Norms on digital channels and tracts. Norms on the electrical parameters of digital channels and pathways of trunk and intrazone primary networks

Operational norms
On electrical parameters
Channels of the TFop network

Moscow 1999

Approved

Kazakh Communication of Russia

from 5.04.99 № 54

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. These norms (hereinafter referred to as the norm) apply to the electrical parameters of the commutable channels of local, intrazone and long-distance networks TFP. 1.2. The rules on the electrical parameters of the switched channels of the TFT network are given for two options for connecting the measuring instruments to the switch channel: the subscribers - in return of the telephone (in the text subscriber - the subscriber); Subscriber sets of district PBXs (RATS) or terminal stations of rural communication (OS) (on the text of RATS - RATS). 1.3. Norms contain requirements for the main electrical parameters that have the greatest impact on the quality of telephone and document telecommunications. 1.4. Norms serve to assess the quality of switched channels during operational measurements. Since the switching channel provided to the subscriber for a while of one compound consists of a large number of elements collected randomly, then the parameters of this channel can be measured once, but it is almost impossible to confirm this by re-measurement, because When re-connected another channel with other parameters will be organized. In this regard, an estimate is not an assessment of a single channel, but the aggregate (beam) of switched direction channels. If the inconsistency of the channels of the channel channels is detected, the operational and technical staff must take measures to search for the site and eliminate the causes of non-compliance with the norms, while the cable and technical conditions For each type of equipment. 1.5. Assessment of compliance with the standards of electrical parameters of the direction channels is carried out by the statistical method. When measuring the parameters of multiple switched channels using statistical processing of measurement results, the probability of compliance with the parameter standards of all channel channels between the pair of subscribers or a pair of PBX is determined. 1.6. The necessary information about the organization of measurements, statistical processing of the results and forming assessments of the compliance of the measured parameters standards is given in the section "Methods for organizing measurement and evaluation of compliance with the norms of measured switched channel parameters".

2. Operational rules on the electrical parameters of the switched channels of the TFP network

Operational rules on the electrical parameters of the switched channels of the TFop network are given in Table. one.

Table 1 .

Name of an electrical parameter
	subscriber - Subscriber			RATS - RATS
		intrazon.	intercity.		intrazon.	intercity.
1. The limit value of the residual damping of the channel at a frequency of 1000 (1020) Hz should not exceed dB:
For PBX DSh.
For PBX K.
For PBX E.
2. The amplitude-frequency response of the channel is normalized at the frequencies of 1800 and 2400 Hz.
The limit value of attenuation at the frequencies of 1800/2400 Hz should not exceed dB:
For PBX DSh.
For PBX K.
For PBX E.
3. The signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the switched channel must be at least dB:
4. Rate of the signal shake (jitter) in the frequency range of 20 - 300 Hz should not exceed degrees:
5. The total effect of short-term interruptions of a depth of more than 17.0 dB and a duration of less than 300 ms and pulsed interference with an amplitude of 5 dB above the signal level measured as a percentage as the ratio of second intervals affected by pulse interference and interruptions, total number Second intervals for measurement sessions should not exceed%:
For PBX DSh.
For PBX K.
For PBX E.						Table 1 P.
Station type
Station type
date
Number of sessions
Quality class by parameters
Quality class by parameters
Quality class
Quality class
Table 2 P.
Name of parameter				Quality class
Name of parameter
	Residual attenuation at a frequency of 1000 (1020) Hz
	Ahh at frequencies 1800/2400 Hz
	Signal / noise ratio
	Swipe shake phase transmitted signal (jitter)
	Total impact of impulse interference and short-term breaks
	NUS
	WELL IN
	OTB

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

"Rationing of electrical characteristics of cable lines"

1. Electrical standards for trunk and zone cable lines

1.1 Electrical norms on the Line Line

On the lines of trunk and zone networks of the Russian Federation, many transmission systems with frequency division of type K-60 and Kama are still exploited.

For nominal lengths of amplifying sections with permissible deviations from them, the norms on the electrical parameters of symmetric RF cables on a constant current are set for various transmission systems.

Table 1. Norms on electrical parameters of symmetric RF cables on constant current

Parameter
The electrical insulation resistance between each residential and the rest of the veins connected to the grounded metal shell (screen) at a temperature of +20 ° C, MAKM, not less
The electrical resistance of the insulation of any polyethylene protective hose cover of the cable, MAKM, not less
The electrical resistance of the insulation of the polyvinyl chloride hose cover of the 1x4x1.2 cable between the screen and the earth, MAKM, not less
The electrical resistance of the chain (cable cable) with a diameter of 1.2 mm working pair at a temperature, +20 ° C, MAKM, not less
The difference of electrical resistances lived with a diameter of 1.2 (asymmetry) in the working pair of RF cables, not more than
Test voltage of HF cables, in: between all the cores of the fours, connected in a bundle and grounded metal shell (screen) between each residential and the rest of the four, connected into a bundle, and with a grounded metal sheath
Note: 1. If there is air pressure cable (nitrogen), the test voltage increases 60 V per 0.01 MPa. 2. For cables laid in high-mountainous areas, the test voltage rate decreases by 30 V for every 500 m of height. 3. / - The length of the amplifying plot, km.

The norms of the parameters of the effects of the chains of symmetric cables equipped with the K-60 equipment and kama are shown in Table 2 and 3, respectively.

Table 2. Norms of the parameters of the effects of chains K-60

Parameter		Norma, dB.
	combinations
Distribution of transitional attenuation values \u200b\u200bin the near end, not less: Cable capacity 4x4. 7x4 Cable Cable Cable capacity 1x4.
Distribution of chain security values \u200b\u200bat the far end, not less: Cable capacity 4x4. 7x4 Cable Cable Cable capacity 1 x4
Note: When determining the actual distribution of transient damping values \u200b\u200band the security between the chains in the 1x4 cable per 100% combination, the number of combinations of mutual influence in the sections of one direction of transmission on the PCP section are used.

Table 3. Norms of the parameters of the chains of Kama

In accordance with the requirements set forth in Table 2 and 3, the smallest value of the frequency characteristics of transition attenuation in the near and security at the far ends of this combination of mutivily influence pairs are measured. The frequency response of the parameters of the effect is measured by the Visa 600 or X-600 device in the frequency range of 12-250 kHz for the transmission systems of K-60 and in the range of 12-550 kHz for Kama instrument. The normalization by the smallest value of the frequency response of the effect is associated with the features of analog transmission systems with amplitude modulation and frequency separation of the channels. When amplitude modulation, the transmitted band of one channel of the PC is 0.3 ... 3.4 kHz. Therefore, narrowband failures of the characteristics of the effects can significantly increase in any transitional conversation channel.

When organizing a two-bedable transmission system, the requiring value of transition attenuation in the near end of the amplifying section between the chains of the oncoming transmission directions is determined by the formula:

where a) 0 \u003d 55 dB is the protection of the transitional conversation between different directions of the transmission of the same channel PM, A / SH \u003d 54.7 dB - the largest permissible attenuation of the amplifying plot, L \u003d 2500 km is the length of the nominal area.

In accordance with these lengths A02 ^ 55 + 54.7 + 21.4 \u003d 131.1 dB.

Taking into account the fact that the energy transition from the high level point (output) to the low level point (input of the amplifier) \u200b\u200bis also carried out through the interstitial mounting cables, the recommended smallest value of the transient attenuation between the chains of the oncoming transmission directions is taken equal to 140 dB.

1.2 Electrical norms on the CSP line

In modern digital transmission systems (CSPs) used on trunk and zone communications lines, the main view of the analog-to-digital conversion is the receipt of an IRM signal from the message transmitted over the standard CTC channel with an effective frequency band from 0.3 to 3.4 kHz.

For this occasion, it is optimal from the point of view of minimizing the cost of equipment with a permissible level of quantization noise the following parameters Analog-to-digital conversion: the upper frequency of the Fourier spectrum transmitted via the PM channel of the analog signals f e \u003d 4 kHz; The duration of the cycle of aim signal DF \u003d 125 μs. With these parameters, the Fourier spectrum of the AF MKM signal signal extends to 64 kHz. This frequency range is obtained from the AF MKM \u003d 2F E N ratio, where P-2 Kotelnikov coefficient.

The feature of the IRM signal predetermines the structure of multichannel CSPs as systems with temporary channel division. In this case, the systems of other channels are transmitted in a free period of time.

Currently, the CSPs form a set of systems (hierarchy) with mutually consistent transmissions: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary gear systems.

The main technical characteristics of the CSP are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Specifications of CSP

System of transmission	Transmission rate, kbps / s	Clock frequency, MHz	Half-acting frequency, MHz	Clock interval	The width of the elementary impulse, not	Number of channels
Primary (PCSP)
Secondary (VDSSP)
Tertiary (TCSP)
Quaternary (CHSP)

The lines of Cables of the ISS and the PCA are currently sealed with secondary CSP.

OST 45.07-77 "Electric standards for mounted amplifying sections of a secondary digital transmission system" Determines the conditions for the use of trunk lines for ICM-120 equipment. "

The main element of the digital tract is the regeneration site. The lengths of the regeneration sites, which are normalized by electrical characteristics, are shown in Table.5.

