the fact that computers were in their infancy at that time.

But nevertheless, their capacity was quite enough to get the opportunity between the military departments and leading US universities by 1971. Thus, the Email transfer protocol became the first way to use the internet for the needs of users. After a couple more, what the Internet is already learned overseas. By the beginning of the 80s, the main protocols for transferring data (postal,) were standardized, and also the protocol of the so-called Usenet news conferences appeared, which was similar to postal, but allowed organizing something similar to forums.

And a few years later, the idea of creating a domain name system (DNS - will play an important role in the formation of WWW) appeared and the world's first protocol for communication via the Internet in real time - IRC (in Russian colloquial - irka) - appeared. He allowed chatting on the network. Science fiction that was available and interesting to a very, very small number of inhabitants of the planet Earth. But this is only for now.

At the turn of the 80s and 90s, such significant events take place in the history of infrastructure development that they, in fact, predetermined its further destiny. In general, such a spread of the global network in the minds of modern inhabitants of the planet is due to almost one single person - Tim Berners-Lee:

Berners-Lee is an Englishman, the son of two mathematicians who dedicated their lives to creating one of the first computers in the world. It was thanks to him that the world learned what the Internet, a website, e-mail, etc. are. Initially, the world wide web WWW (World Wide Web) he created for the needs of nuclear research Cern (the same collider is located with them). The challenge was to conveniently place all the scientific information available to the concern on their own network.

To solve this problem, he came up with everything that is now the fundamental elements of the WWW (what we consider the Internet, without understanding its essence a little). As a basis, he took the principle of organizing information, called. What it is? This principle was invented long before that and consisted in such an organization of the text, when the linearity of the narrative was replaced by the possibility of following different links (links).

The Internet is hypertext, hyperlinks, urls and hardware

Thanks to this, the hypertext can be read in a different sequence, thereby obtaining various variants of the linear text (well, for you, as experienced Internet users, it should now be clear and obvious, but then it was a revolution). In the role of hypertext nodes, we should have, which we now call simply links.

As a result, all information that exists now in computers can be represented as one large hypertext, including countless nodes (hyperlinks). Everything that was developed by Tim Berners-Lee was transferred from the local grid of CERN to what we call the Internet today, after which the Web (web) began to gain in popularity at a frantic pace (the first fifty million users of the World Wide Web were registered in just over first five years of existence).

But to implement the principle of hypertext and hyperlinks, it was necessary to create and develop several things from scratch. First, a new data transfer protocol was needed, which is now known to all of you. HTTP protocol(at the beginning of all website addresses you will find a mention of him or his secure version of HTTPs).

Secondly, it was developed from scratch, the abbreviation of which is now known to all webmasters in the world. So, we got the tools for transferring data and creating sites (a set of web pages or web documents). But how can one refer to these same documents?

The first allowed identifying the document on a separate server (site), and the second allowed mixing in the URI Domain name(received and unambiguously indicating that the document belongs to a website hosted on a specific server) or an IP address (a unique digital identifier of absolutely all devices in the global or local network). Read more about the link provided.

There is only one step left to make the world wide web WWW, finally, work and become in demand by users. Do you know which one?

Well, of course, we needed a program that would be able to display the contents of any web page requested on the Internet (using a URL) on the user's computer. It has become such a program. If we talk about today's time, then there are not so many main players in this market, and I managed to write about all of them from a small review:

(IE, MSIE) - the old guard is still in the ranks
(Mazila Firefox) - another veteran is not going to give up positions without a fight
(Google Chrome) - an ambitious newcomer who managed to seize the leadership in the shortest possible time
- a browser loved by many in Runet, but gradually losing popularity
- a slave from the apple mill

Timothy John Berners-Lee independently wrote the program of the world's first Internet browser and called it, without further ado, World Wide Web. Although this was not the limit of perfection, it was with this browser that the victorious march of the World Wide Web began across the planet.

In general, of course, it is striking that all necessary tools for the modern Internet (meaning its most popular component) were created by just one person in such a short time. Bravo.

A little later, the first graphical browser Mosaic appeared, from which many of the modern observers (Mazila and Explorer) trace their origins. It was the Mosaic that became that drop that was not enough to there is an interest in the internet(namely, to the World Wide Web) from ordinary inhabitants of the planet Earth. A graphical browser is a completely different matter than a text browser. Everyone loves to look at pictures and few people love to read.

