An example of processing text data. CPU Automated Management Systems and Industrial Safety

APPLIED INFORMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

for bachelors in the direction of 150900 - "Technology, Equipment and Automation of Machine Building Production"

and students of specialties:

151001 "Mechanical Engineering Technology"

150401 "Design of technical and technological complexes"

151002 "Metalworking machines and complexes"

151003 "Instrumental Systems of Machine Building Production"

full-time learning

Tula 2005.
Lecture 1 (2 hours)

Class most typical software

Elements of work in the MS Word 2000 package

Creating, Editing and Printing Documents

Setting up MS Word 2000 toolbars

Acrobat program

Introduction

For a mass user computer, it is the greatest interest exactly applied software (PPO), allowing you to directly solve problems from it subjectareas. Considering the diverseness of the tasks and corresponding to them by the PPO, consider classes the most typical software(PS), widespread applications.

Currently, computers are widely used in administrative management. One of these areas of computers is e lectured office. This is a system of automation system, based on the use computer equipment and communications. It usually includes such components as:

• text editors;
• graphic editor and graphic libraries (for receipt of charts, schemes, graphs, etc.);
• spreadsheets;
• database management systems;
• integrated software packages;
• electronic notebooks;
• electronic calendars with a schedule of business meetings, meetings, etc.;
• electronic files, providing cataloging and searching for documents (letters, reports, etc.) using a computer;
• automatic telephone directories that can be flipped on the screen, set the cursor the desired number and connect.

These PS largely determine the main directions applied computer computer science. In this regard, the following classes of PS are selected: processing text, tabularand graphicinformation; numericaland symbolcalculations; DBMS, subs and expert systems, as well as tools of computer telecommunications.

Consider the general characteristics of these groups in the most typical representatives with an emphasis on funds operating, primarily on IBM-compatible PCs.

Tools processing text information

The funds of this class are one of the components of the automation component of the institutional activity in the broadest sense of its understanding, allowing the user with maximum amenities to create high-quality documents for various purposes through, first of all, PC and the corresponding software. Currently, there is a sufficient diversity of such systems, ranging from the simplest text editors focused on working with simple PCs, and ending with specialized publishing systems that ensure the work of a large publishing team using the teleworking regime and other modern publishing technologies.

However, textual processing tools, despite their very wide spectrum, provide the following main functions:

Creating and editing a text document, including:

inserts, delete, copy, move text in the document, search and replace the elements of the document, adding text and graphics information to a document;

Formatting and printing of documents with the choice of paper size and formats, as well as indicating the number of copies and the output part of the document;

Alignment of the document and / or its individual parts at the specified boundaries with automatic row transfer processing;

The ability to create a document on standard template;

The use of various fonts of common alphabets, etc.;

- accommodation in tables, diagrams, drawings, etc., as well as a number of other functions, the composition of which is determined level and appointment Specific PS. In this section, we will briefly focus on text processors widely used on IBM-compatible PCs to organize processing various text information, focusing on the most popular packages - MS Word 6.0 , Word 7.0, Word 97 Firms Microsoft.

Text information may occur from various sources and have a different degree of complexity in the form of representation. Depending on the form of the presentation to process text messages, a variety of information Technology. Most often as a textual processing tool electronic information Apply text editors or processors. They represent a software product providing users with special means designed to create, process and store text information. Text editors and processors are used to compile, edit and process various types of information. The difference of text editors from processors is The fact that editors are usually designed to work only with a certain type of information (texts, formulas, etc.), and processors allow us to use other types of information.

The editors intended to prepare texts can be divided into ordinary (preparation of letters and other simple documents) and complex (paperwork with different fonts, including graphics, drawings, etc.). The editors used for automated text work can be divided into several types: Simplest, integrated, hypertext editors, text recognition, editors scientific texts, Publishing systems.

In the simplest format editors (for example, "Notepad") for the internal presentation of the text additional codes Not used, texts are usually formed based on the ASCII code table signs. Text processors represent a text preparation system (Word Processor). MS Word program uses the greatest popularity among them.

Technology processing textual Information using such programs usually includes the following steps:

Creating a file for storing text information;

Enter and / or copy text information to a computer;

Preservation of text presented in electronic form;

Opening a file that stores text information;

Editing e-text information;

Formatting text stored in electronic form;

Creating text files based on embedded in text

Decoration style editor;

Automatic formation of table contents to text and alphabetical directory;

Automatic spell check and grammar;

Embedding in the text of various elements and objects;

Combining documents;

Printing text.

The main editing operations include: adding; removal; moving; Copying text fragment, as well as search and contextual replacement. If the text created represents a multi-page document, you can apply formatting pages or partitions. At the same time in the text will appear such structural elementslike: bookmarks, footnotes, cross references and footers.

Most text processors support the concept of a composite document. - Container, including various objects. It allows you to insert drawings, tables, graphic images prepared in other software environments into the text of the document text. Used at the same time communication and Implementation Technology Objects are called OLE (Object Linking and Embedding - Communication and Implementation of Objects).

To automate the execution of frequently repeated actions in text processors use macrocomands. The easiest macro is the recorded sequence of keystrokes, movements and click mouse. It can be played as a tape record. It can be processed and modified by adding standard macros.

Transferring texts from one text editor to another is carried out by the converter program. It creates an output file in the appropriate format. Usually, text processing programs have built-in modules for converting popular file formats.

A variation of text processors are desktop publishing systems. They can prepare materials according to the rules of printing. Studies of desktop publishing systems (For example, Publishing, PageMaker) are a tool of the vestist, designer, technical editor. With their help, you can easily change the formats and numbering of pages, the size of the indents, combine various fonts, etc. To a greater extent, they are intended for the publication of printing products.