Table 5. The lengths of the regeneration sites

The nominal length of the regeneration portion is determined by the nominal amplification of the corrective amplifier (55 dB) and nominal attenuation this type The cable on the seapline frequency (4224 kHz), and the greatest and smallest - limits of the ARU and the temperature and permissible scattering of the attenuation of cables. Electrical norms for alternating current in the frequency range of 20-550 kHz, which are placed in cable pairs equipped with the equipment of the CPSP: Protection between the chains at the far end - at least 52 dB; Transitional attenuation in a near less than 48 dB.

1.3 New Standard for electrical characteristics - trunk and zone cable lines

In 1998, in return for Standard 45.01.86, a new adjusted OST 45.01-98 was introduced: "Network primary interconnected network of communication of the Russian Federation. Plots cable elementary and sections of cable lines of transmission. Norms are electrical. We comment on the basic provisions of this document.

Application area:

Standard OST 45.01-98 applies to elementary cable sites (ECU) and cable sections (COP) of the lines of transmission of trunk and intra -one primary networks of the Russian Federation. The standard sets the rules on the electrical parameters of the circuits on direct and alternating currents mounted by the ecto and the CS of the analog and digital transmission systems.

The following definitions are adopted in the standard:

The transmission line is a set of physical circuits and (or) linear paths of transmission systems that have common linear structures, their maintenance devices, as well as the distribution environment (GOST 22348).

Elementary cable area (ec) - section of the cable line in conjunction with mounted terminal cable devices.

The cable section (COP) is a set of electrical circuits connected in sequentially on several adjacent eki for several transmission systems with the same distances between regenerators (amplifiers), but with a large one of this line.

The regeneration site is a set of ECU or COP chain with regenerator adjusted to them.

OST 45.01-98 applies to ECI and COP, consisting of: - from coaxial cables with pairs having a washing, balloon or porous polyethylene insulation (cables of types of KM-4, KMA-4, km - 4, km-8/6, mk -4, ICTA-4 and CTP);

from symmetric RF cables with core-polystyrene or polyethylene insulation (ISS type cables, MKSA, ICST, STD).

Coaxial and symmetric RF cable transmission lines can be used for analog and digital systems on various frequency bands and various transmission rates (Table 6.7)

Table 6. Transmission systems for coaxial communication cables

System of transmission		Type of coaxial pair

		1,2/4,6 (1,2/4,4)

		2,6/9,4 (2,6/9,5)

		2,6/9,4 (2,6/9,5)



		1,2/4,6 (1,2/4,4)

IKM-480 (LS34CX)	34.368 Mbps
	51,480 Mbps
	139,264 Mbps	2,6/9,7 (2,6/9,5)

Table 7. Transmission systems for coaxial and symmetric communication cables

System of transmission	Frequency Range - Transmission Speed




ICM-120 (ICM-120A, ICM-120U)	8448 kbps
IKM-480 (LS34S)	34368 kbps
Note: Under the designation K-60, you should understand the transmission systems: K-60, K-60P, K-60P-4M, V-60, V-60S, V-60F

2. Electrical standards on local lines

2.1 General

The electrical characteristics of the mounted cable lines of local communication must satisfy the requirements given in the industry standards:

OST 45.82-96. Network telephone city. Subscriber cable lines with metal cores. Norms operating. OST 45.83-96. Network telephone rural. Subscriber cable lines with metal cores. Norms operating. The oscea is enacted from 01.01.98.

Standards apply to subscriber cable lines with metal veins of urban telephone networks (AL GTS): electronic digital PBX; quasi-electron PBX; coordinate PBX; Deck-step PBX.

The standard establishes the rules of the electrical parameters of the chains of the AL GTS, STS and their elements that ensure functioning:

1) telephone communication systems;

2) of telegraph communications systems, including public telegraph communications services, subscriber telegraph, telephys;

3) telematic services that include facsimile services, video species, email, message processing;

4) data transmission systems;

5) system distribution systems of sound broadcasting;

6) digital systems with maintenance integration.

The requirements of standards should be taken into account during operation, design, construction of new and reconstruction of existing lines of city telephone networks, as well as in certification tests.

2.2 Electric standards on GTS cable lines

The structure of the AL GTS electronic (EATS-90, MT-20), coordinate (atsk, at ash) and December stepping (PBX-49, PBX-54) stations include: the main plot; switchgear; Subscriber wiring.

On the al GTS, cables type cables with copper veins with a diameter of 0.32; 0.4 and 0.5; 0.64; 0.7 mm with polyethylene insulation and in a polyethylene sheath and TG type cables with copper veins with a diameter of 0.4 and 0.5 mm with paper insulation and in a lead shell.

For subscriber wiring, wires are used - telephone distribution union with copper veins with a diameter of 0.4 and 0.5 mm with polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride insulation, respectively.

Compounds in crossheads and distribution cabinets are performed by crossing the pxv brand with the diameter of copper veins 0.4 and 0.5 mm.

Digital subscriber lines include:

lines connecting electronic PBX with group subscriber settings (digital concentrators, multiplexers);

lines connecting electronic PBX with digital subscriber installations;

lines connecting group subscriber settings with terminal digital subscriber installations;

lines from a cable type TPP with a diameter of veins 0.4; 0.5 and 0.64 mm with a two-bedable organization organization scheme;

the lines of cables for digital transmission systems of the TPSR type with a diameter of veins 0.4 and 0.5 mm and the TPPEP-2E type with a diameter of 0.64 mm lived with a single-cable communication organization scheme.

On the Alz for the site from the group subscription unit to the Republic of Kazakhstan, cables type cables are used. Specialized cables are used for subscriber wiring.

Electrical standards for subscriber lines of urban telephone networks

The electrical resistance of 1 km of chains of subscriber cable lines DC at ambient temperature is 20 ° C, depending on the cable used, given in Table 8.

The value of the asymmetry of resistance lived al-GTS DC should be no more than 0.5% of the chain resistance.

Table 8. Electrical resistance of subscriber cable lines

Cable brand for al gts	Diameter of the vein, mm	Electrical resistance 1 km chain, Ohm, no more
Chamber of Commerce and Industry, TGSP, TPPZ, TPPZEP, TPPB	0,32 0,40 0,50 0,64 0,70	458,0 296,0 192,0 116,0 96,0
TPPEPB, CPPP, TPPBG,
TPPBG, TPPBBSP, TPPBBEP,
TPPSBBSP, TPPSEPBBSP, TPPT


TPV, TPZBG



TG, TB, TBG, TK

TSTSP, TASHP

The electrical resistance of isolation 1 km lived aluminum under normal climatic conditions, depending on the cable brand, must comply with the requirements shown in Table.

Table 9. Electrical insulation resistance 1 km lived al GTS

Cable brand for al gts	Electrical insulation resistance 1 km lived, IOM, not less
	Line service life
	commissioning *
Chamber of Commerce and Industry, TPPE, TPRB, TPPB, TPPBG, TPPEPBG, TPPBBSP,
TPPZ, TPPR, TPPZEPB
TG, TB, TBG, TC for lived with insulation: tubular paper porous paper

The value of the attenuation of the Al GTS chains at a frequency of 1000 Hz should be no more:

6.0 dB - for cables with a diameter of 2.4 and 0.5 vehicles; 0.64 mm;

5.0 dB - for cables with a diameter of 0.32 mm lived.

The value of the transition attenuation between the Al GTS chains in the near end at a frequency of 1000 Hz should be at least 69.5 dB.

Norms on ground resistance:

4 The values \u200b\u200bof the resistance of grounding metal screens and cable shells, depending on the resistivity of the soil, are shown in Table 10.

Table 10. Norms on ground resistance

Electric standards on the line of rural telecommunication networks:

Electrical standards on the Line CTC from single-hard cables of communication.

The electrical resistance of 1 km of the CTC circuit is DC at 20 ° C, depending on the brand of the cable used, is given in Table 11. The value of the asymmetry of the resistance of the conductor of the cable CTC direct current circuit should be no more than 0.5% of the chain resistance. Working electric capacity of 1 km of chain must not be more:

35 NF - for CPPP 1x4x0.64 ;:

3 8 NF - for CPPP (CPP) 1 x4x0.64.

Table 11. Electrical resistance chain STS

The electrical resistance of the insulation 1 km lived cable ALS, depending on the brand of the cable and the service life, are shown in Table 12. The electrical insulation resistance (shell, hose) 1 km of the plastic cable screen relative to the Earth during the entire operation period should be at least 1.0 mΩ.

Table 12. Electrical insulation resistance 1 km lived cable AL CTS

Norms Electric digital subscriber lines of rural CTS.

ALTS STS is built using small-country digital equipment consisting of a multiplexer, hub and XDSL equipment. For ALTS, there may be circuits of existing lines from CBI cables with selection of pairs of transient damping in the near end. Alz using a hub can be built using cables of types of CPPP 1x4x0.64; CPZP 1x4x0.9 and low-pass cables KTPZSP 3x2x0.64 and 5x2 x0.64.

On Alz, 30-channel digital transmission systems (multiplexers) can be used, operating along CPZP 1 x4x0.9 cable circuits via a single-meter version. The use of digital thirty pumping transmission systems on the existing al from the CBP cables according to a single-box circuit of the organization of communication is not allowed. On the subscriber section from the hub (multiplexer) to the telephone set, lines are used lines from one-nophary cables of the PRPPM, as well as wires of subscriber posting of TDP and TRV types.

Electrical characteristics of ALTS (al digital) CTP from low-pass cables KTPZSHP.

The parameters of the ALS STS from the multi-pass cables on a constant current must meet the requirements above.