What is noteworthy is that Berners-Lee did not receive any terribly large sums of money, which, for example, he received as a result, or, although he did for the global network, probably still more.

Yes, over time, in addition to the Berners-Lee language, Html has been added. Thanks to this, some of the operators in Html became unnecessary, and they were replaced by much more flexible tools for cascading style sheets, which made it possible to significantly increase the attractiveness and design flexibility of the sites being created now. Although learning the rules of CSS is, of course, more complex than the markup language. However, beauty requires sacrifice.

How do the Internet and the global network work from the inside?

But let's see what is the web (www) and how information is posted on the Internet. Here we will come face to face with the very phenomenon called website (web - grid, and site - place). So, what is a "place on the network" (analogue of a place in the sun in real life) and how to get it, in fact.

What is internet? So, it consists of invisible and non-visible of great importance for users of channel-forming devices (routers, switches). The WWW network (what we call the Web or the World Wide Web) consists of millions of web servers, which are programs running on slightly modified computers, which in turn must be connected (in a 24 by 7 mode) to the global web and use the HTTP protocol for data exchange.

The web server (program) receives a request (most often from the browser of the user who opens the link or entered Url in the address bar) to open a document hosted on this very server. In the simplest case, a document is a physical file (with the html extension, for example) that lies on the server's hard disk.

In a more complex case (when used), the requested document will be generated programmatically on the fly.

To view the requested page of the site, special software is used on the client (user) side called a browser, which can draw the uploaded fragment of hypertext in a digestible form on the information display device where this browser is installed (PC, phone, tablet, etc.) ). In general, everything is simple, if you do not go into details.

Previously, each individual website was physically hosted on a separate computer. This was mainly due to the weak computing power of the PCs available at that time. But in any case, a computer with web program the server and the site hosted on it must be connected to the Internet around the clock. It is quite difficult and expensive to do this at home, therefore, to store websites, they usually use the services of hosting companies specialized in this.

Hosting service due to the popularity of the WWW, it is now quite in demand. Thanks to the growing capacity of modern PCs over time, hosters have the opportunity to host many websites on one physical computer (virtual hosting), and hosting one site on one physical PC has come to be called a service.

When using virtual hosting, all websites hosted on a computer (the one called a server) can be assigned one IP address, or there can be a separate one for each. This does not change the essence and can only indirectly affect the Website hosted there (poor neighborhood on one IP can have a bad effect on - search engines sometimes row everyone with the same brush).

Now let's talk a little about website domain names and their meaning on the World Wide Web. Each resource on the Internet has its own domain name. Moreover, a situation may arise when the same site may have several domain names (as a result, mirrors or aliases are obtained), as well as, for example, the same domain name can be used for many resources.

Also for some serious resources there is such a thing as mirrors. In this case, the site files can be located on different physical computers, and the resources themselves have different domain names. But these are all nuances that only confuse novice users.

What is the World Wide Web?

A web, or "web", is a collection of interconnected pages of specific information. Each such page can contain text, images, video, audio and various other objects. But apart from this, there are so-called hyperlinks on the web pages. Each such link points to a different page, which is located on some other computer on the Internet.

Various information resources, which are interconnected by means of telecommunications and are based on hypertext representation of data, form the World Wide Web (WWW).

Hyperlinks link pages that are located on different computers located in different parts of the world. A huge number of computers that are united into one network is the Internet, and the "World Wide Web" is a huge number of web pages located on computers in the network.

Each web page on the Internet has an address - URL (English Uniform Resource Locator - unique address, name). It is at the address that you can find any page.

How was the World Wide Web created?

On March 12, 1989, Tim Berners-Lee presented the project to the CERN leadership unified system organization, storage and general access to information that was supposed to solve the problem of exchange of knowledge and experience between the staff of the Center. The problem of access to information on different computers Berners-Lee's staff proposed to solve with the help of browser programs that provide access to the server computer where the hypertext information is stored. After the successful implementation of the project, Berners-Lee was able to convince the rest of the world to use uniform standards for Internet communication, using the standards of the hypertext transfer protocols (HTTP) and the universal markup language (HTML).

It should be noted that Tim Berners-Lee was not the first creator of the Internet. The first system of protocols for transferring data between networked computers was developed by employees of the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn in the late 60s - early 70s of the last century. Berners-Lee only suggested using the capabilities of computer networks to create new system organization of information and access to it.