Treatment of tabular data

Users in the process of work often have to deal with tabular data in the process of creating and conducting accounting books, bank accounts, estimates, statements, in the preparation of plans and distribution of resources of the organization, in the implementation of scientific research. The desire to automate this type of work led to the emergence of specialized software processing software provided in tabular form. Such software is called table processorsor spreadsheets.Such programs allow not only to create tables, but also automate the processing of tabular data.

The spreadsheets turned out to be effective and when solving such tasks as: sorting and processing statistical data, optimization, prediction, etc. With their help, the tasks of calculations are solved, supporting decision-making, modeling and presenting results in almost all spheres of activity. When working with tabular data, the user performs a number of typical procedures, for example, such as:

Creating and editing tables;

Creating a tabular file;

Entering and editing data into table cells;

Embedding in a table of various elements and objects;

Using sheets, formatting and communication tables;

Treatment of tabular data using formulas and special functions;

Building diagrams and graphs;

Processing of data presented as a list;

Analytical data processing;

Print tables and diagrams to them.

Table structure Includes a numbering and thematic headlines, a cap, the sidework (the first graph of the table, containing string headers) and a prograin (actually table data).

MS Excel program is most popular among table processors. It presents users a set of working sheets (pages), each of which you can create one or more tables.

The working sheet contains a set of cells forming a rectangular array. Their coordinates are determined by reference to specify the position by vertical (in columns) and horizontally (in lines). The sheet may contain up to 256 columns and up to 65536 lines. The columns are denoted by the letters of the Latin alphabet: A, B, C ... Z, AA, AB, AC ... AZ, BA, BB ..., and rows are numbers. For example, "D14" denotes a cell on the intersection of the "D" column with a 14 string, and the "CD99" is a cell located at the intersection of the CD column with a 99 string. The column names are always displayed in the top line of the working sheet, and the row numbers are on its left border.

For the objects of the spreadsheet, the following operations are defined: editing, combining into one group, removal, cleaning, inserting, copying. The displacement operation of the fragment is reduced to the sequential execution of removal and insert operations.

For convenience of calculating in table processors built Mathematical, statistical, financial, logical and other functions. From the numerical values \u200b\u200bmade to the tables, various two-dimensional, three-dimensional and mixed diagrams can be built (more than 20 types and subtypes).

Table processors can perform database functions.. In this case, the data in the tables are entered in the same way as in the database, that is, through the screen form. These data can be protected, sorted by key or several keys. In addition, the database requests and processing of external databases are processed, creating consolidated tables, etc. You can also use the built-in Macro programming language.

An important property of the table is the possibility of using formulas and functions in them. The formula may contain references to table cells located, including on another work sheet or in a table located in another file. Excel offers more than 200 programmed formulas called functions. For the convenience of orientation in them, the functions are divided into categories. With the help of the "Master of Functions" you can form them at any stage of work.

Spacer Editor Excel, Word Text Editor and Others, Programs included in the Office Programs Pack (PPP) supports the exchange standard oLE.And the use of "lists" allows you to effectively work with large homogeneous data sets. A similar OLE mechanism is used in other PPPs.

In MS Excel, you can effectively process various economic and statistical data.

Despite the wide possibilities of using computers for processing the most different information, the most popular programs are still used to work with the text. When preparing text documents, three main groups of operations are used on the computer:

Input operations allow you to transfer the source text from its external form in electronic form, that is, a file stored on a computer. Entering can be carried out not only by a set using the keyboard, but also by scanning a paper original and the subsequent translation of the document from the graphical format to text (recognition).

Editing operations (edits) allow you to change an already existing electronic document by adding or removing its fragments, permuting the parts of the document, merging multiple files, partitioning a single document into several smaller, etc.

Entering and editing when working on text is often performed in parallel. When entering and editing, the content of a text document is formed.

Document design is set formatting operations. Formatting commands allow you to accurately determine how text will look on the monitor screen or on paper after printing on the printer.

Programs designed to handle text information are called text editors.

All variety of modern text editors can be conditionally divided into three main groups:

1.k first include the simplest text editors who have a minimum feature and capable of working with documents in the usual text format.txt, which, as you know, with all its simplicity and universal support, it does not allow more or less decently to format text. To this group editors can be attributed as included in the package of the Windows of the Windows family editors WordPad. And very little feeble NotePad (Notepad), and many similar products of other manufacturers (Atlantis, Editpad, Aditor Pro, Gedit, etc.).

2. The surrounding class of text editors includes quite wide opportunities in terms of paperwork. They work with all standard text files (TXT, RTF, DOC). These programs can be attributed Microsoft Works., Lexicon.

3. The third group includes powerful text processors, such as Microsoft Word. or StarOffice Writer.. They perform almost all operations with text. Most users use these editors in everyday life.

The main functions of text editors and processors are:

Input and editing text symbols;

The ability to use various symbol fonts;

Copying and transferring a part of the text from one place to another or from one document to another;

Contextual search and replacement of text parts;

Setting arbitrary parameters of paragraphs and fonts;

Automatic word transfer to new string;

Automatic numbering of pages;

Processing and numbering of footnotes;

Creating tables and building charts;

Checking spelling words and selection of synonyms;

Building tables and subject pointers;

Printout of the prepared text on the printer, etc.

Also, almost all text processors have the following functions:

Support for various document formats;

Multi-lightness, i.e. Ability to work with several documents at the same time;

Insert and edit formulas;

Automatic saving editable document;

Working with multicolone text;

Ability to work with various formatting styles;

Creating documents templates;

Analysis of statistical information.

Today, almost all powerful text editors are part of integrated software packages intended for the needs of a modern office. For example, Microsoft Word is part of the most popular Microsoft Office office package.

Similar MS Office Programs - OpenOffice.org Writer., StarOffice. Writer., Corel Wordperfect., Apple Pages..

