Information support for entrepreneurial. Entrepreneurial information

Plan

Introduction .................................................................. ..........3

Chapter 1. Information in business activities ..........5
1.1. Business Operations and Information Market ..................... ..5
1.2. Information value .......................................................7

Chapter 2. Electronic informational resources For business ...... ..12
2. 1. Business and commercial information ............... .................. 12
2. 1. 1. Exchange and financial information ..................... ..........12
2. 1. 2. Economic and demographic statistics ...... ............ .20
2. 1. 3. Commercial information and information and commercial
systems ..................................................................... ......... 22
2. 1. 4. Business news ......................................................... 25
2.2. Information for specialists .......................................... .27
2.3. Mass and consumer information ...... .......................28

Chapter 3. Business Support In recent years ... 30

Conclusion ............................................................ ............ .33

List of used literature ....................................... ..35

Introduction
In developed countries, entrepreneurs along with scientists and specialists (primarily by lawyers, doctors, teachers) and students are the main consumer of information services and products, and the business scope is the most important and largest market in the market information market. The attractiveness of this market in terms of demand made business support of one of the priority tasks of information activities.
On the other hand, the global practice of recent decades has shown that information in electronic form has become the most important component of modern market infrastructure. Freedom of information is closely associated with Western economists with freedom of competition and is considered as one of the basic conditions for the effective functioning of the market economy. Unlimited access to information is the basic concept of a model of ideal competition and ultimately the presence of information in market agents determines the transaction costs, perform a kind of alternative to the development of the market and society institutions.
We will try to imagine whether an independent, independent manufacturer of goods or services (namely, this figure in the best way characterizes the market economy and its main subject in terms of classical political economy), as well as all those who ensure the continuity of the cycle "Science and Technology - Production - Communication "Successfully act on the market without information. For example, information on other independent producers, including those who work in the same narrow market, about possible consumers of its products, about suppliers of raw materials, components and technologies necessary to an entrepreneur, about the situation on commodity and foreign exchange markets, as well as the capital market Finally, about the general economic and political situation not only in this sector of the market, but also in its own country and around the world, the long-term trends in the development of the economy, the prospects for the development of science and technology and their possible results, on the legal conditions of economic activity, and so on .
Professional work with information is based on the modern marketing concept of managing production and sales activities. Marketing information is used both for the formation and clarification of strategic business plans and budget and production program, as well as to verify the validity of plans and programs by the market in the process of implementing produced goods.

Chapter 1. Information in business

1.1. Business Operations and Information Market

Information is required by the entrepreneur at each of the stages of the development cycle, adoption and implementing a business solution. Table 1 presents these typical business operations in comparison with the information market sectors protruding the main sources of the necessary information for each of them, as well as the nature of the use of information and examples of information resources.
Table 1.


It should be noted that the table refers to production and trading activities and for innovative or advisory business The composition of operations and the required information will be somewhat different.
The constant increase in the requirements for information on the part of entrepreneurs occurs in the face of the complication of economic activities and the combination of business globalization processes with positioning on the micro segments of the market. This objectively turns the system and means of ensuring the collection, processing and accessing information to the most important components of the market infrastructure. Their value is constantly increasing as they move from the industrial to the post-industrial and further to the information society. On the other hand, a big and ever-growing union electronic information Practically in all areas of human activity, in fact, has already become an integral part of modern business. This happened due to the fact that the information is now available using a simple, designed for non-specialists of computer technology. The ability to connect to all the necessary information through its RS through the network is widely used by the business world in practical work for at least the last decade.

1.2. Value value
The most subjective property of business and commercial information is its value. In fact, the information is the product that is currently the most expensive if it is needed by the user and comes on time. Which of the entrepreneurs would not want to know what to trade is profitable, and it would be effectively producing today and in the future, what is the lowest price for which you can buy a specific product and wherever, or the highest price and buyer, to which your goods can be sold for this price. Is it worth emphasizing that without comprehensive information about a partner or current legislation should not sign a single contract. Without information about economic conjuncture and prospects, it is impossible to predict business, to prepare economic solutions and plan specific transactions.
Receiving information from the information service, the user, as a rule, pays not only for the information itself, and for information services, that is, services for its processing, packaging and delivery to a specific consumer. Modern information market (narrowly considered, not including funds mass media - Newspapers, magazines, radio and television) offers the consumer information in four basic forms:
as print editionwhich can be used directly as any book for a long time;
in the form of a database on CDs that can be read on a personal computer computer practically as a book, but with the actual unlimited possibilities of quickly searching for any of its fragment;
as remote access to databases online - on-line (online) - (when the information required information is received immediately) and in the off-line mode - OFF-LINE (off-line) - (when the user receives information in response to his request with delay);
in the form of consultation provided by the information specialist and containing an answer to a specific user request.
It should be noted that the above forms have increasing utility and value for the consumer from the point of view of obtaining the required information and spent on the search for efforts, but their price is also increasing.
It must be borne in mind that the differences as information services and products are not absolute, but relative. For example, if information about any enterprise or products of this species is required - just view the directory. The search for a specific enterprise for a set of any specific criteria may take several hours, and in addition, in the directory of this information may not be at all, or it is necessary to purchase a few in advance (as a rule, very expensive) reference books and regularly buy their new editions, since Commercial information is quickly obsolete.
CD database installed on personal ComputerMakes the search itself more simple, however, the problems of subscription into several databases remain, although a significant part of the information contained in them may never be needed. The disquestments of the databases on diskettes in comparison with publications include the fact that it is necessary to work as RS and the skills of working with it, as well as knowledge of the characteristics of the search engine and the structure of information in the database.
Remote access to databases is much more effective, since the consumer refers to information (and pays accordingly) only when it is required. In addition, as a rule, several databases are simultaneously available to the user (in any case, more than can afford to purchase), and in principle, if we consider the possibility of using various systems Databases and networks - all of their many. To the negative points of remote access can be attributed to what you have to pay not only for the information and services for its search, but also for the connection that ensures the transfer of your requests and information. You must also purchase a modem - the pair of pairing PC telephone network or data transfer network. Although the Internet minimizes these costs, from the loss of the user's own time on the search for information is not going anywhere.
Appeal To obtain information, the services of a specialist in information resources looks preferred, since the consumer pays only for the required information and does not apply any effort. In addition to paying a specialist (the cost of its services, even in Russia is $ 50-100 dollars. For the hour of work, taking into account the overhead, while the user cannot control how much time the specialist has spent actually) will have to pay all costs associated with With search for information in databases or reference books, moreover by the highest tariffs. In fact, the consumer has to be determined - whether the time saved personally, which is paid by the information specialist will be paid.
Apparently, the question is to learn or not to learn the entrepreneur to search for the necessary information itself - illegal. Of course learn, since the modern businessman simply will not be able to do without it. In addition, the skill of working with remote databases in the Internet and commercial networks Allows you to take the next step in professional skills - step to electronic transactions and operations - be it an order of tickets, reservation of a hotel in a hotel, simple payment orders to the bank, conclusion of a trading contract in electronic form, or virtuoso work with currency, stock or commodity options on the stock exchange in real time.
As a rule, each consumer simultaneously uses information sources in various forms. Any entrepreneur is always advisable to have several good printed reference books, at least in order to flip them in free minutes, denoting the potentially interesting areas of accurate information retrieval or solve simple informational tasks.
The presence of several database databases in diskettes or CDs is also useful, for example, if these are the databases containing information on enterprises and their products (their search can be used in marketing research, or printing the required telephones or addresses to send advertising by the method Direct Mail). Constantly updated bases containing the full text of current economic legislation are also extremely necessary in our time, when decrees, decisions, instructions, letters and telegrams exit almost every day, cover many questions and contain certain provisions contrary to more old, but with anyone not canceled legislation . Today it is always useful to check any future deal for compliance with the law in order to prevent unexpected losses. In addition, a simple search in such databases keywords Sometimes it pursues entrepreneurs to unexpected economic solutions and allows you to save it well or earn on the imperfection of current legislation.
The availability of access to the network not only allows you to get direct access to informational wealth under the sphere of basic thematic interests (the science of information claims that the most interesting and valuable information lies at the joints of various subject areas), but also makes it possible to take advantage of modern telecommunications services - e-mail, fax, transfer of files, etc., moreover, not only for communication within Russia or the CIS, but to communicate with all leading countries of the world.
Finally, the entrepreneur is unlikely to be able to do without the use of information professionals. Sometimes the time factor, an exhaustive fullness or accuracy of the information search play a decisive role, and a professional (as the experience of other countries shows) will always exceed the non-professional, or the decision may be of this level of importance that the results of the results of their own search and received information is required.