What was the prototype of the World Wide Web?

Back in the 60s of the XX century, the US Department of Defense set the task of developing a reliable system for transmitting information in case of war. The US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) has proposed developing a computer network for this. It was named ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). The project brought together four academic institutions - the University of Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute and the Universities of Santa Barbara and Utah. All work was funded by the US Department of Defense.

First data transfer over computer network took place in 1969. A Los Angeles University professor with his students tried to enter a Stanford computer and send the word "login". Only the first two letters L and O were successfully transmitted. When they typed the letter G, the communication system failed, but the Internet revolution took place.

By 1971, a network of 23 users had been established in the United States. The first program was developed to send Email over the network. And in 1973, University College London and Government Services in Norway joined the network and the network became international. In 1977, the number of Internet users reached 100, in 1984 - 1,000, in 1986 there were already more than 5,000, in 1989 - more than 100,000. In 1991, the World-Wide Web (WWW) project was implemented at CERN. In 1997, there were already 19.5 million Internet users.

Some sources indicate the date of the appearance of the World Wide Web a day later - March 13, 1989.

The structure and principles of the World Wide Web

World Wide Web around Wikipedia

The world wide web is formed by millions web servers the network Internet located all over the world. The web server is program running on a network connected computer and using the protocol HTTP for data transmission. In its simplest form, such a program receives an HTTP request for a specific resource over the network, finds the corresponding file on the local hard disk and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More sophisticated web servers are capable of dynamically allocating resources in response to an HTTP request. To identify resources (often files or parts thereof) the World Wide Web uses uniform resource identifiers URI (English Uniform Resource Identifier). Consistent resource locators are used to locate resources on the network Url (English Uniform Resource Locator). Such URL locators combine URI identification technology and the system domain names DNS (English Domain Name System) - domain name (or directly -address in a numeric notation) is included in the URL to designate a computer (more precisely, one of its network interfaces) that executes the code of the required web server.

To view information received from the web server, the client computer uses special program - web browser... The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext. The World Wide Web is inextricably linked with concepts hypertext and hyperlinks... Most of the information on the Web is precisely hypertext. To facilitate the creation, storage and display of hypertext on the World Wide Web, the language is traditionally used Html (English HyperText Markup Language), hypertext markup language. Work on hypertext markup is called typesetting, a markup master is called a webmaster or webmaster(no hyphen). After the HTML markup, the resulting hypertext is placed in file, such an HTML file is the main resource of the World Wide Web. Once the HTML file is available to the web server, it is referred to as a “web page”. A set of web pages forms Web site... Hyperlinks are added to the hypertext of web pages. Hyperlinks help users of the World Wide Web to easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on local computer or on a remote server. Web hyperlinks are based on URL technology.

World Wide Web Technologies

To improve the visual perception of the web, the technology has become widely used CSS, which allows you to set uniform styles for multiple web pages. Another innovation worth paying attention to is the resource naming system URN (English Uniform Resource Name).

The popular concept of the development of the World Wide Web is the creation semantic web... The Semantic Web is an add-on to the existing World Wide Web, which is designed to make information posted on the network more understandable for computers. The Semantic Web is the concept of a web in which every resource in human language would be provided with a description that a computer can understand. The Semantic Web provides access to well-structured information for any application, regardless of platform and regardless of programming languages... Programs will be able to find the necessary resources themselves, process information, classify data, identify logical connections, draw conclusions and even make decisions based on these conclusions. If widely distributed and properly implemented, the Semantic Web can revolutionize the Internet. To create a computer-understandable description of a resource, the Semantic Web uses the format RDF (English Resource Description Framework ), which is based on the syntax XML and uses URIs to denote resources. New in this area is RDFS (English) Russian ( English RDF Schema) and SPARQL (English Protocol And RDF Query Language ) (pronounced "spaarkl"), a new query language for quick access to RDF data.

History of the World Wide Web

The inventors of the world wide web are considered Tim Berners-Lee and to a lesser extent, Robert Caio... Tim Berners-Lee is the author of HTTP, URI / URL and HTML technologies. V 1980 year he worked in European Council for Nuclear Research (fr. Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN ) consultant on software... It was there in Geneva (Switzerland), he wrote the Enquire program for his own needs ( English Inquire, loosely translated as "Investigator"), which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual foundation for the World Wide Web.