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Introduction

Bibliography

Introduction

In the second half of the 20th century, humanity entered into a new stage of its development. During this period, the transition from industrial society to the information began. The process that provides this transition is called informatization. Informatization is the process of creating, developing and universal use of information tools and technologies to ensure the achievement and maintenance of awareness of all members of society, which is necessary and sufficient for a cardinal improvement in the quality of labor and living conditions in society. At the same time, information becomes the most important strategic resource of society and occupies a key place in economics, education and culture.

The inevitability of information informatization is due to a sharp increase in the role and value of information. The information society is characterized by a highly developed information sphere, which includes human activity to create, process, storage, transmission and accumulation of information.

It is known that EUM is able to quickly solve complex tasks. However, do not everyone know that it solves the task in strict accordance with the specified program. In my work, I will tell you about text information processing packages and about the global Internet. After all, with the help of these two comprehensive programs (systems), life is ensured modern man. Most working B. information society (more than 80%) is employed in the information sphere, that is, the field of production of information and information services.

For society, technical, technological and legal access possibilities are provided by almost anywhere in the territory and at an affordable time to the information necessary for him (with the exception of military and states, accurately stipulated in relevant legislation).

The scientific foundation for the process of informatization of society is scientific discipline - computer science. In the broad sense, informatics is a science of information activities, information processes and their organization in man - machine systems. The main sections of informatics are the study and development of information tools and technologies, software and modeling of substantive areas.

1. Text Information Processing Packets

In modern developed information systems Machine processing of information involves consistently - parallel in time Solution of computing tasks. The statement of programming is carried out using the Baysik language. In view of the many of its versions, the main emphasis is on the study of programming and working with the program in QBasik, as the most accessible in Russia and promising from the point of view of the professional application of programming skills in the future.

In Basica, you can work not only with numbers, but also with the texts. This is a qualitatively different types of data, but the principles of work and with those and with others in the computer are quite common.

The essence is that in each computer (PEVM), a certain set of characters is used to provide information, and in various types of computer (PC) sets of characters are different. Each symbol of such a set in the computer (PEVM) is presented in a certain number (code), and in different types EUM (PEVM) are used different methods Coding, that is, the same symbol is compared various codes.

In IRM - compatible PEVM types use 256 characters. Even of them is compared eight-bit binary number. In the decimal number system, these codes are represented by numbers from 0 to 255.

All specified characters are divided into two groups. Encoding the symbols of the first group, symbols with codes 0 ... 127, was performed according to the American ASCII standard and in all types of IWM-compatible PEVM are the same. This group includes capital letters (codes 65 ... 90), lowercase letters (codes 97 ... 122) of the Latin alphabet, numbers 0 ... 9 (codes 48 ... 57), space (code 32), "empty" (code 0) and so on .

The symbols of the second group in the PEVM of the type under consideration include the symbols of the Russian alphabet (or other national alphabets) and the characters of the pseudographic.

In different types of IWM - compatible PEVM, the coding of Russian letters quite often differs, which makes these PEVM incompatible when using Russian text. Next, I will give a small explanation:

The so-called standard, alternative, etc. are known. Encoding the letters of the Russian alphabet. The most common alternative encoding is most common.

In this case, Russian letters have codes:

Capital - 128 ... 159;

The line - 160 ... 175, 224 ... 239.

From the above, it follows that textual information, as otherwise, is represented using numbers, which means and processing it comes down to operations over numbers.

If we talk about the presentation of texts in the Baysik language, it should be emphasized that in each version of this language a set of characters and encoding them, adopted for the PEVM of the type that this version is focused on.

The Microsoft QBasik Basic Version is tied to iWM - compatible PEVM, to the ASCII coding system, and to the encoding of the letters of the Russian alphabet adopted in the PEVM of this type. Basic versions focused on the PEVM of Russian production are usually used to encoding KOO-7 (8).

I note that in most cases the programmer does not require knowledge of the symbol encoding system, since the program allows you to enter text in the computer in normal form. In the program, the text is presented in the form of values \u200b\u200bof text values \u200b\u200b- variables, arrays and so on.

Electronic information processing technology is a human-machine process of executing interrelated operations occurring in the established sequence in order to convert the original (primary) information to the result. The operation is a complex of technological actions, as a result of which information is converted. Technological operations are diversified by complexity, appointment, implementation technique, are performed on various equipment, many performers. Under the conditions of electronic data processing, operations are predominated automatically on machines and devices that read the data perform operations a specified program In automatic mode with the participation of a person or keeping the user of the function of control, analysis and regulation.

The construction of the technological process is determined by the following factors: features of the processed information, its volume, requirements of urgency and the accuracy of processing, types, quantities and characteristics of used technical means. They are based on the organization of the technology, which includes the establishment of a list, sequences and methods of operations of operations, the procedure for the work of specialists and means of automation, organization of workplaces, the establishment of temporary interaction regulations and the like.

The organization of the technological process should ensure its efficiency, complexity, reliability of operation, high quality of work. This is achieved by using a systematic approach to the design of technology and solving economic tasks. At the same time, there is a complex interconnected consideration of all factors, paths, methods for building technology, the use of elements of typing and standardization, as well as the unification of technological processes.

The following user interaction modes with computers are distinguished: batch and interactive (requested, dialog). My head chapter is devoted to text information processing packages, so the sieve is a detailed mode of mode: batch.

The batch regime was most common in the practice of a centralized solution of economic tasks, when a large proportion occupied the tasks of reporting on the production and economic activities of economic objects of different levels of management. The organization of the process during batch mode was built without user access to the computer. Its functions were limited to the preparation of baseline data on the complex of information and interconnected tasks and transferring them to the processing center where the packet was formed, including a task for processing, programs, source, regulatory and reference data. The package was introduced into the computer and was implemented in automatic mode without user participation and task set. At the same time, the operation of the computer could pass in single-strware or multi-program mode, which is preferable, since the parallel operation of the main devices of the machine was provided. Currently batch mode Implemented in relation to email.