Transitional attenuation between the chains in the near end (AO) of lines of multi-point cables used for digital transmission systems of subscriber sealing and digital concentrators over a single-boiler variant, on the semi-acting frequency of transmission or signal of the pseudo-random sequence (PSP) are determined by the formula:

where: n is the number of CSP operating systems; b - the attenuation coefficient on the semi-acting frequency of the transmission of the SSP signal; / - Length of the line used by CSP; 24.7 - The value of protectedness in dB, which takes into account the required signal-to-noise ratio and the system of system stability.

Parameters of chains of ALTS from single-page cables.

The electrical resistance of 1 km of constant current circuits at a temperature of 20 ° C of a line mounted from Cable Cables must be no more than: 56.8 ohms - for cables with cables with a diameter of 0.9 mm; 31.6 Ohm - for cables with cables with a diameter of 1.2 mm.

Electrical insulation resistance 1 km Cable cable cable must be at least:

75 MΩ - for lines in operation from 1 to 5 years; 10 MΩ - for lines in operation over 10 years.

The transitional attenuation between the chains of parallel lines laid from single-paired Cables of the PCPM, in the near end at a frequency of 1000 Hz should be at least 69.5 dB.

Norms for grounding resistance.

The values \u200b\u200bof the resistance of the grounds of metal screens and cable shells, depending on the resistivity of the soil, are given in Table. 13, the resistance of the grounding of cable boxes, depending on the resistance of the soil - in Table. Table. fifteen.

Table 13. Values \u200b\u200bof metal screens and cable shells

Table 14. The size of the resistance of grounds of cable boxes

Table 15. Values \u200b\u200bof subscriber safety devices

4. Norms on the electrical parameters of PV networks

4.1 Parameters of low-frequency networks of single-software wired broadcasting

Qualitative indicators of broadcasting paths are established by the State Standard. For rural PV networks, II class II quality is provided. The qualitative indicators of the PV tract are shown in Table 16.

Depending on the rated voltage of the PV line, two classes can be: I class - feeder lines with a nominal voltage of above 340 V; Class II - feeder lines with rated voltage up to 340 V and subscriber lines with a voltage of 15 and 30 V.

The acting voltage of the sinusoidal signal with a frequency of 1000 Hz, which provides the standard mode of operation of the device. For newly designed and reconstructed radio broadcast nodes, the following types of nominal voltages are established: on subscriber circuits 30 V; on air distribution feeders 120, 240, 340, 480, 680 and 960 V; on underground distribution feeders 60, 85, 120, 170, 240 and 340 V; on air and underground main fiders 480, 680 and 960 V.

For each long feeder (distribution and main), the typical rated voltage depends on the length and load of the feeder. In this case, the voltage should be as minimal as possible so that the attenuation of the voltage in the line does not exceed the permissible.

One of the main parameters characterizing the linear network of the PV network is its working attenuation at a frequency of 1000 Hz. For wired broadcasting networks under construction

Table 16. Wired broadcasting path parameters

	Nominal range frequency, Hz	Permissible deviations of the frequency response, dB, and more	Coefficient harmonic,%, no more, at frequencies, Hz	Security, DB

I class Quality:
Entrance CSPV (SPV) - subscriber socket
Entrance CSPV (SPV) -
linear tract entrance
SPV entry (OUS) -
subscriber socket
Quality class II:
Entrance CSPV (SPV) -
subscriber socket
Entrance CSPV (SPV) -
linear tract entrance
SPV entry (OUS) -
subscriber socket

Note: Frequency bands for determining the permissible deviation of the frequency responses of the I class I for AS] 50-70 and 7000-1000 Hz; Class II for AS, 100-140 and 5000-6300 Hz; For AS 2 200-4000 Hz. _

The urban principle, the total working attenuation of the voltage of three-chain and two-bonded networks at the specified frequency at the maximum allowable loads should not exceed 4 dB. At the same time, the attenuation of the voltage in separate links is distributed as follows: for the subscriber line connected to the first half of the Russian Federation, up to 2 dB; For the subscriber line connected to the second half of the Russian Federation, 1-2 dB; for houses to 1 dB; for the Russian Federation 2-3 dB; For MF to 2 dB (it must be compensated by a decrease in the transformation coefficient of the feeder reduction transformer on the transformer substation).

Uncompensated attenuation in MF to 1 dB is allowed. In this case, the total attenuation at the rest of the tract of the tract of the Russian Federation and the Al (or the house network) should not exceed 3 dB.

The attenuation of the PV path with long lines is distributed as follows. The attenuation of the subscriber line under the one-dimensional network should not exceed 4 dB. The share of the subscriber line of a two-bonded or three-bedned network should be envisaged by 1-2 dB. The attenuation of an underground non-repinted RF does not exceed 3 and 6 dB depending on the type of cable and length of the line. The attenuation of underground pupinized RF is determined at the rate of 3 dB by 5 km of line length. The permissible attenuation of the MF is 1 or 3 dB, depending on the material of the wires (lived) line.

For the TPV network, the attenuation of subscriber and house networks at 120 kHz is normal. The attenuation of subscriber lines, depending on their lengths, should not exceed 3 dB for lines - up to 0.3 km, 5 dB - up to 0.6 km and 10 dB - over 0.6 km.

"Ministry of Communications Russian Federation Norms on electrical parameters digital channels and the pathways of the main and intra -one primary networks of the norm developed by TsNIS with participation ... "

Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation

on electrical parameters

digital channels and tracts

main and intrazonov

primary networks

Norms developed by Tsniis with the participation of operational enterprises

Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation.

General editing: Moskvitin V. D.

Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation

10.08.96 Moscow № 92 On approval of the norms on the electrical parameters of the main digital channels and paths of the main and intra -one primary networks of the Russian WCC order.

1. To approve and put into effect from October 1, 1996 "Norms on the electrical parameters of the main digital channels and paths of the main and intra -one primary networks of the WCC of Russia" (hereinafter referred to as the norm).

2. Heads of organizations:

2.1. To be guided by the norms when commissioning and maintaining digital channels and trust tracts and intra-zone primary networks of the WCC of Russia:

2.2. Prepare and send to the Central Research Institute of Communication Results of control measurements for existing digital PlesiOhron transmission systems over the course of the year from the moment of entering the rules.

3. Central Research Institute of Communication (Varakin).

3.1. By November 1, 1996, before November 1, 1996, it was developed and sent to organizations for the registration of the results of control measurements.

3.2. Provide coordination of work and refine the norms on the basis of the measurement results of paragraph 2.2 of this order

3.3. Develop in 1996 - 1997 norms on:

slipping and time of distribution in digital channels and paths of a PlesiOhron digital hierarchy, the electrical parameters of the digital paths of the synchronous digital hierarchy at a transmission rate of 155 Mbps and above;

electrical parameters of digital channels and paths organized in analog cable and radio relay transmission systems using modems, digital channels and tracts of the local primary network, satellite digital channels with transmission rates below 64 kbps (32.16 kbps, etc.);

reliability indicators of digital channels and tracts.

3.4. Develop in 1996 comprehensive program Work on the normalization and measurement of channels and paths of the promising digital network of OP.

4. NTUOT (Mishkov) to provide funding for the work specified in paragraph 3 of this order.

5. To the General Directorate of State Supervision for Communications in the Russian Federation under the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation (Loginov) to ensure control over the implementation of the norms approved by this order.

6. Heads of organizations report until August 15, 1996, the need for these standards, given that they can be purchased on a contractual basis in the Association "Resonance" ( contact number 201-63-81, fax 209-70-43).

7. Associations "Resonance" (Pankov) (in coordination) to replicate the norms on the electrical parameters of the main digital channels and paths of the main and intra -one primary NSR networks of Russia.

8. Control over the execution of the order to entrust on WES (Rokotyan).

Federal Minister V. B. Bulgak

List of abbreviations, symbols, symbols

ASTE - automated system The technical operation of the SPF is the intra-fronesum primary network VK - the built-in control of the Volsa - the fiber-optic line of the connection - the fiber-optic system of the Transmission of the Russian Federation - the interconnected network of communication of the Russian Federation, the ICC, the secondary digital network tract of the BCC - the main digital channel.

PCST PLAKOCHRON Digital Hierarchy PCST - Primary Digital Network Tract PSP - PSSP PSP sequence - Radiolese SMP Transmission System - Main Primary SSP network - satellite system STI transmissions - synchronous digital hierarchy TCST - Tertiary digital network tract CSP - digital transmission system CST - Digital network tract CHCST - Ferry digital network tract

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

1) Basic Digital Circuit (Basic Digital Circuit) - a typical digital transmission channel with a signal transmission rate of 64 kbps.

2) Transmission Circuit (TRANSMISSION CIRCUIT) - Complex technical means and the distribution environment for transmitting telecommunication signal in the frequency band or with a transmission rate characteristic of this transmission channel between network stations, network nodes or between a network station and a network node, as well as between a network station or a network node and a terminal network terminal.

Notes:

1. The transmission channel is assigned the name analog or digital, depending on telecommunication signal transmission methods.

2. The transmission channel in which the analog or digital methods of transmitting telecommunication signals are used on different sections, assign the name of the mixed transmission channel.

3. Digital channel, depending on the rate of telecommunication signal transmission, is assigned the name of the primary, primary, secondary, tertiary, fetal.

3) Typical Transmission Circuit (TYPICAL TRANSMISSION CIRCUIT) - transmission channel, the parameters of which correspond to the norms of the Russian Federation.