Chapter 2. Electronic Information Resources for Business

2. 1. Business and commercial information

We must concentrate on the features of the use of the information on entrepreneurial activities.
It is clear that the main information resource for business is business and commercial information, which accounts for the main part of world information resources and which dominates the global information market.

2. 1. 1. Birzh and financial information
Exchange and financial information is used not only by experts from the exchange and financial market, but also everyday business practice (as part of the asset management task). However, the main business task, to solve this information, is required, invested.
The investment process can be divided into several parts corresponding to the solution of individual investment and informational tasks:
financial planning, budgeting (Budgeting);
portfolio management;
fundamental analysis of shares;
analysis of securities with fixed income;
analysis of mutual funds;
operations with futures and options;
technical analysis;
general economic analysis.
Among the main tasks solved using information services can be allocated:
obtaining information about the state of the market (indexes);
obtaining information about prices (quotes);
obtaining analytical information on individual types of securities and their groups;
making electronic transactions.
Under financial planning or budgeting (Budgeting), as a rule, it is understood:
revenue planning and costs in order to find out which part of the available income will go to current consumption (indifferent, personal or production), and which can be invested;
tax management in order to optimize the directions of expenditure of income and evaluate investment objects not only in terms of profitability;
making investment decisions, which is part of investment planning;
pension planning in the case of a personal budget and renovation in the event of an enterprise budget, which also represents part of the investment planning for the long term in accordance with how many revenues it is required to be allocated at the calculation "for later." For the United States of this kind of planning has a close relationship with tax planning, as investment revenues in accordance with the pension plan (or renovation plan) are partially exempt from taxes if they are received at the time when the person already retires, and the enterprise will Work on new equipment. In our country, such opportunities are already quite narrow, but will be constantly evolving;
planning construction and real estate operations also serves as one of the most important elements of investment planning.
The concept of investment planning applies only to the part of the income that remains after the current costs, tax payments, insurance costs and pension deductions. When planning investments, such factors should be taken into account as:
time planning horizon, that is, the period during which funds can be free before the time of their intended spending, for example, to buy a car, apartments, houses, payments for children (for persons) or for the construction of a new workshop and shopping equipment (for the enterprise) and t. d.
profitability indicators that differ significantly for individual investment areas;
risk characteristics, which, as a rule, are directly proportional to the level of investment profitability;
the level of personal involvement (person or enterprise), that is, the availability of experience and willingness to spend strength and time for investment activities, as well as interest in it. The personal involvement depends on whether the investor will work or through an intermediary, as well as what will be the directions of investment, since, for example, an investment in the proportion of a mutual fund managed by a skillful company actually does not require additional efforts.
Information resources, unfortunately, are otherwise focused on promoting the investor in solving only a part of financial planning problems, namely, in obtaining the most important financial indicators of the capital market (requirements for profitability of various tools), Benchmark and regulations of similar companies or persons with similar income, tax issues , partially planning pension and real estate operations.
Under the control of the portfolio, the technology of forming and maintaining the set of assets is understood of different types (deposits, shares, bonds and other fixed-income tools, futures, pension plan, etc.), which allows the investor to achieve the goals of investing in minimal risk, as well as track changes various characteristics Specified set. The basis of the formation of any portfolio is to diversify investments in order to reduce risk for each of the directions and risk as a whole.
Most of the available information resources do not yet provide the user with fairly effective means of portfolio management, including solving such tasks, as receiving reports on accommodation in various assets or by industry, as well as reports on profitability for different periods of time. They see their task only to provide a consumer with information to make assessing decisions depending on the required degree of diversification, and also periodically provide current reports on the value of the portfolio assets.
The fundamental analysis of shares, in contrast to the technical, is based on the assessment from the point of view of financial performance of enterprises, and not the characteristics of the shares themselves. The basis here is the financial statements of enterprises and, above all, audited annual reports and non-audited quarterly reports. Analysis of shares, as a rule, implies two main stages:
screening (Screening) - that is, a choice of more than 10 thousand shares presented on leading stock exchanges, such as "New York Stock Exchange" (New York Stock Exchange), "American Stock Exchange" (American Stock Exchange) and "NASDAQ OVER-THE-COUNTER STOCK Exchange" (e-commerce system on the over-the-counter market) using various filtering technologies for various stock parameters for more in-depth analysis;
evaluation (Stock Valuation) - that is, identifying the actual value of a small number of selected shares and the prospects for its change and above all the future prices of shares using one of the models, for example, based on the analysis of dividends (for old companies), the company's revenues (for new companies) or sales (for losses for losses).
The fundamental analysis is not limited to an analysis of the financial indicators of individual companies and the study of the work of sub-sectors and the market as a whole, as well as a national or global economy (which is usually the subject of a separate study, as it has an impact not only for stock quotes).
Separate servers already provide users with fundamental financial data on public companies both in the form of annual financial statements and in the form of business news describing what the impact on the financial condition of companies can provide individual events (contracts and transactions, a change in the composition of the manual, etc.) . Some of this information can be obtained for free, but according to experts, this sector has become one of the first built on the Internet on the purely market basics.
Most of the Internet servers suitable for analyzing securities with fixed income is limited by the provision of current and retrospective information on bank deposit rates and the profitability of these tools.
When analyzing mutual funds, special attention is paid not only to the analysis of the fund's portfolio, but also the analysis of the management company, the profitability of investments depends on the professionalism of which. Currently, in developed countries, the number of mutual funds exceeds ten thousand and for their analysis, in principle, the same technologies of fundamental analysis can be used as in the event of shares, that is, screening and evaluation. At the same time, each of the funds is considered as a kind of portfolio, which is analyzed by past successes, goals, composition and costs. Just like the shares, mutual funds do not exist in vacuo and in addition to absolute assessments, relatives are also needed. In addition, mutual funds, previously obliged by law, to send a potential investor materials by mail, now all wider use email for this, which is significantly cheaper, and information comes faster. Therefore, many funds have created their own Web Pages And they try to attract users to them in the hope that in the future the exchange of information with investors will be carried out mainly in electronic form.
The technologies for analyzing futures and options are more complex than in the case of other securities already due to the fact that these tools are derived (DERIVATIVE) in terms of return on other securities and, as a rule, are more risky (although they can also be used for Control and reducing risks). Among the Internet servers associated with futures and options, there are those that provide overall information, as well as those that allow the user to get detailed information on prices and connect to special pricing.
Technical analysis, in contrast to the fundamental, is based on the assessment of shares in terms of changes in their characteristics (first of all the price and volume of transactions, which, in turn, are resulting from the state of the enterprise), and not financial performance of enterprises that have issued these shares. For technical analysis, which, as a rule, covers large dynamic data series, is more characteristic of the use of graphic forms of reporting information, various statistical instruments (for example, moving average) and special technologies of statistical analysis.
It should be noted that in the past few years there have been new technologies and models of technical analysis based on statistical processing of information from the databases of a huge amount using powerful computers that allow you to accurately predict the behavior of the stock market. These models have already confirmed their practical applicability in business practice and brought entire conditions to those who began to use them among the first, for example, known in our country, George Soros, which earned a significant part of its wealth on currency and arbitration operations with pound sterling. They largely turned over the presentations that have existed to date and the basic principles of economic theory, formulated as early as the 60s and are based on the concept of an effective market in the conditions of perfect information. According to these ideas, conscious market conquest activities and its prediction are simply impossible, since information about the market is equally accessible to everyone, and any steps will immediately be compensated by other market participants. The presence of huge arrays (thousands of gigabytes) of the current stock exchange and financial information (almost at the level of each individual transaction), high-performance computers and new mathematical models and concepts (the theory of disasters, fractals, fuzzy sets and non-linear probability) allowed us to reliably and effectively predict the behavior of indexes for securities and exchange rates on the site of their uniform and sustainable development (in the intervals between market fluctuations).
In the stock market, you can meet supporters of both fundamental and technical analysis and each of them emphasizes that it is the method used by them gives the best results. Any technique is objectively limited, and technical analysis is often used to make decisions on the purchase and sale of certain securities selected during the fundamental analysis. In any case, the use of statistical instruments in the technical analysis requires preliminary execution of the screening stage, as well as in the case of fundamental analysis.
Many of the servers related to the provision of information for technical analysis are offered by the user graphics, statistical ranks for processing prices within the page or to download to your computer. Experts believe that until the Internet gives the user to the data required for a full and complex technical analysis, since the user does not have the ability to analyze trends, use technical indicators in flexible mode, create a trading system or "basket" tools and optimize them, and also perform Technical screening.
Economic analysis is a necessary element of investment activity, since all securities ultimately tied to basic economic factors and analyzing these factors by itself allows you to predict the situation in the stock market. The problem is always the dimension
etc.................