2. Global Computer Network Internet

Internet is the global computer network. It is composed of a variety of computer networks united by standard agreements on information exchange methods and unified system Addressing. The Internet uses the TCP / IP family protocols. They are good in that they provide a relatively cheap opportunity to securely and quickly transmit information even for not too reliable communication lines, as well as build software suitable for work on any equipment.

The addressing system (URL) provides unique coordinates each computer (more precisely, almost every computer resource) and each Internet user, creating the ability to take exactly what is needed, and passing exactly where it is necessary.

I touched a little historical reference:

About 20 years ago, the US Department of Defense created a network that was the forerunner of the Internet, it was called Arpanet. Arpanet was an experimental network - it was created to support scientific research in the military-industrial sector, in particular, to study the methods for constructing networks resistant to partial injuries obtained, for example, with bombardment of aviation and capable of continuing normal operation. This requirement gives the key to understanding the principles of construction and the structure of the Internet. The Arpanet model has always been a link between the source computer and the receiver computer (destination station). The network was assumed unreliable: any part of the network may disappear at any time.

The binding computers - not only on the network itself - is also entrusted with liability to ensure the establishment and maintenance of communication. The basic principle was that any computer could contact as equal to equal to any other computer.

Data transmission on the network was organized on the basis of the Internet - IP protocol. IP protocol is the rules and description of the network. This arch includes the rules for establishing and maintaining communication on the network, the rules for handling IP packets and their processing, descriptions of network packages of the IP family (their structure, etc.). The network thought and was designed so that no information was required from users about the specific network structure. In order to send a message over the network, the computer must place the data in a "envelope" ", called, for example, IP, specify on this" envelope "" specific address on the network and transfer the packets to the network as a result of these procedures.

These decisions may seem strange as the assumption of the "unreliable" network, but existing experience has shown that most of these solutions are quite reasonable and true. While the International Standardization Organization (ISO) spent years, creating a final standard For computer networks, users did not want to wait. The Internet activists began to establish IP software to all possible types of computers. Soon it became the only acceptable way to communicate heterogeneous computers. Such a scheme liked the government and universities that make the purchase policies from various manufacturers. Everyone bought that computer that he liked and has the right to expect that he can work on the network together with other computers.

About 10 years after Arpanet appeared, local computing networks appeared (LAN), for example, such as Ethernet and others. At the same time, computers appeared that began to call workstations. At most workstations, UNIX operating system was installed. This OS was able to work on the network with the Internet protocol (IP). In connection with the emergence of fundamentally new tasks and methods of their solution, a new need has appeared: the organization wanted to connect to Arpanet with its local network. At about the same time, other organizations appeared that began to create their own networks using the communication protocols close to IP. It became clear that everyone would have won, if these networks could communicate all together, because then users from the same network would be able to communicate with users of another network.

One of the most important among these new networks was NSFNet developed on the initiative of the National Science Foundation (National Science Foundation - NSF). At the end of the 80s, NSF created five supercomputer centers by making them available for use in any scientific institutions. Only five centers were created because they are very expensive even for rich America. That is why they should be used cooperative. There was a communication problem: a method was required to connect these centers and provide access to them to different users. At first, an attempt was made to use Arpanet's communications, but this decision was crashing, faced with the defense bureaucracy and the problem of providing personnel.

Then NSF decided to build his own network, based on IP technology Arpanet. Centers were connected by special telephone lines with throughput 56 Kbps (7 kb / s). However, it was obvious that he should not even try to combine all universities and research organizations directly with the centers, because Make such a number of cable - not only very expensive, but almost impossible. Therefore, it was decided to create networks on the regional principle. In each part of the country, interested institutions should have been connected with their nearest neighbors. The resulting chains were connected to the supercomputer in one of their points, so supercomputer centers were connected together. In such a topology, any computer could contact any other by passing messages through neighbors.

This decision was successful, but it was time to come when the network had no longer cope with the increased needs. Sharing Supercomputers allowed the connected communities to use and many other things that do not belong to supercomputers. Unexpectedly universities, schools and other organizations realized that they were borrowed by sea of \u200b\u200bdata and the world of users. The flow of messages on the network (traffic) increased faster and faster so far, in the end, did not overload the computers managers and connect their telephone lines. In 1987, a contract for the management and development of the network was transferred to Merit Network Inc., which was engaged in the educational network of Michigan in conjunction with IBM and MCI. Old physically network was replaced by faster (about 20 times) telephone lines. Were replaced with faster and network control machines.

The process of improving the network is continuous. However, most of these rearrangements occur unnoticed for users. Turning on the computer, you will not see the announcement that the next six months of the Internet will not be available due to modernization. It is possible that even more importantly, the overload of the network and its improvement has created a mature and practical technology. The problems were solved, and the ideas of development were verified in the case.

Use only email. This method allows you to receive and send messages to other users and only. Through special gateways, you can also use other services provided by the Internet. These gateways, however, do not allow working in interactive mode, and can be quite complex to use.

Remote terminal mode. You connect to another computer connected to the Internet as a remote user. On a remote computer, clients are launched, which use Internet services, and their results are displayed on the screen of your terminal. Since the connection is used mainly to connect the terminal emulation programs, you can only work in text mode. Thus, for example, to view Web nodes, you can only use a text browser and graphic images Will not see.

Direct connection. This is the basic and best connection form when your computer becomes one of the Internet nodes. Through the TCP / IP protocol, it communicates directly with other computers in the Internet. Access to Internet services is carried out through programs running on your computer.

Traditionally, computers have connected directly to the Internet through local networks or by dedicated connections. In addition to the computer itself, additional network equipment (routers, gateways, etc.) are needed to establish such connections. Since this equipment and connection channels are quite expensive, direct connections are used only by organizations with a large amount of transmitted and received information.