4) Tonal Frequency Transmission Channel (Voice Frequency Transmission Circuit) - a typical analog transmission channel with a band of frequencies from 300 to 3400 Hz.

Notes:

1. In the presence of transits, the channel is called composite, in the absence of transit - simple.

2. In the presence of PM sections in the compound channel, organized both in the cable transmission systems and in the radio relay, the channel is called combined.

5) Telecommunication Circuit, Bearer Circuit (Telecommunication Circuit, Bearer Circuit) - the path of the telecommunication signal formed by the connected channels and the secondary network lines using the stations and nodes of the secondary network, which can be transferred to its submission of subscriber terminals (terminals) From the source to the recipient (recipients).

Notes:

1. The telecommunication channel is assigned to the name depending on the type of communication network, for example, telephone channel (communication), telegraph channel (communication), data channel (transmission).

2. By territorial sign, telecommunication channels are divided into long-distance, zone, local.

6) Transmission Line (Transmission Line) is a set of linear paths of transmission systems and (or) typical physical circuits that have common linear structures, their maintenance devices and the same distribution environment within the service of service devices.

Notes:

1. Transmission lines assign names depending on:

from the primary network to which it belongs: the main, intrazone, local;

from the distribution environment, for example, cable, radio relay, satellite.

2. Transmission lines representing serial connection Different transmission lines are assigned the name combined.

7) Subscriber (primary network) transmission line (Subscriber Line) - a transmission line connecting a network station or a network node and a primary network terminal.

8) Transmission line Connection - a transmission line connecting a network station and a network node or two network stations among themselves.

Note. The connecting line assigns the names depending on the primary network to which it belongs, the main, intrazone, local.

9) TRANSMISION NETWORK, TRANSMISION MEDIA) - a set of typical physical chains, standard transmission channels and network paths formed on the basis of network nodes, network stations, terminal network terminals and connecting their transmission lines.

10) Network Primary intrazone - part of the primary network, providing a connection between sample transmission channels of different local primary networks of one telephone network numbering zone.

11) The primary main network is part of the primary network, providing a connection between sample transmission channels and network paths of different intra -one primary networks throughout the country.

12) Network primary local is part of the primary network, limited by the territory of the city with a suburb or rural area.

Note. The local primary network is assigned the names: urban (combined) or rural primary network.

13) Communication network is interconnected by the Russian Federation (ARUs of the Russian Federation) - a complex of technologically associated telecommunication networks in the Russian Federation provided by the general centralized management.

14) Transmission System (Transmission System) - a complex of technical means that ensure the formation of a linear path, typical group tracts and transmission channels of the primary network.

Notes:

1. Depending on the type of signals transmitted in the linear path, the transmission system is assigned the names: analog or digital.

2. Depending on the telecommunication signal distribution environment, the transmission system is assigned: a wired transmission system and a transmission radio system.

15) Wired Transmission System (Wire Transmission System) is a transmission system in which telecommunication signals are distributed by electromagnetic waves along the continuous guide medium.

16) Group Link (Group Link) - a complex of technical means of transmission system, designed to transmit the telecommunication signal of a normalized number of tone frequency channels or the main digital channels in the frequency band or with a transmission rate characteristic of this group tract.

Note. The group tract, depending on the normalized number of channels, is assigned the name: primary, secondary, tertiary, fourth or N-b grouping path.

17) the group TYPICAL GROUP LINK) is a group tract, the structure and parameters of which correspond to the norms of the Russian Federation.

18) Network Link (Network Link) - a typical group tract or several sequentially connected typical group tracts with a path included at the entrance and outlet of the path of formation of the path.

Notes:

1. In the presence of transits of the same order as this network tract, the network path is called composite, in the absence of such transits - simple.

2. In the presence of sections in a compound network, organized both in cable transmission systems and in the radio relay, the path is called combined.

3. Depending on the signal transmission method, the name is assigned analog or digital name.

19) The transmission system tract is a linear - a complex of technical means of transmission system that transmits telecommunication signals in the frequency band or at a speed corresponding to this transmission system.

Notes:

1. Linear path, depending on the distribution environment, assign names: cable, radio relay, satellite or combined.

2. Linear path, depending on the type of transmission system, assign names: analog or digital.

20) Transit (Transit) - a compound of the transmission channels of the same name or paths, providing the passage of telecommunication signals without changing the frequency band or transmission rate.

21) Device Terminal Network (Originative Network Terminal) - technical means ensuring the formation of typical physical chains or type transmission channels to provide them with subscribers secondary networks and other consumers.

22) Network Network (Network Node) - a complex of technical means that provides education and redistribution of network paths, typical transmission channels and typical physical chains, as well as providing them with secondary networks and individual organizations.

Notes:

1. The network node, depending on the primary network, to which it belongs, assign titles: main, intrazone, local.

2. The network node, depending on the type of functions performed, assign names: Network switching unit, network selection node.

23) Physical Chain (Physical Circuit) - Metal wires or optical fibers forming the guide medium to transmit telecommunication signals.

24) Physical Circuit Chain (Typical Physical Circuit) is a physical chain whose parameters correspond to the norms of the Russian Federation.

1.2. Definitions of errors for the BCC

1) Error SECOND - ESK - a period of 1 s, during which at least one error was observed.

2) A seconds affected by errors (Severely Errored Second) - SESK - a period of 1 s, during which the error coefficient was more than 10-3.

3) Error coefficient in seconds with errors - (ESR) is the ratio of the number of ESK to the total number of seconds during the readiness period during the fixed measurement interval.

4) Error coefficient in seconds affected by SESR errors - the ratio of the SESK number to the total number of seconds during the readiness period during the fixed measurement interval.

1.3. Definitions of error indicators for network paths

1) the block is a bit sequence limited by the number of bits belonging to this path; In this case, each bit belongs to only one block. The number of bits in the block depends on the transmission rate and is determined by a separate method.

2) Error block (Errored Block) - EU - a block in which one or more bits included in the block are erroneous.

3) Error Second - EST - a period of 1 second with one or more erroneous blocks.

4) SEVERELY ERRORED SECOND - SEST - a period of 1 second, containing 30% of blocks with errors (s) or at least one period with serious disorders (SDP).

5) Error coefficient in seconds with errors - (ESR) is the ratio of the EST number to the total number of seconds during the readiness period during the fixed measurement interval.

6) Error coefficient in seconds affected by SESR errors - the ratio of the SEST number to a total number of seconds during the readiness period during the fixed measurement interval.

7) A period with serious disorders (Severely disturbed period) - SDP - a period of duration of 4 adjacent blocks, in each of which the error rate is 10-2 or an average of 4 blocks of the error rate 10-2, or the loss of signaling information was observed.

8) Block with background error (Background Block Error) - in-block with errors that is not part of SES.

9) BBER bug error factor with BBER background errors - the ratio of the number of blocks with background errors to the entire number of blocks during the readiness for a fixed measurement interval except for all blocks during the SEST.

10) A period of unpretentiousness for one path of the path is a period starting with 10 consecutive SES seconds (these 10 seconds are considered part of the non-send period) and ending to 10 consecutive seconds without SES (these 10 seconds are considered part of the readiness period).

The period of unpretentiousness for the tract is the period when at least one of the directions is in a state of unaware.

2. General provisions

2.1. These norms are designed to use the operational organizations of the primary NCI networks of Russia during the operation of digital channels and tracts and to commission them.

The norms should also be used by the developers of the equipment of transmission systems in determining the requirements for certain types of equipment.

2.2. These norms are developed based on ITU-T Recommendations and studies conducted at the current communication networks of Russia. Norms apply to channels and paths of the primary backbone network with a length of up to 12,500 km and intrazon networks with a length of up to 600 km. The implementation of the norms below ensures the necessary quality of transmission when organizing international compounds with a length of up to 27,500 km.

2.3. The above rules are distributed:

- on simple and composite main digital channels (OCC) with a transfer rate of 64 kbps,

- simple and composite digital paths with 2.048 Mbps, 34 Mbps, 140 Mbps, organized in fiber-optic transmission systems (s) and radio relay transmission systems (RSP) synchronous digital hierarchy,

- simple and composite tracts organized in modern pro, RSP and digital transmission systems on metal cables of a PlesiOhron digital hierarchy (PTS),

- on linear PTC paths, whose transmission rate is equal to the rate of the group tract of the corresponding order.

2.4. Channels and tracts organized in the CSP on a metal cable and processed before the adoption of new ITU-T Recommendations, as well as in analog cable and radio-relay transmission systems, organized by modems, may have deviations for some parameters from these standards. Refined rules on digital Channels and tracts formed in the CSP main network on a metallic cable (ICM-480P, PSM-480S) are given in Appendix 2.

Clarification of the norms on digital channels and DSP and CSP tracts, which are in operation on intrazon networks ("Sopka-2", "Sopka-3", ICM-480, ICM-120 (various modifications)) will be produced according to the results of implementation during years of these standards.

2.5. These standards have developed requirements for two types of digital channels and paths - error indicators and phase drift indicators.

2.6. Error indicators of digital channels and paths are statistical parameters and norms on them are defined with an appropriate probability of their execution.

For error indicators, the following types of operational norms are developed:

long-term norms, operational norms.

Long-term norms are determined based on ITU-T Recommendations G.821 (for channels 64 Kbps) and G.826 (for tracts at a speed of 2048 Kbps and above).