For the modern stage of the development of society, an increase in the role of an information sphere is characterized, which includes numerous blocks of various information, information structures themselves, as well as subjects carrying out the collection, formation, distribution and use of information resources. The information sphere as a system-forming factor in society actively affects the state of political, economic, defense and other components of the Russian Federation.

Unauthorized access to commercial, banking secrets may cause organizations significant material damage, as well as image costs. In order to protect itself from the leakage of information, it is advisable in the framework of the company to develop local acts, which may be called differently: provisions on confidential information, lists of information not subject to disclosure, etc. Workers must be familiar with such acts on receipt.

For the correct understanding should be clarified what are an object and subjects Information support of entrepreneurship, which functions are performed by the organization of the information support system at different levels of the enterprise.

First, the object and subjects of the enterprise information support system are closely interrelated. Secondly, as an object of the information support system as a whole, the stable economic condition of the entity entrepreneurial activity in the current and promising periods is. The specific objects of information support are informational and other resources: financial, logistical, personnel, etc.

Two groups of entrepreneurship entrepreneurship include external and internal. TO external Subjects relate bodies of legislative, executive and judiciary, designed to provide everyone without eliminating law-abiding participants in business and other relations; and their activities cannot be fully controlled by entrepreneurs themselves (In any case, in modern Russian reality). These bodies form a legislative basis for the functioning and protection of entrepreneurial activity in various aspects and guarantee the stability of informational relations in the interests of all citizens of the country.

Internal subjects – these are persons directly engaged in the protection of information security of this particular entity entity. Such entities can be employees of their own enterprise security services; Invited specialists and consultants providing information services in order to protect entrepreneurial activities.

The administration of the enterprise provides information support on the basis of a certain strategy and tactics.

Strategy Information support involves a long-term approach to achieving the goal. It must first include a system of preventive confidential information protection measures implemented through the regular, continuous work of the structural divisions of the organization for the verification of counterparties, the analysis of the alleged transactions, the examination of documents, the fulfillment of the rules for working with documentation, etc. A strategy of jet measures, based on the use of a situational approach and implemented through a system of activities specific to this situation, can also be developed.

Tactics Information support of entrepreneurship includes the use of certain procedures and perform specific actions to counter the arising threats. These actions, for example, may be, for example, the adoption of additional measures for the preservation of commercial secrets; creating a computer security unit; presentation of oral or written claims counterparty-violators; Contacting law enforcement or court.

So, among the main directions on information support of entrepreneurship, you can allocate:

• - conducting inspections in the structural divisions of the enterprise and the provision of practical assistance on the issues of information support;
• - organization and implementation of confidential information;
• - development and implementation of local acts, such as provisions on commercial secrets;
• - automation of information on security issues;
• - a gradual transition of units to paperless (electronic) document flow;
• - verification of the rules for conducting a closed office work;
• - Checking employees for compliance with the rules for providing information, economic security.

The organization of information support for entrepreneurship is presented with certain requirements, among which the following can be distinguished.

• 1. Lawnity It assumes that the activities of persons providing information security should be legitimate, otherwise the entire protective mechanism may be unreliable due to the importance of the entity of business activities. As unfavorable consequences, various kinds of law enforcement sanctions are possible, attracting as a defendant to court, blackmail from criminal structures, etc.
• 2. Comprehensiveness. Possible interaction of all enterprise divisions in order to ensure the necessary level of protection, creating a climate of cooperation and confidence.
• 3. Economic expediency, meaning that, first of all, to organize the information security of those objects, the costs of protection of which are less than loss from illegal use. In this case, the financial capabilities of the organization should also be taken into account.
• 4. Continuity, implying that the functioning of an integrated system for providing information security of entrepreneurship should be carried out constantly.
• 5. Operational It is ensured by the speed of special information services and the effectiveness of measures taken to bring the necessary information on technological chains, as well as timely informing the administration of the enterprise.
• 6. Coordination and controlling information security system to the management of the entity entrepreneurial activity. It is necessary, firstly, in order for the local security system to be oriented to the solution of narrow tasks, without taking into account the interests of partners and other structural units; Secondly, to properly assess the effectiveness of the system of information support of the enterprise and its possible improvement.

As part of the enterprise, the organization of the information security service should be provided. Among the subjects to protect the information security of entrepreneurial activity, the most important is the most important security service, of course, in the presence of entrepreneurs necessary for this financial means. You can distinguish a number of stages recommended by entrepreneurs when providing information security.