An alternative to direct connection for individual users and small organizations is the use of telephone lines to establish temporary connections (DIAL UP) to remote computerconnected to the Internet.

Discussing various methods Internet access, argued that the immediate connection is the main and best. However, for an individual user it is too expensive. Working in the remote terminal mode significantly limits the user's capabilities.

The compromise solution is to use SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) or PPP (Point to Point Protocol). Next, the term SLIP / PPP will be used to designate SLIP and / or PPP - in many aspects they are similar.

SLIP / PPP provides TCP / IP packets over serial channels, in particular, telephone lines, between two computers. Both computers feature programs using TCP / IP protocols. Thus, individual users get the ability to install a direct connection from the Internet from their computer, having only a modem and a telephone line. Connecting with SLIP / PPP, you can run customers-clients www, email, etc. directly on your computer.

What is the difference between the SLIP / PPP connection and the remote terminal mode? To establish both SLIP / PPP connections and a remote terminal mode, you must call another computer directly connected to the Internet and register on it. The key difference is that with SLIP / PPP connection, your computer receives a unique IP address and communicates directly with other computers via TCP / IP protocol. In the mode of the remote terminal, your computer is just a device for displaying the results of the program running on the provider's computer.

Network software needs 32-bit IP addresses to establish a connection. However, users prefer to use computers' names because they are easier to memorize. Thus, funds are needed to convert names to IP addresses and vice versa.

When the Internet was small, it was just. Each computer had files that described compliance between names and addresses. Periodically, changes were made to these files. Currently, this method has outlived itself, since the number of computers in the Internet is very large. The files were replaced by the Name Servers system (Name Servers) that track match between names and network addresses of computers (in reality it is only one of the types of service provided by the name servers system). It should be noted that used whole network Name servers, and not some one, central.

Name server are organized in the form of a tree corresponding to the organizational structure of the network. Computer names also make up the appropriate structure. Example: The computer has the name Borax.lcs.mit.edu. This is a computer installed in a computer laboratory (LCS) in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). For. To determine its network address, theoretically, it is necessary to obtain information from 4 different servers. First, you need to contact one of the EDU servers that serve institutions of education (to ensure reliability, each name hierarchy level serves several servers). This server needs to receive MIT servers addresses. On one of the MIT servers, you can get the server address (servers) LCS. In conclusion, on the LCS server, you can find out the Borax computer address.

Each of these levels is called a domain. Full name Borax.lcs.mit.edu thus is domain name (as well as domain names LCS.mit.edu, Mit.edu, and EDU).

Fortunately, in reality there is no need to contact all the listed servers every time. The software installed by the user is associated with the names server in its domain, and if necessary, it is associated with other names servers and provides in response to the end result of converting a domain name to an IP address.

The domain system stores not only information about names and addresses of computers. It also stores a large number of other useful information: information about users, addresses of mail servers, etc.

Applied level protocols are used in specific application programs. Their total is great and continues to increase constantly. Some applications exist from the very beginning of the development of the Internet, such as Telnet and FTP. Others appeared later: http, NNTP, POP3, SMTP.

Telnet allows the server to consider all remote computers as standard "network terminals" of text type. Work with telnet is like a set telephone number. The user dials something like Telnet Delta on the keyboard and receives an invitation to enter the Delta machine on the screen. Telnet has existed for a long time. It is well tested and widespread. Created many implementations for various operating systems.

FTP Protocol (File Transfer Protocol - File Transfer Protocol) is also widespread as Telnet. It is one of the oldest TCP / IP family protocols. Also like Telnet, he uses TCP transport services. There are many implementations for various operating systems that interact well with each other. The FTP user can call several commands that allow it to see the remote machine directory, go from one directory to another, and also copy one or more files.

SMTP Protocol (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) supports messaging messages (email) between arbitrary Internet network nodes. Having intermediate postal storage mechanisms and mechanisms for improving delivery reliability, sMTP protocol Allows the use of various transport services.

SMTP Protocol provides both grouping messages to a single recipient and multiplication of multiple copies of the message to transmit to different addresses. The SMTP module is a specific computer post service. In typical client programs, it is mainly used to send outgoing messages.

HTTP Protocol (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - Hypertext Transmission Protocol) Applies to exchange information between WWW Servers (WORLD Wide Web. - World Wide Web) and Hypertext Page Programs - WWW browsers. Permits transfer wide spectrum A variety of information - text, graphic, audio and video. Currently is in the stage of continuous improvement.

POP3 (Post Office Protocol - Mailing Node Protocol, 3 Version), allows email to receive and transmit messages from / to mail servers. It has sufficiently flexible capabilities for managing the contents of mailboxes located on the mail node. In typical client programs, it is mainly used to receive incoming messages.

Network News Transfer Protocol - Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) allows you to communicate news servers and client programs - distribute, request, extract and transmit messages to newsgroups. New messages are stored in a centralized database that allows the user to choose the messages you are interested in. Indexing is also provided, the organization of links and deleting outdated messages.

Servers are called network nodes designed to maintain customer requests - software agents that extract information or adding it to the network and working under direct user management. Customers provide information in understandable and user-friendly form, while servers execute service functions, dissemination, information management and issuing it at the request of customers. Each type of service in the Internet is provided with relevant servers and can be used using appropriate customers.

WWW - World Wide Web, ensures the presentation and interrelation of a huge number of hypertext documents, including text, graphics, sound and video located on various servers worldwide and related through references in documents. The emergence of this service has significantly simplified access to information and has become one of the main causes of explosive Internet growth since 1990. WWW service functions using the HTTP protocol.

To use this service, browsers are applied, most popular of which in currently These are Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer.