The world's first website was hosted by Berners-Lee 6 august 1991 year on the first web server available at http://info.cern.ch/, (). Resource defined concept World wide web, contained instructions for setting up a web server, using a browser, etc. This site was also the world's first Internet directory, because Tim Berners-Lee later placed and maintained a list of links to other sites there.

The first photograph on the World Wide Web showed a parody filk-group Les horribles cernettes... Tim Bernes-Lee asked for their scans from the band leader after the CERN Hardronic Festival.

Yet the theoretical foundations of the web were laid much earlier than Berners-Lee. Also in 1945 year Vannover Bush developed the Memex concept (English) Russian - auxiliary mechanical means of "expanding the human memory". Memex is a device in which a person stores all his books and records (and ideally, all his knowledge, amenable to formal description) and which gives out the necessary information with sufficient speed and flexibility. It is an extension and addition of a person's memory. Bush also predicted comprehensive text indexing and multimedia resources with the ability to quickly search necessary information... The next significant step towards the World Wide Web was the creation hypertext(term introduced Ted Nelson v 1965 year).

The Semantic Web is about improving connectivity and relevance information on the World Wide Web through the introduction of new formats metadata.
The Social Web relies on the work of organizing the information available on the Web, carried out by the users of the Web themselves. Within the framework of the second direction, developments that are part of the semantic web are actively used as tools ( Rss and other formats web feeds , OPML , XHTML microformats). Partially semantised sections of the Wikipedia Category Tree help users to consciously navigate the information space, however, very soft requirements for subcategories do not give reason to hope for the expansion of such sections. In this regard, attempts to compile Knowledge atlases may be of interest.

There is also a popular concept Web 2.0, summarizing several directions of development of the World Wide Web at once.

Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web

Information on the web can be displayed both passively (that is, the user can only read it), and actively - then the user can add information and edit it. The methods of active display of information on the World Wide Web include:

It should be noted that this division is very arbitrary. So, say, a blog or a guestbook can be viewed as a special case of a forum, which, in turn, is a special case of a content management system. Usually the difference is manifested in the purpose, approach and positioning of a particular product.

In part, information from sites can also be accessed through speech. V India testing has already begun on a system that makes the text content of pages accessible even to people who cannot read and write.

The World Wide Web is sometimes ironically called the Wild Wild Web (wild, wild Web) - by analogy with the title of the film of the same name Wild Wild West ( Wild Wild West) .

Notes (edit)

Literature

Fielding, R .; Gettys, J .; Mogul, J.; Fristik, G .; Mazinter, L .; Leach, P .; Berners-Lee, T. (June 1999). " Hypertext Transfer Protocol - http: //1.1"(Information Sciences Institute).
Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jackle, Mario; Lilly, Chris; Mendelssohn, Noah; Orcard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stewart (December 15, 2004). "Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One" (W3C).
Polo, Luciano World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis. New Devices(2003). Archived from the original on August 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Links

Official website of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Tim Berners-Lee, Mark Fischetti. Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. - New York: HarperCollins Publishers (English) Russian ... - 256 p. - ISBN 0-06-251587-X , ISBN 978-0-06-251587-2 (English)

Other organizations involved in the development of the World Wide Web and the Internet in general

Web and Web sites
Globally
Locally
Types of sites and services
Creation and service
Types of layouts, pages, sites
Technical
Marketing
Society and culture

Semantic Web
The basics	The World Wide Web · Internet · Hypertext · Database · Semantic networks · Ontologies · Descriptive logic
Subsections	Linked Data · Data Web · Hyperdata · Dereferenceable URIs · Rule bases · Data spaces
Applications	Semantic Wiki · Semantic publishing · Semantic search · Semantic computing · Semantic advertising · Semantic reasoner · Semantic matching · Semantic mapper · Semantic broker · Semantic analytics · Semantic service oriented architecture
Related Topics	Folksonomy · Library 2.0 · Web 2.0 Links · Information architecture · Knowledge management · Collective intelligence · Thematic maps · Mindmapping · Metadata · Geotagging · Web science
Standards	Syntax : RDF(RDF / XML · Notation 3 · Turtle · N-Triples) · SPARQL · URI · HTTP · XML Schemes, ontologies: RDFS · OWL · Rule Interchange Format · Semantic Web Rule Language · Common Logic ·