• 1. Deciding on the creation of an enterprise information security system. This issue should arise at the time of deciding on the organization of a law firm, depending on the type of activity, the nature of the alleged services, the use of private information, the number of employees, etc. At the general meeting, founders need to be provided in advance to provide the possibility of creating a special service and distribute responsibilities. After the state registration of the organization, managers takes the final decision, the responsible persons are determined that will directly engage in the organization of the information security service.
• 2. Defining common tasks to ensure the information security of the enterprise. This includes the definition of alleged threats, their warning, establishing specific security objects (information, computer systems, access keys, premises' safety).
• 3. Development of the Regulations on the provision of information security of the enterprise, the definition of the structure and personnel composition of persons engaged in this work.
• 4. Selection and placement of frames. Information security workers can be people who have special skills and able working with information technology. An important and key condition is precisely professional training. In practice, it is customary to give preference to former law enforcement officers (Russian Interior Ministry, FSB of Russia, Prosecutor's Office) with relevant experience.
• 5. Direct organization and operation of the enterprise information security service. The work of a structural unit for information security is regulated by a number of local acts, which should be developed within the company. For information security, it is prohibited to provide other services that are not related to the work of their own enterprise. In the process of activity, a significant role is played by the skillful placement of personnel, the distribution of rights and obligations. An important factor is the flexible system of stimulating service workers. Financing is usually carried out from profits. Saving funds, as a rule, turns around much larger losses.
• 6. Control over information security activities. To maintain a high level of production discipline, as well as effectively countering various hacks and information attacks, it is necessary to carry out continuous monitoring and analysis of the results of this activity. For this is carried out:
  • - Regular current reports of information security workers, before the management of the enterprise;
  • - unscheduled reports on protecting specific threats and on adopted organizational and technical measures;
  • - Report analysis and the formation of the position of the management regarding the effectiveness of the enterprise information security system. An important element of maintaining a high level of protection is to improve the business skills of workers engaged in ensuring information security, which is achieved by a constant increase in their qualifications and retraining (no less often than every three years).

1.1. The concept of information and types of informational relations.

In the framework of the entrepreneurial (economic) law, we consider three types of legal relations. First, the relationships that are completed in the implementation of entrepreneurial activities; secondly, the relationships in the process of regulating this activity; and, thirdly, corporate (or intra-economic) relations.

All specified relationships are associated with the collection, processing and transmission of information.

Speaking about the information support of entrepreneurial activity, all relations should be considered, in which an economic entity with consumers, other business entities, government agencies, as well as between the structural units of the economic entity participate. Let's try to highlight the largest groups of informational relations, i.e. Relationships about collecting, processing, using and transmitting information arising in the entrepreneurial sector.

Participants the first group of informational relations are government agencies authorized to receive certain information inin accordance with a certain regulatory act, on the one hand, and business entities engaged in entrepreneurial activities that are responsible for providing this information to this body - on the other.

The legal regulation of these relationships is publicly legal in nature and concerns mainly the control of state bodies for compliance with legal requirements for entrepreneurial activities.

So, the Law of the RSFSR of March 22, 1991 "On Competition and Restriction of Monopolistic Activities in Commodity Markets" * (as amended by May 25, 1995) provides for the obligation of commercial and non-commercial organizations (their leaders), federal executive bodies, organs executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments (their officials), citizens, including individual entrepreneursAt the request of the federal antimonopoly authority (territorial body) to submit reliable documents, written and oral explanations and other information necessary for the implementation by the federal antimonopoly authority (territorial body) of his legitimate activities.
* Air Force RSFSR. 1991. No. 16. Art. 499.
The second group is made information relationships arising between government agencies in connection with the regulation of entrepreneurial activities.Thus, by order of the State Committee of the Russian Federation on statistics and the Tax Service of the Russian Federation of August 22, 1996 No. VA-3-09 / 71 "On information interaction state statistics and tax authorities "provides for the maintenance of a single state register of enterprises and organizations (EGRP) and the state register of taxpayers (UAH) with the application of all-Russian classifiers of feasibility studies and social information, and also determines the procedure for sharing information (as copies of reports) on business Subjects that have not submitted an accounting report to tax authorities or state statistical authorities.

This regulatory act establishes that the exchange of information between statistical and tax authorities is carried out free of charge both on paper carriers and in automated mode according to the agreed technology, taking into account the requirements of information protection.

The regulation of relations considered above the groups of informational relations is mainly the information support of state authorities regulating entrepreneurial activities for the most effective decision-making in this area.

The third group is united relations arising about the provision of information authorities of information collected by virtue of their competencedue to the federal budget, economic actors on the basis of the obligations enshrined in the regulatory act of these bodies to provide it.

The most generally federal law of February 20, 1995 No. 24-FZ "On information, informatization and protection of information" * (in paragraph 4 of Article 12) defines that state authorities and organization responsible for the formation and use of information resources , Provide the conditions for the operational and complete provision of the user to the documented information in accordance with the obligations established by the Charters (provisions) of these bodies and organizations.
* SZ RF. 1995. No. 8. Art. 609.
Article 13 of this Law places the establishment of information resources available for each user of information resources on the activities of these bodies and its subordinate organizations, as well as exercising within the competence of mass information support of users on issues of rights, freedoms and obligations of citizens; And other issues representing public interest.

The procedure for using information from state information resources, as established in this law, is determined by the owner of these resources on the basis of the current legislation, their charters and regulations, as well as contracts for information services. However, no principal provisions that should be guided by the owners of information resources in determining such a procedure, this law does not determine.

As an example of legal regulation of informational relations in the third group, the procedure for providing information on state registration of rights to immovable property and transactions with it, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 27, 1996 No. 1270 *. This order Sets the rules for the provision by bodies that carry out state registration of rights to immovable property and transactions with it in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 28, 1996 No. 293 "On Additional Mortgage Development Measures" ** , information on state registration of rights to immovable property and transactions with it to all interested in obtaining users to citizens, legal entities, state authorities and local authorities.

Registration information is provided on the basis of written requestwhich indicates the name of the real estate object, its location, the name of the applicant, and is issued for the fee. The procedure for establishing fees for the provision of information and use of the funds received is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

According to the motivated request for law enforcement, judicial or tax authority, it is provided with any (not only on a specific object of real estate) information at the disposal of the body carrying out the state registration of rights to real estate and transactions with him. The information is provided for the specified authorities.

In the Regulations on the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 9, 1994 No. 834 ***, it is determined that one of the main tasks of the State Statistics Committee of Russia is to provide all users to equal access to open statistical information by distributing official reports on The socio-economic situation of the Russian Federation, the subjects of the Russian Federation, industries and sectors of the economy, the publication of statistical collections and other statistical materials (citizens as users of statistical information are not mentioned, everything is limited to the official publication).
** SZ RF. 1996. N ° 10. Art. 880.

** SZ RF. 1994. No. 13. Art. 1522.

*** SZ RF. 1996. No. 36. Art. 4198.
Statistical works that are not included in federal statistical programs are carried out by state statistical authorities at the expense of the customer's funds, including the orders of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation - at the expense of the federal budget, and on orders of state authorities Subjects of the Russian Federation - at the expense of the relevant budget.

The information relations of the group under consideration are regulated not only at the federal level, but also at the level of the subjects of the Federation. For example, the order of Mayor of Moscow dated November 16, 1995 No. 606-RM "On Amendments to the Regulations and Additions to the Regulation of the Moscow City Hall" establishes that the owner of the information resources, information systems of the city hall of Moscow, created at the expense of the state budget, extrabudgetary The funds, as well as the methods received by other established by law, is the mayor's office and the Government of Moscow, which define users (consumers), as well as the conditions for the use and disposal of information that is the property of the mayor's office and the Government of Moscow in accordance with the established procedure.