Checking long-term norms requires long measurement periods - at least 1 month. These norms are used when checking high-quality indicators of digital channels and paths of new transmission systems (or new equipment of individual species affecting these indicators), which previously did not apply on the primary network of our country.

Operational standards relate to express standards, they are determined based on ITU-T Recommendations M.2100, M.2110, M.2120.

Operational norms require for their assessment relative to short measurement periods. Among the operational norms distinguish the following:

norms for commissioning, maintenance rates, system recovery standards.

The standards for commissioning the powered paths are used when the channels and paths formed by similar equipment of the transmission systems are already available on the network and test for compliance with long-term standards. Maintenance standards are used in control during the operation of paths and to determine the need to output them from exploitation at the exit of controlled parameters for permissible limits. System recovery standards are used when putting a tract to operation after repair of equipment.

2.7. Norms on the indicators of trembling and phase drift include the following types of norms:

network limit norms on hierarchical joints, limit norms on the phase trembling of digital equipment (including the transmission characteristics of the phase trembling), the norms for the phase trembling of digital sections.

These indicators do not apply to statistical parameters and for their verification does not require long measurements.

2.8. The above rules are the first stage of developing norms on high-quality indicators of digital channels and network paths. They may continue to be refined based on the results of operational tests for channels and tracts organized in certain types of CSP. In the future, it is planned to develop the following rules on digital channels and paths:

norms on slippage and distribution time in digital channels and PTS paths, the norms on the electrical parameters of digital SCI paths at a speed of 155 Mbit / s and above, the norms on the reliability indicators of digital channels and paths, the norms on the electrical parameters of digital channels and the paths of the local primary network, Norms on the electrical parameters of digital channels with transmission rates below 64 kbps (32; 16; 8; 4.8; 2.4 kbps, etc.).

3. General characteristics of digital channels and tracts

General characteristics BCC and network digital paths of the PlesiOhron Digital Hierarchy are shown in Table. 3.1.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

4.1.1. Long-term norms for the BCC are based on measurement of error characteristics in second time intervals of two indicators:

error factor in seconds with errors (ESRK), error factor in seconds affected by errors (SESRK).

At the same time, the definitions of ES and SES correspond to § 1.2.

Measurements of error indicators in the BCC to estimate compliance with long-term standards are carried out when closing the communication and use of the pseudo-random digital sequence.

4.1.2. Long-term norms for digital network paths (CST) are based on measuring error characteristics of blocks (see definitions of paragraph 1.3) for three indicators:

error factor in seconds with errors (ESRT), error factor in seconds affected by errors (SESRT), error factor over block errors (BBERT). It is assumed that when performing norms in the CST on error indicators based on blocks, long-term rules will be provided in the BCC formed in these CSTs, in terms of error indicators based on second intervals.

Measurements of error indicators in the CST for assessing compliance with long-term standards can be carried out both when closing communication using the pseudo-random digital sequence and during operational control.

4.1.3. The BCC is considered to be relevant standards, if each of the two errors - ESRK and SESRK meets the requirements. The network path is considered to be relevant standards, if each of the three errors - ESRT, SESRT and BBERT meets the requirements.

4.1.4. To estimate operational characteristics, the measurement results should be used only during periods of channel readiness or tract, unwrapped intervals from consideration are excluded (definition of non-unprepacents, see § 1.3).

4.1.5. The basis for determining long-term norms of a channel or path is the total calculated (reference) standards for a complete connection (End-Toend) on the error rates of the international compound, the length of 27,500 km, shown in Table. 4.1 In columns and for the corresponding error indicator and the corresponding digital channel or path.

4.1.6. The distribution of marginal settlement standards on error indicators for the site of the tract (channel) of the primary network of the Russian Federation is given in Table. 4.2, column "Long-term norms", where a is taken for the corresponding error indicator and the corresponding path (channel) from the data table. 4.1.

4.1.7. The share of the calculated operating standards on the error indicators for the path (channel) L in the trunk and intra -one primary networks of the Russian WCC to determine long-term norms is given in Table. 4.3.

Table 4.1 General estimated operational rules on error indicators for the international compound with a length of 27,500 km

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

PR and M N and E. These data for long-term norms comply with ITU-T Recommendations G.821 (for channel 64 Kbps) and G.826 (for tracts with speeds from 2048 kbps and above), for operational norms - Recommendations ITU-T M.2100.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

Pr and m hat n and me:

1. To the specified limit value of the long-term norm for the SESR indicator when the site is turned on into a path or channel, a value of 0.05% is added to the path or channel of the SPP, which is 0.05%, with a single section with SSP - a value of 0.01%. These values \u200b\u200btake into account adverse conditions for the spread of the signal (in the worst month).

2. Similar to claim 1. Adding values \u200b\u200bto operational standards is not carried out due to a short measurement period.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

The share of operational norms on error indicators for the tract site (channel) L Leng to the trunk and intra -one primary networks of the Russian WCR to determine long-term norms

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

4.1.8. The procedure for calculating the long-term norm on any error indicator for a simple path (channel) L Length L km organized into a volce or digital PSP, the following:

table. 4.1 For the corresponding channel or path and the corresponding error indicator, we find the value A;

the value of L is round up with an accuracy of 250 km for SMP at L 1000 km and up to 500 km at L 1000 km, for the SEF with L 200 km, rounded up to 50 km and at l 200 km - up to 100 km (largely), We obtain the value of L1;

for the obtained value L1 in Table. 4.3 Determine the permissible share of calculated standards C1 or C2 at L1 2500 km on the SMP share of the norm is determined by interpolating between two adjacent values \u200b\u200bof the table. 4.3 or according to the formula: L1 x 0,016 x 10-3 for SMP or L1 x 0.125 x 10-3 for IEST;

for ESR and BBER indicators, the long-term norm is determined by multiplying values \u200b\u200bA and C:

EsRD \u003d A · C BBRD \u003d A · C for SESR indicator a long-term norm is determined to multiplying values

A / 2 and C:

SesD \u003d A / 2 · S.

Example 1. Let it be required to determine long-term norms on ESRT and BBERT indicators for a digital primary network path organized on the SMP, in the VOLS PHC systems, with a length of 1415 km.

Table. 4.1 Find values \u200b\u200band for PCT:

A (ESRT) \u003d 0.04 A (BBERT) \u003d 3 x 10-4.

The value of L is rounded to the value, multiple 500 km:

Determine long-term norms:

EsD \u003d 0.04 x 0.024 \u003d 0.96 x 10-3 BBRD \u003d 3 x 10-4 x 0.024 \u003d 7.2 x 10-6.

4.1.9. In the case of a PSSP of a PSP length in the channel or path of the SMP, a value of 0.05% is added to the specified limit value of a long-term norm for the specified limit value of a long-term norm for the SESR indicator, with a single section of the SSP. These values \u200b\u200btake into account adverse conditions for the spread of the signal (in the worst month).

Example 2. Let it be required to determine the long-term norm on the SESRT indicator for a digital secondary network path organized on the SMP in PTC systems with a region of 1,415 km long and with a portion of a path organized in a new digital PSP, a length of 930 km.

Table. 4.1 Find values \u200b\u200bA for the WCST:

A (SESRT) \u003d 0.002 Value L Crowing to values, multiple 500 km for Vols and multiple 250 km for

L1wall \u003d 1500 km L1RSp \u003d 1000 km The total length of the path is rounded to a value, a multiple of 500 km.

LVOLL + LSP \u003d 1415 + 930 \u003d 2345 km L1 \u003d 2500 km

Table. 4.3 Determine the values \u200b\u200bfrom:

Svole \u003d 0.024 SRSP \u003d 0.016 C \u003d 0.04

Determine long-term norms on the SEST indicator:

SESRD WOLS \u003d 0.001 x 0.024 \u003d 2.4 x 10-5 SESRD RSP \u003d 0.001 x 0,016 + 0.0005 \u003d 51.6 x 10-5 in the worst month of SesD \u003d 0.001 x 0.04 + 0.0005 \u003d 54 x 10 -5 in the worst month.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

Example 3. Let it be required to determine the norms of ESR and SESR indicators for the OCC channel passing through the SMP length L1 \u003d 830 km, and on two elements of the length L2 \u003d 190 km and L3 \u003d 450 km, organized by VOLS in all three sites.

Table. 4.1 Find values \u200b\u200bA:

A (ESRK) \u003d 0.08 A (SESRK) \u003d 0.002 L1 length is rounded to a value, a multiple of 250 km, L2 length - to a value, multiple 50 km, A L3 - to a value, multiple 100 km:

L11 \u003d 1000 km L12 \u003d 200 km L13 \u003d 500 km

Table. 4.3 Find the value with:

C1 \u003d 0,016 C21 \u003d 0.025 C22 \u003d 0.0625

Determine long-term rules for sites:

EsRD1 \u003d 0.08 x 0,016 \u003d 1.28 x 10-3 EsD2 \u003d 0.08 x 0.025 \u003d 2 x 10-3 EsD3 \u003d 0.08 x 0.0625 \u003d 5 x 10-3 SesRD1 \u003d 0.001 x 0.016 \u003d 1 6 x 10-5 SesRD2 \u003d 0.001 x 0.025 \u003d 2.5 x 10-5 SesD3 \u003d 0.001 x 0.0625 \u003d 6.25 x 10-5

For the entire channel, the norm is determined like this:

C \u003d 0,016 + 0.025 + 0.0625 \u003d 0.1035 EsD \u003d 0.08 x 0.1035 \u003d 8.28 x 10-3 SesD \u003d 0.001 x 0.1035 \u003d 10.35 x 10-5 4.1.12. If the channel or tract is international, then the long-term norms are defined on them in accordance with ITU-T Recommendations G.821 (for channel 64 kbps) and G.826 (for a digital tract with 2048 kbps and higher). To assess compliance with the standards of recommendations G.821 and G.826, part of the international channel or tract, respectively, passing through the territory of our country, one can take advantage of the above-mentioned norms. A part of the channel or tract, passing through the territory of our country to the international station (International Center for Switching), must meet these standards.