"Web Browsers" - nothing but a viewing tools; They are made by analogy with a free communication program called Mosaic, established in 1993 in the Laboratory of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (National Center for Supercomputing Applications) at the University of PC. Illinois to facilitate access to www. What can be obtained using www? Almost all that is associated with the concept of "work in the Internet" - from the most recent financial news to information about medicine and health, music and literature, pets and indoor plants, cooking and automotive business. You can order tickets to any part of the world (real, not virtual), tourist avenues, find the necessary software and technical support for your PC, play games with distant (and unknown) partners and follow sports and political events in the world. Finally, with the help of most programs with access to WWW, you can access both teleconferences (about 10,000 them), where messages are placed on any topics - from astrology to linguistics, as well as communicate by email.

Thanks to the WWW viewing tools, the chaotic jungle information in the Internet acquire the form of familiarly neatly decorated pages with text and photographs, and in some cases even with video seats and sound. Attractive title Pages (Home Pages) Immediately help to understand what information will follow. There are all the necessary headers and subtitles, select which you can use the scroll lines as on the usual windows screen or macintosh. Each keyword connects with the corresponding informational files By hypertext links. And let the term "hypertext" do not scare you: hypertext links are approximately the same thing that the footnote in the encyclopedia article, starting with the words "See also ..." instead of flipping the book pages, you just click the mouse in the right keyword (For convenience, it stands out on the screen with color or font), and the desired material will appear before you. It is very convenient that the program allows you to return to previously viewed materials or by clicking the mouse, move on.

E-mail - email. With e-mail, you can exchange personal or business messages between addressees that have an e-mail address.

Your email address is specified in the Connection Contract. Email server on which starts mailboxWorking like an ordinary post office that mail comes. The email address is an analogue of the leased subscriber box in the post office. The sent messages are immediately sent to the addressee specified in the letter, and sending messages are expected in the subscriber box until they are taken. It is possible to send and accept email from any person having an email address. To transfer messages, the SMTP protocol is mainly used, and for receiving POP3.

You can use a variety of programs to work with e-mail - specialized, such as Eudora, or built into the Web browser, such as Netscape Navigator.

UseNet is a world discussion club. It consists of a set of conferences ("Newsgroups"), the names of which are organized hierarchically in accordance with the topics discussed. Messages ("Articles" or "Messages") are sent to these conferences by users through special software. After sending the messages sent to the news servers and become available for reading by other users.

You can send a message and view the responses to it, which will appear in the future. Since the same material reads many people, then the reviews begin to accumulate. All messages on one subject form a stream ("Thread") [In Russian, the word "theme"] is used in the same sense; Thus, although the responses could be written at different times and shuffled with other messages, they still form a holistic discussion. You can subscribe to any conference, view the messages headers in it using the news reader, sort the messages on topics to make it easier to follow the discussion, add your messages with comments and ask questions. To read and send messages, news readers are used, for example, built into Netscape Navigator - Netscape News or Internet News from Microsoft, supplied with the latest internet versions Explorer.

FTP is a method for sending files between computers. The ongoing software development and publication of unique text sources of information guarantee: World FTP archives will remain a smoking and ever-changing treasury.

You are unlikely to find commercial programs in FTP archives, since licensed agreements prohibit them open distribution. But detect conditionally free and publicly available software. These are different categories: public programs (Public Domain) are really free, and for the conditionally free software (Shareware) is required to pay the author if, after the test period you decide to leave your program and use it. Will meet you and so-called free programs (Freeware); Their creators retain copyrights, but allow them to use their creations without any payment.

To view FTP archives and obtain files that are stored on them, you can use specialized programs - WS_FTP, CUTEFTP, or to use Browzers WWW Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer - they contain built-in tools for working with FTP servers.

Remote Login - Remote Access - Work on a remote computer in mode when your computer emulates a remote computer terminal, i.e. You can do everything the same (or almost everything), which can be done from the usual terminal of the machine with which you installed a remote access session.

A program that serves deleted sessions is called Telnet. Telnet has a set of commands that control the communication session and its parameters. Session is provided joint work Software remote computer and yours. They install TCP communication and communicate through TCP and UDP packages.

The Telnet program enters the Windows delivery and is installed along with the TCP / IP protocol support.

Proxy ("Middle") The server is designed to accumulate information to which users are often addressed on the local system. When connecting to the Internet using a Proxy server, your requests are initially directed to this local system. The server extracts the required resources and provides them with you, while maintaining a copy. When replaying, a saved copy is provided to the same resource. Thus, the number of remote connections is reduced.

Using a proxy server can slightly increase the speed of access if the Internet connection channel is not performed enough. If the communication channel is quite powerful, the access speed may even decrease somewhat, since when the resource is removed, instead of a single connection from the user, two is made to the remote computer: from the user to the proxy server and from the proxy server to a remote computer.

A little about technical details:

The term "TCP / IP" typically denotes everything related to TCP and IP protocols. It covers a whole family of protocols, applied programs and even the network itself. The family includes the UDP, ARP, ICMP, Telnet, FTP protocols, and many others. TCP / IP is a mechanical interaction technology. The IP module creates a single logical network.

The TCP / IP protocol architecture is intended for a combined network consisting of separate separable batch subnets connected to each other, to which heterogeneous machines are connected. Each of the subnet works in accordance with its specific requirements and has its own nature of communication. However, it is assumed that each subnet may take a package of information (data with the corresponding network heading) and deliver it at the specified address in this particular subnet. It is not required that the subnet guarantees the mandatory package delivery and had a reliable transmission protocol. Thus, two machines connected to one subnet can exchange packages. When you need to transfer the package between machines connected to different subnets, the sender machine sends a package to the appropriate gateway (the gateway is connected to the subnet as well as a regular node). From there the package is sent by a specific route through the gateway system and subnets until it reaches the gateway connected to the same subnet as the recipient machine; There the package is sent to the recipient. The problem of package delivery in such a system is solved by implementing in all nodes and gateways of the IP of the IP. The firewall is essentially a basic element in the entire protocol architecture, providing the ability to standardize the protocols upper levels. Informatization Internet Mail Access

Now about data streams:

The driver is a program directly interacting with a network adapter. The module is a program that interacts with the driver, network applications or other modules. Driver network adapter And perhaps other modules specific to the physical data network provide a network interface for the TCP / IP protocol modules.