It should be noted that the question of the possibility of applying the institution of ownership to information is quite controversial, but in this context we are only interested in the regulation of information relationships that occur at this level.

The regulation of information relations of this group is directed primarily to ensuring free access to the information necessary to business entities for entrepreneurship.

1.2. Legal forms of realization of informational relations.

In the modern period, the process of transition from the distribution of information from top to bottom is down to its free turnover as a product. Thus, there are business entities professionally carrying out activities aimed at creating this specific product. In the economic turnover, the latter can act as an information product or information service.

Thus, there is a completely different type of informational relations arising already in the private-industry sphere. We are talking about informational relations in which, on the one hand, business entities performing information activities in a particular sphere professionally (it is also one of the types of entrepreneurial activity), and on the other - the user. The specified information ratio uses mainly a contractual form of legal regulation.

Neither the legal doctrine nor the current norms of law know such terms as "an agreement on the transfer of information", "the contract for the transfer of the information product" or the "information contract".

In practice, there are many different types of contracts with content transfer of certain information in one form or another. First, the object of creative activity may be as an object of such contracts. In this case, the creation and transfer of this type of information are governed by copyright standards, which, protecting the form in which such information is clotched, as if implying protection and meaningful part. And then used copyright or author (licensed) contractsas a contractual regulatory form.

The following types of contracts that can be used in this area are contracts for the implementation of research, experimental or technological works,provided that the result of such a fulfillment is an information product or service. As an example, it may also be called contracts for the transfer of "know-how",under which usually understand the information of a technical, organizational and commercial nature, i.e. The knowledge necessary for the product production process or the provision of services and the components of the production secret.

Only some types of contracts known to legislation or legal practice were named here. In fact, wide application acquired contracts for information and consulting services, consulting, the provision of information and marketing services, which have the subject to collect and provide a certain kind of information. However, the content of these contractual relations is not regulated by law, the parties determine it independently on the basis of the principle of freedom of the contract and the non-extent of the general provisions on the obligations enshrined in the current legislation.

Individual relations of a private institution may understand not only where one of the participants is a person carrying out information activity, but also between any economic entities. For example, between the Federation of Fund Stock Exchange of Russia and the stock exchanges was signed Protocol information exchange agreements,which regulated the exchange of information on electronic networks, in compliance with the uniform file encoding rules, and information transmitted in files. It was also established that, in coordination of the parties, the materials received by the parties can be transferred to third parties, including to publish in the media.

Information relationships arising in internal relations are governed by the standards developed by the management bodies of the economic entity, or, otherwise, corporate. Guided by Art. 139 GK, an economic entity can determine the list of information that contain information that has a valid or potential commercial value due to the uncertainty of its third parties.

The adoption of relevant corporate acts may be limited to free access to such information, as well as measures taken to protect their confidentiality. Examples of this kind of regulatory acts may be Regulations on confidential informationan establishing list of confidential information, and job descriptions that establish requirements for working with information obtained in the process of fulfilling the employee of official duties.

§ 2. The main directions of information support of entrepreneurial activity

2.1. Formulation of the problem.

In the modern period, the question of the emergence and development of an independent sector of the economy - information, as well as the creation of information infrastructure of the market and the economy as a whole is becoming increasingly relevant.

Note that in the public-union classifier of the "Industry of the National Economy", approved by the USSR State Committee on Statistics, the State Planned Committee of the USSR and the USSR State Committee on January 1, 1976 (as amended No. 1-18, approved in 1977-199) It is determined that the field of material production * Along with other sectors of the national economy, information and computational services and total commercial activities to ensure the functioning of the market (intermediary services are related; services of organizations that contribute to equipment commissioning, in the processing of new technologies, on sale and acquisition " know-how ", patents and licenses, as well as advertising, auditing and marketing activities).
At the same time, to the field of material production, as established in this regulatory act, all types of activities that create material benefits in the form of products, energy, movement of goods, storage of products, sorting, packaging and other functions that are a continuation of production in the field of circulation.
Thus, in addition to regulating emerging informational relations related to entrepreneurial activities (which was mentioned earlier), it agrees the need for legal intervention in the development of the information environment of the market, where these informational relations arise, in order to ensure equal access to the necessary information, freedom of implementation. Entrepreneurial activity, as well as maintaining competition and restrictions on the monopoly ownership of certain information by individual business entities and government agencies.

In order to develop and maintain the normal functioning of the information infrastructure of the economy as a whole, and its information sector, federal regulation is based on the following basic principles.

2.2. Creating an information infrastructure.

In this regard, the state sends efforts to the most complete satisfaction of the information needs of economic entities. To this end, it means creating information security systems to combine information centers, databases and data banks using unified software and technical means and developed data networks, highlighting primarily the most undeveloped field of entrepreneurship in this regard.

Mainly, this goal is pursued by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 1, 1994 No. 1319 "On information support of entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation" * and dated December 29, 1994 No. 1434 "On the network of regional agencies of small business support" **.

In connection with information support A small business may be called federal law of June 14, 1995 No. 88-FZ "On state support for small businesses in the Russian Federation" ***, Art. 16 which aims (but does not oblige) federal executive bodies, the executive authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation and local government agencies to develop and implement measures to create an appropriate information infrastructure in order to obtain small businesses of economic, legal, statistical, production and technological and other information, necessary for their effective development, and in order to exchange between them with the specified information.

* SZ RF. 1994. No. 32. Art. 3364.

** SZ RF. 1995. №2. Art. 143.

*** SZ RF. 1995. №25. Art. 2343.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 24, 1992 No. 908 "On measures to organize information support of Russian and foreign investors about the privatization of state enterprises" * in order to ensure regular informing of Russian and foreign investors about the possibilities of their participation in the privatization of state-owned enterprises, obliges the Ministry of Property Relations of the Russian Federation to organize and coordinate the work of organs government controlled Of the Russian Federation with foreign investors during the privatization of state-owned enterprises, including the collection and processing of information, as well as the development of a system of information support of potential investors. In this regard, the State Information Center for Investments Assistance is established.
* SAPP RF. 1992. No. 22. Art. 1914.

2.3. Information transparency and access to information.

The state initially defines only some areas of market relations, where to consolidate the mechanism for providing access to information is one of the conditions for equal and free cooperation of participants in these relations.

Special attention is currently paid to the information support of the securities market. Before the adoption of the Federal Law of April 22, 1996 No. 39-FZ "On the securities market" **, in which section. IV is fully dedicated to the information support of the securities market, this issue also paid some attention. So, the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 12, 1992 No. 05-01-06 "On providing information by stock exchanges and stock departments" *** established the obligation of stock exchanges and stock departments of the Exchange monthly to report information on the results of exchange activities to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation In the securities market and the admission of securities and the quotation on the stock exchange. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 3, 1995 No. 662 "On measures to form a general-Russian telecommunications system and ensuring the rights of owners during the storage of securities and settlements in the stock market of the Russian Federation" (as amended on August 16, 1995 and on January 4, 1996 G.) * determined the need to form uniform standards for the implementation and registration of operations in the financial market of the Russian Federation, including in the securities market, ensuring the confidentiality of commercial transactions, the independence of their participants, the protection of information, accounting and protection of the rights of owners, as well as the state and public Control over compliance with the antimonopoly legislation of the Russian Federation. The guidance letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of August 4, 1995 No. 183 "On approval and implementation of the Regulation on the procedure for disclosing information about banks and other credit institutions - issuers of securities in the Russian Federation" was consolidated by commercial banks and other credit institutions publishing Estimated securities, disclose the information contained in the registration documents.
* SZ RF. 1995. No. 28. Art. 2639.