4.1.13. In some PTC systems developed before the introduction of these standards and available on the current primary network, channel error indicators and paths may not satisfy the above standards. Permissible deviations from the norms for individual CSP are given in Appendix 2.

4.2. Operational norms on error indicators

4.2.1. General provisions By definition of operational norms

1) Operational norms on error indicators of the BCC and CST errors are based on measurement of error characteristics in the second time intervals by two indicators:

error coefficient in seconds with errors (ESR), error factor in seconds affected by errors (SESR).

At the same time, for the BCC, the definition of ES and SES corresponds to clause 1.2, and for CST - p. 1.3.

Measurements of error indicators in the CST for assessing compliance with operational standards can be carried out both in the operational control process and when closing communications using special measuring instruments. Measurements of error indicators in the BCC to assess compliance with operational standards are carried out when the communication is closed.

The measurement method is shown in section 6.

2) OCC or CST is considered to be relevant operational standards, if each of the error indicators - ESR and SESR meets the requirements.

3) To estimate operational characteristics, the measurement results should be used only during periods of channel readiness or tract, the uniform intervals from consideration are excluded (see the definitions of the universities of paragraph 1.3).

4) The basis for determining the operational norms for the channel or the path is the total calculated standards for the complete connection (END-TO-END) on the error indicators for the international compound, the length of 27,500 km shown in Table. 4.1 In columns in for the corresponding error indicator and the corresponding digital channel or path.

5) The distribution of marginal settlement standards on error indicators for the site of the tract (channel) of the primary network of the Russian Federation is given in Table. 4.2, "Operational norms" column, where in the appropriate error indicator and the corresponding path (channel) from the data table. 4.1.

6) The share of the calculated operating norms of the error indicators of the path (channel) Len CM Long on the trunk and intra-zone primary networks of the Russian Federation to determine the operational norms is given in Table. 4.4. This proportion for the path (channel) of the SMP is indicated by D1 and for SPS - D2.

The length L of the path (channel) on the SMP at L 1000 km is rounded to the value of L1, multiple 250 km to the large side, with L 1000 km - a multiple of 500 km, on the SEF with L 200 km to the value, multiple 50 km, at l 200 km - multiple 100 km. At l 2500 km for the channel (tract), the SMP D1 is determined by the interpolating between the adjacent values \u200b\u200bof the table.

4.4 or by the formula:

L1 2500 D1 \u003d 0.05 + 0.006.

7) The procedure for determining the value D for a simple bcc or CST is as follows:

the length L channel (path) is round to the values \u200b\u200bspecified in clause 6), for the found value L1, we determine the table. 4.4 Value D1 or D2.

For composite OCC or CST, the calculation procedure is as follows:

the length Li of each of the transit sections is rounded to the values \u200b\u200bspecified in clause 6), for each site is determined by table. 4.4 Value DI, the obtained values \u200b\u200bof Di are summed:

i \u003d 1 The resulting total value D should not exceed for the SMP - 20%, for the IEST - 7.5%, and for the channel or path passing through the SMP and two SPPs - 35%.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

The share of operating norms on error indicators for the tract site (channel) L Leng to the main and intra -one primary networks of the Russian WCR to determine operational norms

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

8) If the channel or tract is international, then the operational norms are defined on them in accordance with the recommendation of ITU-T M.2100. To assess the compliance with the standards of the recommendation of the M.2100 of part of the international channel or tract passing through the territory of our country, it is possible to take advantage of the above-mentioned norms, but at the same time instead of the table. 4.4 We must use Table. 4.5, the data of which corresponds to the table. 2B / M.2100.

Table 4.5.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

4.2.2. Norms for commissioning digital tracts and BCC

1) The standards for entering paths and the BCC are used when the channels and paths formed by similar equipment of transmission systems are already available on the network and tests for the compliance of these paths with the requirements of long-term norms.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

2) When commissioning the linear path of the digital measurement transmission system should be carried out using a pseudo-random digital sequence with the closure. Measurements are carried out for 1 day or 7 days (see section 6).

3) When commissioning a network tract or an OCC, the check is carried out in 2 stages.

At step 1, measurements are carried out using a pseudo-random digital sequence for 15 minutes. If there is at least one ES or SES event, or unwitting is observed, the measurement is repeated up to 2 times. If ES or SES has been observed during and third attempts, then it is necessary to conduct localization of inoperability.

If step 1 passed successfully, the test is carried out for 1 day. These tests can be carried out using operational control devices, but it is possible and with the closure of communication using the pseudo-random digital sequence (see Section 6).

The calculated values \u200b\u200bof S1, S2 and BISO are given in Tables 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1 of Annex 1.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

These calculations were carried out for various paths and various values \u200b\u200bof D and the results are reduced to the application table 1. It is not difficult to make sure that the above calculated values \u200b\u200bcoincide with the data tab. 2.1 Appendices 1 for the share of the norm D \u003d 5%.

If, according to the results of the control, it will be necessary to carry out measurements for 7 days, then the BISO threshold value for this case is obtained by multiplying the non-disconnected value of Biso in 1 day to 7.

4) If more than one network tract or the BCC simultaneously entering the same high order path (high-order network tract or Linear TSP tract), and this tract is commissioned simultaneously with low-order paths, then only 1 tract of this order or the OCC is subject to test for 1 day, and the remaining paths are tested for 2 hours (see section 6).

The results of the calculation S1 and S2 for test periods of 2 hours are shown in Tables 1.2, 2.2, 3.2, 4.2, 5.2 of Annex 1.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

5) when entering several network paths that are part of one high-order path, which is in operation between two terminals, and in the presence of operational control devices in paths, these paths can be checked for 15 minutes each or may be All are connected in series along the loop and undergo checking simultaneously for 15 minutes.

At the same time, the evaluation criteria are used for one direction of transmission of one path.

For each of the test periods in 15 minutes there should be not a single ES or SES event or a period of non-counterparts. In the absence of operational error control devices, the check is carried out according to claim 4). (For details, see Section 6).

4.2.3. Norms for maintenance of digital network paths,

1) Maintenance standards are used in the control of paths during operation, including to determine the need to output the path from exploitation with a significant deterioration in error indicators.

2) Checking the path in the process of technical operation is carried out using operational control devices errors over the periods of time 15 minutes and 1 day.

3) Maintenance standards include:

the limit values \u200b\u200bof unacceptable quality - when going beyond these values, the tract should be derived from operation, limit values \u200b\u200bof reduced quality - when leaving the limits of these values, the control of this path and the analysis of the trends of the characteristics should be carried out more often.

4) For all indicated maintenance standards, threshold values \u200b\u200bfor ES and SES are installed in accordance with the technical requirements defined by the developers of a particular type of equipment of the transmission system and error indicator control devices taking into account the hierarchical level of this path and test objectives.

If these threshold values \u200b\u200bare not specified, they can be selected for the determination of the network path with reduced quality and to determine the need for output from operation at a 15-minute observation period at the level of the values \u200b\u200bgiven in Table. 4.7.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

4.2.4. The standards for restoring paths The limit values \u200b\u200bfor error indicators when the path in operation after repair is determined similar to the case of commissioning of the newly organized path (clause 4.2.2), but the coefficient K is selected equal to 0.125 for linear transmission systems and equal to 0, 5 for network paths and plots (see Table. 4.6). Periods of observation and verification procedure correspond to those shown in clause 4.2.2.

5. Norms on phase trembling indicators and phase drift

5.1. Network limit rules on the phase jitter at the path output The maximum value of the phase jitter on hierarchical joints in the digital network, which must be respected under all operating conditions and regardless of the number of equipment included in the tract in front of the joint under consideration should be no more values \u200b\u200bpresented in Table. 5.1. Measurements should be carried out according to the scheme of Fig. 5.1, the values \u200b\u200bof the frequency cuts of the filters are shown in Table. 5.1.

5.2. Network limit rules on the phase drift

The network limit norm on the phase drift on any hierarchical junction was not defined and should be designed later. However, the following limit values \u200b\u200bare defined for the joint node junctions.

The maximum error of the time interval (w.) at the joints of any network nodes for the observation period in s seconds should not exceed:

a) for s 104 - this area requires further study,

b) for s 104 - (102 · s + 10,000) ns.

Notes.

1. Movie is the maximum scope of changes in the delay of a given chimney signal, which is determined between two peak deviations with respect to the ideal chronic signal for a certain period of time S, i.e. Movy (S) \u003d max x (t) - min x (t) for all T within s (Fig. 5.2).

2. The general requirements arising from here are presented in Fig. 5.3.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

Notes.

1. For a channel with a speed of 64 kbps / s, the values \u200b\u200bare valid only for the coiled joint.

2. EI - a single interval.

3. B1 and B2 is a full range of phase trembling, measured at the output of strip filters with cut frequencies: the bottom F1 and the upper F4 and the lower F3 and the upper f4, respectively. Frequency characteristics of filters must have 20 dB residues / decade.