The name of the data block transmitted over the network depends on what level of the protocol stack it is located. The data block with which the network interface has is called a frame; If the data block is located between the network interface and the IP module, then it is called the IP packet; If it is between the IP module and the UDP module, then the UDP datagram; If between the IP module and the TCP module, then the TCP segment (or transport link); Finally, if the data block is at the level of network application processes, it is called application message.

These definitions are of course imperfect and incomplete. In addition, they change from publication to publication.

Internet features are so wide as far as a person can only have a fantasy. Network technology has already seriously proven itself as the best source of information in the West and rapidly develops in the mills of the former Soviet Union. For example, in Russia last year, the Internet was developed at 400%, in Ukraine - only 300%. To date, more than 10,000 users are registered in our country and this number is constantly growing. According to and deep conviction general Director Microsoft's Bila Gates World Community Oying by the end of the 20th century is rapidly moving towards the inevitable reincarnation in the network already in 5-10 years. Therefore, it is especially important to today to pay your attention to this technological perspective, and try to do everything possible to integrate the Internet into the scope of education.

Bibliography

1. Vigorchik G.V., Vorobev A.Yu. "Fundamentals of programming on the Assembly for the CM computer", M, 1987

2. Wirth N. "Algorithms and Data Structure", M, 1990

3. Yusupova R.M. "Applied Informatics Questions, C-Pet., 1993

4. Kosyrev V.P. "Economic informatics and computer Engineering", M, 1996

5. Zaitinov OD "Global information networks. Internet ", m, 2009

6. Lyakhovich V.F. "Basics of informatics", ed. "Phoenix", 1996

Posted on Allbest.ru.

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Any text editor allows you to store text information in the document and print it on paper however Word can do much more than that. Therefore, Word can be called a text processor. Over the past years, computer networks and the power of computing systems constantly grew; Defining the concept of the document expanded and Word improved with him. Currently, Word is a full-featured program for editing textual and graphic information for creating a WEBASTER and document processing.

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Text information processing technology.

One of the most popular applied functions personal computer Today is the creation of text information, that is, the use of a PC as a typewriter. To work on the creation of text arrays allow text notepads, notebooks, editors (processors), office publishing systems and other programs supplied as part of operating systems and operating shells. They have a minimal set of functions performed, however, sufficient to perform elementary operations with data. Such products allow the user not only to type (print) text, but perform a number of operations over it: editing, formatting, breakdown text on pages, using a variety of fonts, printing and much more.

When working with text editors, you have to constantly perform a large set of one-type operations, which combine a large set of such programs. These include: actions to move on the window of windows and cursor; adjustment, insert and remove characters, rows and paragraphs; yield (cancellation) of the changes made; selection, deletion, transfer, duplication of text fragments; formatting; Search and output data to the printing device.

Each single text editor distinguishes its characteristic features and functionality. But, having studied one of them, the development of others does not seem complex.

Basic concepts

So, text editor- This is a program with which you can prepare and print text data, but current processors are currently the greatest distribution.

Text processor- This is a text editor supplemented with a variety of text design.

Any text editor allows you to store text information in the document and print it on paper, howeverWord. Maybe much more than that. thereforeWord. You can call a text processor. Over the past years, computer networks and the power of computing systems constantly grew; Definition of the concept of "document" expanded andWord. Improved with him. CurrentlyWord. is a full-featured text editing program for textual and graphic information, creatingWeb. Starts and processing documents.

In addition, a special place in a group of packages working with documents occupy the so-calledpublishing systems -PageMaker, Ventura Publisher, QuarkXpress et al. As a rule, publishing systems specialize in the preparation of a recruited document to publish (creating a layout of the publication). For a set of text it is more convenient to apply type text processorsMicrosoft Word. , And to create and edit the illustrations - graphic systems:CorelDraw. (vector images),Adobe Photoshop. (raster images). However, processor publishing opportunitiesWord. So great that many publications can be prepared for printing, without resorting to the services of publishing systems.

With Word. You can create almost any documents and publish them in in electronic format or in the form of printed copies. Main featuresWord. can be divided into several categories.

Text can be entered into a document by dialing on the keyboard. In addition, you can insert certain text fragments to the document or even entire files.Word. provides many functions that allow you to perform proofreading editing, editing and changing textual information in a convenient way. Thus, the autothext function allows you to insert frequently used phrases when set only the first letters of these phrases. The autocorrection function automatically corrects the most common typos, spelling and grammatical errors, freeing the user from the need to make them correction.

Word. Allows you to install the line interval, the nature of the alignment and the size of the indents, choose the headset and the font size, as well as its inscription.

Headset font- printing term characterizing the stylistic features of the image of the font symbols.

The user can define styles that include multiple formatting options, and apply all these parameters simultaneously or use themes for design.Web. Strippers in a single key when customized styles, graphics and background patterns.

Style - This is a set of rules for displaying fonts, aligning text, text parameters, background patterns, and other document objects.

Topia call sets of interconnected styles aimed at achieving the unity of the presentationWeb. Sustainers and othersHTML-Documents.

Formatting - Automatic giving the text of a specific format.

Format - appearance Document or individual parts.

Text information can be presented in the form of tables, keystones, simple and end footnotes, gyudpisi or text frames and tables can be defined in the documents.

Running title - This is a text or image that is placed on the top or bottom field outside the main text area.

In Word. There is a set of built-in tools for creating geometric shapes, lines, rectangles, ovals and other simple graphic objects. In addition, there is an opportunity to choose and insert dozens of predefined figures and finished drawings into documents.

Word. Provides all sorts of layout functions that allow you to place textual and graphic information on the page to prepare almost any printing products, from pointers and ballots to books and magazines.