** SZ RF. 1996. No. 17. Art. 1918.

*** Vg. 1992. No. 47.
The beginning of the targeted state policy to increase the level of information transparency of the securities market was putting the Federal Law "On the Securities Market", which established general provisionsconcerning the procedure and procedures for disclosing information, the use of official information, advertising requirements in the securities market.

Following the law, the concept of development of the securities market in the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 1, 1996 No. 1008 *, outlined ways to further develop the information opening of the securities market, offering a program of measures aimed at increasing the standards of information disclosure and market information transparency Securities, or otherwise - state information initiative.
* SZ RF. 1996. No. 28. Art, 3356.

§ 3. Legal mode of information

3.1. Confidentiality of information.

The direction of legal regulation of information support of entrepreneurial activity is to consolidate a certain mode for some types of information.

General provisions regarding the establishment of various categories of access to information, and accordingly, types of information are enshrined by the Federal Law of February 20, 1995. "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection". Article 9 of the Law determines that information resources may relate to the All-Russian national domain, the legal regime of which is established by federal law. In art. 10 Enchanted that the state information resources of the Russian Federation are open and publicly available. Exception is documentary information,attributed to the category limited accesswhich, in turn, is divided into information related to state secretand confidential.

To date, there are two regulatory acts that determine the list of confidential information. We are talking about the decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 6, 1997 No. 188 "On approval of a list of confidential information" * and the decree of the Board of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation of August 30, 1996 No. 123 "On approval of a list of information constituting confidential information", which concerns Defined in this regulatory act of information on payers of insurance premiums (personal data), as well as information revealing the system, means and methods for the protection of information on the means of computing the pension fund from unauthorized access, as well as values \u200b\u200bof existing codes and passwords.

Article 11 of the Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection", as well as paragraph 1 of the list of information confidential character approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 6, 1997 No. 188 relating to confidential information Personal data, i.e. Information about facts, events and the circumstances of the private life of a citizen who can identify his personality.
* SVRF. 1997. No. 10. Art. 1127.
The named federal law determines that legal entities and individuals, in accordance with their powers, we have information about citizens who receive and use it are responsible in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation for violating the protection, processing and procedure for the use of this information.

The activities of non-governmental organizations and individuals related to processing and providing personal data users are subject to compulsory licensing.

Special attention is deserved by the question of the procedure for collecting, storing and using personal data, which are processed in information systems state authorities in accordance with their powers. In particular, the tax authorities are responsible for ensuring the safety and confidentiality of information of taxpayers. The current legislation allows the transfer of confidential information on taxpayers from the number of legal entities and individuals without their consent only to law enforcement agencies and in a strictly established manner (Article 109 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

Separate state organizations and departments within the limits provided for by agreements with them and taking into account the requirements for the preservation of commercial secrets, the Tax authorities of Russia are entitled to provide this kind of information. So, the procedure for granting the pension fund of the Russian Federation information about the income of entrepreneurs who operates without education legal entity, determined by the joint letter of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and the State Service of Russia from 3-4 June 1993 No. Ji4-16 / 2116-in, PT-6-03 / 196. Transfer of tax bodies to third-party organizations is not allowed.

Note that when establishing privacy mode for information about entrepreneurial activities is not distinguished for individuals and legal. Based on the meaning of the norms of the Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information" and the list of confidential information, approved by the Presidential Decree of March 6, 1997 No. 188, is protected as confidential information only personal data (in understanding how it is It was defined above).

This is confirmed by the order of the SCC of Russia dated April 28, 1994 No. 180, which determines that the confidential is considered to be the information contained in cargo customs declarations on specific transactions in binding to participants in foreign economic relations.

In accordance with the procedure established by the legislation, other data and indicators arising in the process of forming customs statistics may also be announced as confidential foreign trade. Article 16 of the Customs Code of the Russian Federation establishes that the information provided by the customs authorities of the Russian Federation by government agencies, enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens in accordance with this Code and other acts of the legislation of the Russian Federation on a customsial case can be used exclusively for customs purposes.

Information constituting the state, commercial, banking or other secrecy protected by law, as well as confidential information (who is not publicly available and may cause damage to the rights and protected interests of the interests of the person who provided her) should not be disclosed, used by officials of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation for personal purposes, transferred to third parties as well government agenciesExcept for the cases provided for by the legislative acts of the Russian Federation.

3.2. Service mystery.

The following type of confidential information is service mysterywhich in Art. 139 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is defined in the same way as commercial mystery, which is hardly justified. In accordance with this article, the information will be an official or commercial secret, when the following conditions are followed: the information has a valid or potential commercial value, it is not known to third parties, there is no free access to legal grounds, and the owner of information takes measures to protect its confidentiality .

From this definition it follows that the service secrets should have a valid or potential commercial value, which in most cases does not contain service information. When determining the service secrets listed in GC signs can only be used as a basis, given the specificity, which is characteristic of a confidential information. The main thing here is that the list of these information, as well as the imposition on employees (officials), the responsibilities of protecting their confidentiality are established by the legislation, and not the owner of the information (as it is planned to relatively commercial secrets).

Federal law "On the securities market" under service informationfor the purposes of this Federal Law, any non-public information on the issuer and issued by emisancy securities, which puts those who have their official position, labor duties or a contract concluded with the issuer, such information, in a predominant position compared to other Subjects of the securities market. At the same time, it is enshrined that persons with service information are not allowed to use this information to conclude transactions, as well as transfer official information to make transactions to third parties.

3.3. Bank secrets.

A variety of service secrets can be considered bank secrecy.Defining the content of bank secrecy, and more precisely the circle of information that will be it will notice that Art. 26 of the law "On banks and banking activities" gives a wider compared to Art. 857 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation the concept of bank secrecy *.
* See Read more: Oleinik Ohm.Basics of banking law. M., 1997.
The Civil Code calls three types of information that make up banking secrets:

A) information about the bank account and bank deposit;

B) information on account operations;

C) information about the client.

In art. The 26 Law "On Banks and Banking Activities" is determined that the credit institution, the Bank of Russia guarantee the secret of operations, the accounts and contributions of its clients and correspondents. All employees of the credit institution are obliged to keep the secret on operations, accounts and contributions of its clients and correspondents, as well as on other information established by the credit institution, if this does not contradict the federal law.

3.4. Trade secret.

In accordance with paragraph 5 of the list of confidential information approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 6, 1997 No. 188, to the number of confidential information relates trade secret,the concept of which was revealed above. Decree of the Government of the RSFSR dated December 5, 1991 No. 35 was established a list of information that cannot be a commercial secret *.
* SP RSFSR. 1992. No. 1-2. Art. 7.
In Russian legislation, there is no separate legislative act that protects commercial secrets, and in some cases such information needs legal protection.

In addition to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, some regulations already contain standards prohibiting the disclosure of confidential information due to the threat of damage to interested parties. So, according to Art. 14 of the Law of the Russian Federation dated May 21, 1993. "On the Customs Tariff" ** The information provided by the Declarant as a statement of the customs value of the goods defined as a component of a commercial secret or being confidential can be used by the customs authority solely in order to carry out their activities and not transmitted by the third Persons ***. The law "On competition and restriction of monopolistic activities in commodity markets" establishes that in the event of disclosure by employees of the federal antimonopoly authority (territorial body) of information components of a commercial secret, damages are subject to refund in accordance with civil law (Article 15).
** Air Force of the Russian Federation. 1993. №23. Art. 821.