5.3. Limit rules on the phase trembling of digital equipment

a) Tolerance to the shaking and phase drift on digital inputs Any digital equipment of various hierarchical levels should without a significant deterioration in the operation of the equipment to withstand a digital pseudo-random test signal modulated by a sinusoidal drift and a phase shivery with an amplitude-frequency dependence, defined in Fig. 5.4, \u200b\u200band with the limitations shown in Table. 5.2.

b) Maximum output phase jitter in the absence of input phase trembling The maximum phase jitter created by individual types of equipment in the absence of phase trembling at its input should be determined by the requirements for specific types of equipment. In any case, these rules should not exceed the maximum permissible network standards.

c) Characteristics of the transmission of jitter and the phase drift characteristics of the phase trembling transmission determines the frequency dependence of the ratio of the amplitude of the output phase trembling to the amplitude of the input phase trembling for this transmission rate. The typical characteristic of the phase trembling transmission is shown in Fig. 5.5. The value of the levels x and y and frequencies F1, F5, F6, F7 are determined in the requirements for specific types of equipment. In any case, the norm on the reinforcement level (x) should not exceed 1 dB.

Notes.

1. The norm on the phase trembling transmission characteristic is given to accumulate statistical material and can be clarified in the future.

2. The norm on the transmission characteristic of the phase drift is subject to development.

5.4. Norms for phase trembling digital sites

Norms for phase trembling are subject to conditional reference digital sites, a length of 280 km on the main network and 50 km on the intrazone network. These norms were obtained under the assumption that only a few digital sites can be connected in series and the phase jitter from asynchronous equipment of the group formation can be taken into account. If these conditions are not respected in real paths, it may be necessary to introduce more stringent norms or / and the use of other funds of phase trembling to a minimum. Norms for this case are subject to development.

Limit standards for digital sites must be observed at all areas, regardless of the length and number of regenerators, as well as regardless of the type of transmitted signal / Table 5.2, the values \u200b\u200bof the parameters of tolerances on trembling and the phase drift at the tract input

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

Notes. 1. For the BCC is valid only for the coiled joint.

2. The values \u200b\u200bof A0 (18 μs) represents the relative phase deviation of the incoming signal with respect to its own chart signal obtained using the reference specifying generator. The absolute value of A0 is at the entrance of the node (i.e. at the equipment entrance) 21 μs under the assumption that the maximum drift of the transmission path between two nodes is 11 μs. The difference of 3 μs corresponds to 3 μs of admission to the long-term deviation of the phase of the national reference specifying generator (Recommendation G.811, 3 C) * - values \u200b\u200bare studied.

a) Lower limit of permissible input phase trembling.

It is necessary to follow the requirements shown in paragraph 5.3a (Fig. 5.4 and Table 5.2).

6) Characteristics of phase jitter transmission.

The maximum strengthening of the phase trembling transmission function should not exceed 1 dB.

Notes.

1. The lower frequency limit must be as low as possible, taking into account the limitations of the measuring equipment (the value of about 5 Hz is considered acceptable).

2. For linear sections at a rate of 2048 Kbps on the intrazone network, a greater value of the gain of phase trembling is allowed - in 3 dB (the limit value is subject to clarification).

c) output phase trembling in the absence of phase trembling at the entrance. The maximum full of phase trembling on the output of the digital section in the absence of phase trembling at the input for any possible signal state should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bshown in Table. 5.3.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

Fig. 5.2 Determination of the maximum error of the time interval Fig. 5.3 Dependence of the maximum permissible error of the time interval (Movy) at the output of the network node from the observation period

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

6.1.1. The measurement methods in the present section are distributed to the main digital channel (BCC), primary, secondary, tertiary and fourth digital network paths.

6.1.2. Measurement methods are given for two normalized parameters: error indicators and phase trembling in sections 6.2 and 6.3, respectively.

6.1.3. Measurements of digital channels and matters for compliance with norms are carried out differently depending on the maintenance function performed and can be divided into the following types: measurements for compliance with long-term norms; measurements when entering into operation; Measurements for maintenance.

6.1.4. Measurements for compliance with long-term standards are carried out at the receipt of channels and tracts formed in new transmission systems that have not previously used on the NSR NSR networks, such measurements are usually carried out simultaneously with certification tests of equipment, as well as during operational research organized as part of work on operational reliability network. These measurements are performed on a separate schedule of work by operating personnel, production laboratories with the involvement of specialists.

Measurements of this species are the longest and complete. Matching standards in error indicators should be estimated at least 1 month, the measurement method is shown in clause 6.2.1. In this form of measurements, as a rule, all normalized phase trembling characteristics are checked in order to develop recommendations for improving the work of paths.

6.1.5. Measuring methods for commissioning are carried out both for cases of commissioning of digital network paths and transmission channels in new transmission systems and commissioning of new paths and channels organized on existing superior (linear and network) paths.

6.1.6. Measurements when commissioning is carried out, as a rule, only in error indicators for shorter periods of time. The procedure and recommendations for their conduct are given in clause 6.2.2.

When commissioning digital channels and network paths, it is usually sufficient to measure error indicators. But with the aim of accumulating statistical data on the primary network in the 1st year from the date of the provision of the norms, the verification for compliance with the standards for trembling and the phase drift is mandatory for the specified type of test.

In some cases, when entering the ways to put into operation, it may be necessary to fulfill the norms on the error rate, conducting phase trembling research.

The purpose of measurements is to make sure proper work digital channel or network tract from the point of view of information transfer and carrying out maintenance actions.

It is assumed that the sections of the transit of the digital path (simple digital paths) are already inspected for performance during the configuration process.

6.1.7 Measurements When commissioning, not only the periods of direct measurements of the error indicators described below, but also periods of operation of equipment on the line, when on built-in control you can make sure that there are no violations associated with industrial activities (under industrial activities are meant All that can adversely affect the transmission system, from maintenance actions on other equipment to vibration caused by passing transport).

6.1.8. Tests in commissioning should be carried out according to a predetermined schedule in which it is also recommended to provide periods for solving problems arising during measurements without violation of the test schedule.

6.1.9. Maintenance Measurements can be carried out not only in error indicators, although these measurements are basic, damage localization begins with them.

These measurements are carried out in order to find a faulty part of the path, rack, block. Depending on the degree of coverage of the normalized parameters embedded in the equipment forming the tract, control without termination and on the type of malfunction (damage) requires more or less complex measurements by external measurement tools. Measuring time when eliminating sufficiently rough damage may be small, with more complex damage, long measurement cycles may be required. Recommendations for this type of measurements are given in clause 6.2.3.

6.1.10. Methods for measuring digital transmission channels and digital network paths are presented in this document based on ITU-T Recommendations, G.821, G.826, M.2100, M.2110, M.2120, Recommendations of the series on the technical characteristics of measuring instruments, as well as technical capabilities of domestic and foreign measuring equipment.

Requirements for measuring errors and phase trembling indicators are shown in section 6.4.

6.1.11. The recommended list of measuring instruments is given, in Appendix 3. There are tables with the characteristics of domestic and foreign means of measurements and explanations to them. It should be noted that by now only 2-3 foreign devices fully comply with the requirements for measuring digital paths for compliance with the standards recommended by ITU-T (this applies, first of all to the estimate of long-term norms).

The choice of devices should be implemented, based on the list of measuring instruments, their technical characteristics, assignments (type of measurement) and types of paths to be measured.

6.1.12. The methodology is taken into account the presence of funds for the built-in control without termination of communication, which are available in modern foreign and should be in the promising domestic equipment of digital groups.

6.2. Methods for measuring error indicators

6.2.1. Measurements for compliance with long-term standards (p. 4.1 norms) 6.2.1.1. Evaluation with discontinuation of communication Error indicators of digital channels and tracts to assess them for compliance with long-term standards It is recommended to measure with the termination of communication using specialized devices for measuring error indicators in which it is planned to obtain a standardized channel type or a measuring signal type in accordance with the recommendation of the IEC T O.150 and error flow analysis in accordance with ITU-T Recommendations G.821 (for OCC) and G.826 (for tracts at a speed of 2048 kbps and above).

Definitions of error indicators that meet these recommendations are shown in Section 1.

Measurement period for assessment for compliance with long-term standards should be at least 1 month, therefore, the measurement tools used for this purpose should be automated, with memorization and access to computer or registration of measurement results.

6.2.1.2. Evaluation without termination If the measured path is formed using modern equipment that has built-in controls without termination of communication, producing evaluations of error indicators on the real signal blocks and outstanding information about discovered anomalies and defects (see Appendix 4) to the technical operation system, where it is provided Their memorization and registration (with the fixation of the appearance time) and / or developing on their basis of error indicators, then the assessment of the path for compliance with long-term standards may be carried out without closing communication on the basis of this information for long periods of time (it is recommended to store this information in the technical operating system to 1 of the year).

If the built-in control does not estimate error indicators without stopping the communication in the required amount, it can be carried out by means of measurement that perform these functions.

However, it should be borne in mind that a method for evaluating error indicators without termination of communication is considered less accurate (due to the possible skipping of detectable events) and is preferable to measure with termination of communication.