Page layout - Printing term, meaning the placement of text and graphic material on a printed page in accordance with certain rules.

For example, you can format text in the form of several columns, complement it with graphics, set the flow around the text around the junction and illustrations, to determine the alternating top and bottom footers (various for even and odd pages), create a substantial pointer, table of contents and cross-references.

Word Settings Can be configured in accordance with any specific requirements for the working environment.

Each document Word. may contain text along with graphics, sounds, fields, hyperlinks or links to other documents and "even with video clips. Documents can be saved in formatWeb. Sustainers with the additionHTML -Csenarians.

Each letter or special sign The text posted in the document is calledsymbol. The format of each character can be set individually, however, the whole words, strings or text paragraphs are formatted. For each letter, the font can be changed, inscribed (for example, bold or underlined), font size, position, interval or color. In addition, the text of the dutch orWeb. -Rearters can be applied some special effects, such as flickering or running string effect.

The document is divided into paragraphs.Paragraph - This is a part of the text ending with a marker of the late paragraph. These markers are automatically entered into text while pressing the key.ENTER . For each paragraph separately, the required indentation can be set, the alignment, tab position and the line interval. In addition, the paragraph can be decorated with the frame, shade with the background or formatted as a marked, numbered or multi-level list.

Frame - This is a decorative line that restricts the page, drawing, etc.

Print documents are divided into pages. Formatting functions of pages inWord. allow you to determine the sizes of fields, footers, numbering pages,number of columnsand other page settings.

In challenging documents, it may be necessary to use more than one group of formatting parameters. For example, for different parts of the document, a different text of the footer may need or will need pages on which the text is formatted both in one and in several columns.

In this case, the document should be divided into sections. Each section corresponds to its set of formatting parameters.

Template - This is a document used as a sample to create new documents.

In Word. Templates are used to save information about document formatting, hot keys, user menus, tool panels and other information. All new documents are created based on templates. In the packageWord. consolidated dozens of predefined templates for different types documents, including service notes, letters, reports, summaries, bulletins and legal documents. The user can change the available and create new templates in accordance with the needs.

Text editor Microsoft Word.

Based on the common operation of the operating systemWindows In its Wednesday, a widely known text processor of the company was transferredMicrosoft - Word. . Being in a new environmentWord. , Saving the power of yourDOS. -Oskov fellow, acquired and new, characteristic ofWindows -News, qualities that have further developed inWord version 6.0 for windows 3.1-3.11, version 6.0 and 7.0 forWindows 95, Word 97 versions for Windows 98 and so on until the versionWord 2003 for Windows XP and Server 2003. In 2007, the companyMicrosoft. will release a new office software packageMicrosoft Office. 2007, which will be a new version The above editorWord 2007.

Text editor— this is a text processing program that is used to create new documents (letters, reports, bulletins) or changes already existing ones.

Modern text editors (including editorWord. ) Sometimes called text processors, since it contains a very large number of text processing functions. Early text editors forDOS. subdivided into lowercase and screen, such as, for example, asEDLIN, MULTIEDIT AND EDIT.

Microsoft Word. Allows you to enter, edit, format and design text, competently post it on the page. Using this program, you can insert graphics, tables and diagrams into the document, and automatically correct spelling and grammatical errors. Text editorWord. Possesses and many other features that make ways to create and edit documents. The most commonly used features:

automatic transition to the next string;

organization of the function of automatic correction and correction in the presence of typo, and the function of automatic spell checking emphasizes incorrectly written words with a red wavy line so that they are easier to see and fix it;

the ability to use hypisals to highlight the points of the list, use the fractions, a brand name or other special symbols, organization of automatic formatting functions;

presentation of text in the form of a table for thisMicrosoft Word. It offers much more effective means. And if the table contains digital data, then they are easy to turn into a diagram;

the presence of a preview mode allows you to see a document in the form in which it will come out of print. In addition, it makes it possible to display all the pages immediately, which is convenient for making changes before printing.

The text of the text editor always starts with the launch(activation) his programs. In order to runWord in Windows. It is necessary to carry out the following actions.

Click on the Start button.

In the expanded menu, find the item "Programs".

In the "Programs" menu, click onMicrosoft Word. . You can otherwise activateWord. By opening the menu and clicking on "Create" the document "Microsoft Office. " Either through the toolbarMicrosoft Office. which is displayed on the monitor screen. To do this, click on the "Create Document" button, after which the Create Document window opensOffice. " In it, click on the "General" mode and twice in the "New Document" mode.

Activating Word. , You can open a new document window that is ready to enter the text, given the work of the elements of this window.

Graphic interface of this text editorpresented in the form:

• information stringwhere information is displayed on the name of the text editor used and the name of the document being created;
• window control buttons,located in the upper right corner of the monitor screen and designed to manage the operation of the window.
• lines menu, presenting a primary list of the functions of the editor and containing groups of commands, combined with one name.
• toolbars,buttons which are indicated by the corresponding icons, when you click on which a command is executed similar to the menu. The panels are one of the components of the graphical interface of the text editor.Word. . The text editor uses more than 20 toolbars that can be selected and easily accommodated in the window. Small buttons allow you to select common commands with a click of mouse;
• positional lines,placed under the toolbar and to the right of the editor's desktop. They are designed to set the parameters of indents, paragraphs, text boundaries, positions of tabulants;
• workfield Editor,which is the interface area used to enter text;
• two scroll barnslocated directly under the working field and to the right of it. The bands are designed to quickly move the cursor and the contents of the text file (document) by the editor's operating field;
• status stringswhich reflects all information about the current document, reference information about teams, buttons and their purpose;
• assistant which is organized in the additional window and performs a consulting function. If necessary, it can be removed from the screen as unnecessary. To do this, click on the Collapse button located in the upper right corner of its window.

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