*** See: Financial News. 1993. № 54. P. 8.
Undoubtedly, the adoption of a separate legislative act that establishes the confidentiality of this information. Then the commercial mystery will be able to fully enjoy the judicial protection, subject to the compliance with the requirements of this law.

First of all, the following requirements will be taken into account:

The subject of the secret should not be a well-known fact;

To receive or create this secret to the company, own funds must be spent (which is confirmed by financial documentation);

Employees must be promptly warned about the availability of the secret and the procedure for handling it;

The economic entity should take real measures to protect the secret.

The measures referred to in the last of the conditions should relate: first, the establishment of a list of information that is commercial secrets of the enterprise; secondly, identifying sources of such information; Thirdly, channel definitions and methods of leakage of information constituting commercial secrets *.
*Cm.: TOTAL GD.
Thus, legal regulation of information support of entrepreneurial activity today is directed mainly on the formation of the information infrastructure of the market, ensuring its information transparency, as well as guaranteeing limited access to certain types of information recognized as such in accordance with applicable law.

§ 4. Agreement on information and consulting services

4.1. Consulting and marketing.

In connection with the transition to a market economy, the need to obtain information and consulting services has sharply increased. The company needs information about potential sellers and buyers, their reliability and solvency, information on the market conditions, in legal assistance in drawing up or changing the documentation necessary when registering the enterprise, its reorganization, liquidation, amending the constituent documents, in consultations on financial Reporting and other similar services. These services may be subject to independent contracts, but may be included in the content, for example, contracts for mediation services, etc.

Accordingly, the contract under the contract may be a firm specializing in consulting as the main form of activity, or a mediation organization (firm, office), for which consulting is one of the activities, not even the main.

Consulting- Activities for consulting clients on economic and legal issues. In addition to consultations, the company can carry out marketing services. Marketing- A set of actions to study the market: demand for customer products, current and projected to perspective, the proposals of the relevant goods. Information about competitors, prices, quality of goods and their subsequent service maintenance are being studied.

The purpose of the marketing contract isissuance to the client of recommendations, whose accounting will allow it to produce sustainable demand products, make changes to the range, improve the quality of products, remove the products from production. Thanks to marketing, the enterprise has the ability to produce products, providing the necessary level of profit for the development of the enterprise.

In fact, these services suggest the existence of long-term customer interaction and the contractor. Therefore, marketing contracts are as a rule, for a period of over the year. The deadlines for the provision by the Contractor to the Customer of the information are established in the contract, taking into account the need to respond to a change in the conjuncture of the commodity market.

Operational current information of the Contractor allows you to adjust these production programs and the implementation of the relevant goods. In the form coming from the Contractor, information may be in the form of a report with the necessary calculations, applications. Possible information transmission through communication channels using computers.

Production. Information about competitors, production dynamics, data on products.

Demand and consumption. Information is given on the degree of demand of demand, the direction of market expansion, data on the structure of consumption, trade dynamics.

Prices. Information about price changes (price index) are provided, raw materials price, profitability (profitability) of production are made.

The amount of payment of the performer's services can be addressed on the economic efficiency of recommendations.

But most often the payment is made for actually rendered services, timely provided information.

Marketing- an effective tool for regulating the economy in the conditions of the normal market, competing manufacturers. Currently, under the monopoly of manufacturers, a shortage of products and goods, there are no objective conditions for the widespread distribution of marketing services provided by contractors under contracts. Many enterprises are still limited by the fact that the departments (divisions) of marketing, without entering into special economic contracts on these services, are created on the basis of the supply departments and sales departments.

Legal form of consulting on legal issues in practice is a client agreement with a law firm on legal service. The contract is usually a year for a year. But there may be one-time appeals of the client to a law firm for any specific issue. The service in this case may compile the content of the contract concluded for the commission of a single action (assistance in the preparation of the document, representation in court, etc.). The contract for legal services other than the consultation may provide for the obligations of a law firm to carry out a representative office in court, arbitration, arbitration court, to make a conclusion about the legality of local acts of the enterprise concluded, to assist in drawing up contracts, claims, claims.

Payment is made either by transferring periodic payments without reference to the volume of services, or for relevant services within the term of the contract, but most often the indicated payment methods are combined. For example, in addition to paying for attachment to the company, the company receives a certain percentage on each work won in the trial (economic dispiter). Of course, if the company has in the state of legal adviser, there is no need to resort to the services of a law firm.

Enterprises - service performers can be multidisciplinary. For example, combine legal services and audit, legal services and accounting, compilation of the financial statements of the client. This allows them to survive in the market conditions, if the demand for individual services is reduced.

Obtaining information about another enterprise in order to reduce commercial risk from possible cooperation on the economic contract with certain difficulties (due to the lack of necessary reference books, territorial remoteness, due to the statement of information on the official publication on the results of financial and economic activities or Due to the lack of such publication in general, etc.).

There are organizations specializing in assembly, processing, providing information about potential counterparties that interests. Based on the Treaty on the provision of such information, the Client has the opportunity to get information about the financial position and business reputation of this or that manufacturer, the composition of the founders, information about banks serving the enterprise and other information.

4.2. Engineering.

A variety of consulting in the production field is engineering.The contract can provide engineering and consulting services to the Client-related enterprise related to the preparation and technical support Production production. The company may, for example, provide recommendations on the use of complex equipment, assist in adapting software products to the conditions of the client's production, carry out decompiling of the computer program, to ensure installation and disassembling equipment, provide other services.

Diverse services provided by and based on the use of information systems - by transmitting information on communication channels using the corresponding computer data bank. The exchange of information between organizations is preceded by the installation of the computer, providing the user with the necessary instructions, consultations from the organization - the owner of the information resources (systematized information in the EMM data bank).

Based on agreements on the provision of information and computing services, for example, automated treatment Information of credit institutions rendered by the informatization of the Bank of Russia (operating day of the credit institution, maintaining its balance), are transmitted electronic. Copies of extracts on accounts of credit institutions *.
* See the letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of June 18, 1997 "On Chassis for the Bank of Russia services" // RG. 1997. 9 Aug.
Automated accounting is possible: while the Customer provides initial information on established forms and receives the final information in the form agreed with the Contractor. The registry management activities of the securities owner may be recorded both on paper carriers and using an electronic database (Art. 8 of the Law "On the Securities Market").

Relationships are long-term: the exchange of information is carried out in the mode and on the regulations, a certain agreement of the parties, taking into account their technical capabilities.

The Customer for this Agreement either provides the source information and, in turn, receives the results of processing its information, or receives it that is interested in its ready-made information accumulated by the owner of the information resources. In the latter case, the collection process, information processing the content of the contract with the customer is not covered. In addition to the actual information services, it is possible to provide software support services (consultations, training personnel to use a computer program). Such services are provided by the organization, on a legal basis supplied software (User databases for computer) users.

Since the law does not yet provide legal concepts of "information services", "Marketing", "Mediation Activities", in practice such treaties are called mutual cooperation agreements on joint activities. In such cases, the legal nature of the contract, its type must be determined by analyzing the content of the contract, the actual relationship between the parties.

There are mixed contracts for which the parties provide each other information and consulting services, services for the selection of each other as partners of third parties (sellers, buyers), and at the same time, the parties unite efforts to implement joint programs (construction, collection and recycling of secondary raw materials with the subsequent distribution of profits between the parties and others).

In many treaties of this kind, the obligations to advertise the customer's products are envisaged, as well as mutual advertising. By concluding cooperation contracts, thereby emphasize the trustful nature of relations between them, do not include property responsibility measures to build relations among themselves on mutually beneficial cooperation.

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1

Lecture 3.

Entrepreneurial information

3. Foreign Economic Activities and Information Requirements

4. Methods for solving credit problems in the bank and information requirements

1. The role of planning and operational management in the activities of the enterprise

Planning is the most important element of management. The main conceptual goal of the activities of the enterprise is to achieve maximum profits, producing what is demand for. In order to achieve this goal, the company's development strategy should be developed. The developed strategy should be responsible for how to maximize the existing opportunities of the enterprise in specific conditions of the external environment in which this enterprise involves

The possibilities of the enterprise is its resources. The main one includes the following (scheme 1)

Financial resources;

Technical and technological resources;

Personnel resources;

Legal resources;

Intellectual resources;

Informational resources;

Security Resources

Deep knowledge and objective assessment of the possibilities of the enterprise, the company - an important element in developing a strategy for developing information about their resources usually the company itself is internal information, however, to evaluate the existing resources of the technical and technological base, the cost of real estate and other components of corporate resources is often attracted by external Experts Audit Check is essentially an assessment of the financial condition of the enterprise, firms

The basis for the development of an enterprise development strategy is an objective analysis of the external environment.

The main components of the external environment are the following (scheme 1):

General state of the global economy;

State of industry markets

The state of the markets of certain types of products and services.

The first three components are necessary when developing a strategy in order to determine which elements of world, domestic and industry markets have a significant impact on

Business of this particular company. At the same time, special attention is paid to the study of the demand, supply and working conditions on the selected market (Scheme 2).

The study and analysis of these elements of the external environment is carried out as a marketing study by either the relevant analytical structures of the company or specializing in such studies with consulting agencies. Documentary displays the proposed or selected strategy for the development of the enterprise is a business plan, or a feasibility study. The business plan performs a number of the most important for the company, enterprises of functions:

It is a justification for the management of the company, the enterprise is the correctness of the selected strategy. The strategy adopted by the management, and, consequently, the approved business plan allows the company to carry out short-term, tactical planning, that is, to implement specific tasks aimed at fulfilling the overall plan for the development of the enterprise;

Is one of the main documents on the basis of which banks are considering the possibility of issuing a loan by the company;

Allows the company, an enterprise to attract potential partners who can contribute to the implementation of the company's strategy, enterprises.

^ 2. Business Plan and Information Requirements

A business plan is a rather complicated document that includes a description of the company, its potential, assessing the internal and external business environment, specific data on the development of the company. Although externally, business plans may differ from each other, the composition of their sections remains almost unchanged, namely: summary, characteristics of the industry, description of the company being created and produced by it products and services, research and market analysis, marketing plans, production and financial plans, as well as an assessment of possible risks and insurance.

In tab. 1 contains information that needs to be obtained to develop various sections of a business plan.

Business Plan Section	Exterior information	Internal information
Market analysis	Information on the capacity of the market, market segmentation; economic, scientific and technical, demographic, environmental factors; legislation
Production plan	Information about possible suppliers of raw materials, equipment, materials, components; About technologies, licenses required for production
Financial Plan and Financing Strategy	Statistical data. Financial information. Forecasts for further development. Credit rates. Prices for electricity, water, Raw, work. Tax law. Currency courses	Original balance. Direct and indirect costs for production. Sales indicators. Indicators of production activities. The cost of fixed assets. Coverage. Current financial information
Marketing Plan: Exploring Competitors Pricing Study of product and sales	Information about possible competitors, their weak and strengths, their market share, marketing products Information about prices for similar products, consumer behavior and reaction relative to the price of goods Information about possible intermediaries, sellers, transport firms	Expenses For development Production
Risk Assessment and Insurance	State of banking structures, Their reputation. Reliability Evaluation Information Everyone with whom the company Suggests to have business Relations. Currency courses. Political and economic Situation in the country. Criminal atmosphere In the country and the trend of its change. Possible insurance companies, Their reputation
Legal support of the company	Legal system in part: Decentralized. 3. Information on which component of the external environment is most difficult to access: General state of the economy; 4. The main share of information necessary for the company can be obtained: From external sources; From internal sources. 5. Information about which components of the external environment is necessary to provide entrepreneurial activities: State of the industry market; The state of the market of concrete products. 6. Collection of information about the company Credit inspector performs at stages: Verification of the financial condition of the borrower; Checks for business plan implementences; Project implementation. Control questions The role of planning and operational management in the activities of the enterprise 2. Business Plan and Information Requirements 3. Foreign Economic Activities and Information Requirements 4. Methods for solving credit problems in the bank and information requirements

Information This is the basis for making any managerial decisions in business. It is necessary since the decision, about creating an enterprise, completing the distribution of the profit. The effectiveness of the management decisions taken by the entrepreneur and the accuracy of information depends on the efficiency and accuracy of information.

It should be recalled that according to the theory of periodization of society in economic science there are 7 periods. The Industrial Epoch is considered the XVIII-XX centuries., Post-industrial - from the 80s of the 20th century. This era is noted to reduce the role of material production and the development of the services and information sector. Therefore, the entrepreneur is very important issues related to obtaining information and its use.

Collection, processing, accumulation, storage, search, distribution and provision by consumer information, as well as creating and use information technologies and their assets are regulated Federal law Of February 20, 1995 No. 24-FZ "On information, informatization and protection of information".

This law identifies the basic concepts used in the information support of entrepreneurial activities:

• 1. - information - information about persons, subjects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their submission;
• 2. - Informatization - organizational socio-economic and scientific and technical process of creating optimal conditions for meeting the information needs and the implementation of rights on the use of information resources;
• 3. - information processes - processes of collection, processing, accumulation, storage, search and dissemination of information;
• 4. - Information system - organizationally ordered set of documents (issues of documents) and information technologies;
• 5. - informational resources - Documents and arrays of documents in information systems, i.e. in libraries, archives, foundations, data banks, other information systems;
• 6. - confidential information - Documented information, access to which is limited in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Entrepreneurship is closely related to such concepts such as receiving information, accumulation, storage, processing and use of information. In determining the value of entrepreneurial information, it is necessary to be guided by such criteria as the utility, timeliness and accuracy of the information. The usefulness and timeliness of information is that it creates favorable conditions for the adoption of the right and timely decision, in the subsequent receipt of economic and other efficiency. At the same time, information must necessarily be reliable, for unreliable information reduces to zero and utility and reliability. As a rule, information of interest to the entrepreneur is rechecked. The value of information also depends on its preservation, i.e. From the possibility of leakage of information. The leak of information leads it to the depreciation.

According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, they are not a commercial secret:

• · Organizational information (charter, license, etc.);
• · Financial information (documents on calculating and paying taxes, other payments);
• · Information about the staff of the enterprise and the conditions of activity;
• · Property information (property size).

Have the right to familiarize with the information listed:

• · Law enforcement agencies under the initiated criminal case;
• · Tax services;
• · Audit firms;
• · Business enterprises and individuals entering them into the transaction.