6.2.2. Measurements for compliance with operational standards when entering channels and tracts in operation (clause 4.2.2 norms) 6.2.2.1 Digital channel error indicators and paths for assessing their compliance with commissioning standards are measured using specialized measuring instruments and / or built-in controls according to The procedure outlined in this section. To measure the termination of communication, error indicators must be used, in which it is necessary to obtain a standardized channel for this type of channel or the path of the measuring signal in the form of a pseudo-random sequence (PSP) in accordance with the ITU-T Recommendation and an analysis of the error stream in accordance with ITU Recommendations -T M.2100. For instrument requirements, see section 6.4.

If the measured path is formed using modern hardware that has built-in controls without termination of communication, producing evaluations of error indicators for a real signal in accordance with ITU-T Recommendation and issuing information about discovered anomalies and defects (see Appendix 4) to the system Technical exploitation, which provides memory, registration and development of error indicators, then checking the path when commissioning at certain stages of the procedure described below can be carried out without closing communication for the necessary periods of time.

6.2.2.2. The procedure for measurements and their duration is determined by the structure of the tract to be trial:

transit segment;

simple or composite tract;

primary tract or a higher order path;

the first of the paths formed in the highest order path, or the rest;

the presence of a system of built-in control, etc. (See below in more detail).

Based on the information about the tract (its length, the duration of the test), the RPO norms and the thresholds S1 and S2 must be determined (see the norms for commissioning, Section 4.2). The rules for evaluating error indicators based on measurement and control results without termination of communication are given in Appendix 4.

6.2.2.3. The measurement circuit should correspond to one of the figures shown in Fig. 6.1 (it is preferable to use diagrams A) and B).

6.2.2.4. The test procedure in this paragraph is generally set out the procedure for testing digital channels and paths when commissioning (see Fig. 6.1).

It consists of the following steps:

Step 1:

Initial tests should be carried out with a termination of communication over a 15-minute period of time using a measuring device that provides a signal to the input of a signal in the form of a PSP (preferably formed in the form of a cycle) and measure error indicators (for measurement requirements, see section 6.4) . Within a 15-minute period of time there should be no errors or cases of non-unpreparedness. If any of these events appears, this step should be repeated up to two times. If there will be any of these events during the third (and last) tests, malfunction should be conducted.

a) measurements in the direction

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

c) measurements using a cross connector

Designations:

OA - terminal equipment;

Si - measuring means;

CCS - Digital Cross Connector Fig. 6.1 Schemes for measuring digital tracts

Designations:

VK - built-in control without termination;

Si - measuring instruments with termination of communication;

R is the result of measurements;

S1 and S2 standards for commissioning for the corresponding rating duration (see Appendix 1);

Biso7 - value for the 7-day period;

ST1 - values \u200b\u200bof operating rules for the estimation period of 15 min.

Fig. 6.2 Procedure for testing digital paths when commissioning

Step 2:

After a well-performed first step, measurements are carried out during 24 hours (or another corresponding to this type of path) time period. These measurements in network paths can be carried out without termination, if there is built-in control in the path of education, ensuring evaluation of error indicators. If there is no such control, the measurement is carried out using the measuring instrument.

If at any time during these tests there will be a case of universal, fixed by the measuring instrument or means of built-in control, the reason should be found and new tests were performed. If a new case of non-unpreparedness occurs during repeated tests, the tests must be suspended until the cause of the occurrence of non-negotiation occurs.

Note. If the available technical means (measurements and controls) do not allow register cases of non-counterparticles, it is allowed that these requirements for non-counterparties are not taken into account.

After completing the required period of time, the measurement results are compared with the thresholds S1 and S2 standards per parameter for this channel or path and the duration of the measurement.

In this case, the following cases are possible:

if values \u200b\u200band ES, and SES are less or equal to the corresponding values \u200b\u200bS, the path (channel) is accepted and normal operation is entered;

if ES or SES values \u200b\u200b(or both) are greater than or equal to the corresponding S2 values, the path (channel) is braked and the malfunctionalization mode is entered in accordance with the procedures given in subsection 6.2.3;

if values \u200b\u200bor ES, or SES (or both) are larger than the corresponding values \u200b\u200bof S, but both are less than the corresponding S2 values, the tract (channel) may or be taken conditionally or subjected to re-testing the same duration if there is no built-in control, and if it is The tract is taken conditionally and tests continue up to 7 days, taking into account the first test period. At the end of repeated tests, the results are compared with the rules for this path (channel), i.e. With Biso values \u200b\u200bfor 7 days. The comparison procedure with the rules at the end of step 2 is illustrated in Fig. 6.3.

Note. If the measurements are carried out along the loop (circuit Fig. 6.2b), the values \u200b\u200bof S, and S2 must be considered for one direction of transmission. Under these conditions it is impossible to evaluate the deterioration separately in directions. If the measurements give a negative result, they are conducted separately in directions.

6.2.2.5. The order and duration of the tests when commissioning a single digital path (as a rule of the highest order corresponding to the order of the linear path in the operation of the digital transmission system), the tests should be carried out according to the procedure described in section 6.2.2.4, and the duration of measurements of step 2 should be 24 hours .

Fig. 6.3 Limit values \u200b\u200band conditions for commissioning

When commissioning more than one digital path at the same time, the procedure that should be used depends on whether the tract has a higher order in which the paths are formed to be testing, in operation for some time or it is also new. Procedures for first-order paths depend on whether there is or no built-in control without termination (VC).

In fig. 6.1 shows possible options indicating the recommended duration of the 2nd measurement step. These options are described below.

In each path of the highest order (at a speed above the primary) or transit section of such a path:

the first subordination path must be checked within 24 hours;

the remaining downstream paths of the same order are checked for one or two hours depending on whether they are simple paths or sections of the transit of the composite path. In the first case, it should be checked for two hours. If the downstream path must be connected to other sections of transit for the formation of a composite path, it should be checked for one hour and then the entire composite path between the two terminal stands of the tract for 24 hours;

the first primary digital path of each high-order path must be checked for 24 hours, there is or not VK;

the remaining digital paths must be checked for 15 minutes each. These downstream paths can be connected in series using loops and checked at the same time for 15 minutes. If this procedure is used, then for the 15 minute measurement sessions there should be not a single case of seconds with errors or non-notes.

The procedure described above also refers to the BCC, taking into account the fact that it is verified only by means of measurements without the use of fundamental controls.

6.2.3. Measurements for compliance with operational standards for maintenance of channels and tracts (p. 4.2.3 norms) 6.2.3.1. General provisions for the maintenance of digital channels and network measurement paths are carried out in the process of eliminating the causes of deteriorated quality, during their absence of measurement it is not recommended.

After implementing the ASTE (automated system of technical operating system), the main role in the damage detection process will be imposed on the continuous control subsystem using the built-in control tools (VC) without termination of communication, which should ensure the detection of anomalies and errors without termination, evaluation based on the information received indicators Errors, comparing them with installed thresholds, issuing signals of deteriorating and unacceptable quality and definition of a damaged maintenance object. The use of measuring instruments is not required.

In the stage preceding the complete implementation of the continuous control subsystem (the state of "pre-ISM" according to the terminology of ITU-T Recommendations M.2120), the issuance of standardized parameters from long term memory Quality indicators. In this situation, the only opportunity after detecting damage or disorders of the path (by consumer complaints or the means of controlling the lower path) is the control in the subsequent period using the measurement tools. Depending on the nature of the damage, measurements are carried out without termination or termination of communication.

6.2.3.2. Procedures for localization of damage in digital paths The effectiveness of the procedure for localization of damage largely depends on the type of information available in the path at each transmission rate in the bits (i.e.

information CRC, word cycle sync signal, etc.).

a) Localization of damage without continuous control. In the absence of a continuous control subsystem, the damage localization process should usually begin after the user's complaint.

In this situation, the only possibility is to control after the event.

This process cannot guarantee the identification of the source of the initial reason for the functioning violation, especially if it is intermittent.

The main guidance station responsible for the damaged path should:

determine the route of the tract;

split the path to the plots. If the connection is not fully interrupted, the instruments for measuring without closing communication (on violation of the code algorithm, cycle sync errors) in accordance with ITU-T Recommendations (see also section 6.4), must be placed in different available available available. Points along the path to determine which area is damaged. These measurements are carried out in protected control points or instruments with high-resistance input;

coordinate the measurement process so that the auxiliary guidance and transit station be started and completed measurements at the same time;

to reduce the results at one point: or to the main guidance station, or the item coming from the damage to, and by comparing to determine the damaged area;

ensure that there are no "white spots" in the tract for control. The "white stain" is part of the path existing between two controlled parts (for example, distribution racks, a cross-compound equipment, etc.), not covered by the control.

If several sites are damaged, the location of damage should usually focus on the worst area. Where there is an additional maintenance attempt, the total time of the output from operation can be reduced when using this additional attempt. However, it is necessary to control this process so that one technician (or group) does not disguise the problem over which the other works.

If the connection is completely interrupted or lacking devices for measurements without stopping communication, as well as for the BCC, the same described above the procedure for localizing damage should be applied, but with the feed to the input of the measuring signal in the form of a PSP (if possible, formed in the form of a cycle) using The corresponding meter error indicators (see section 6.4).

The placement of the points of administration of the measuring signal and the measurement must be selected from the point of view of damage localization efficiency. This includes the possibility of formation of loops.

b) Localization of damage in the presence of a continuous control subsystem The main runt of the tract is informed about problems with the help of fundamental controls, long-term analysis and / or by consumer complaints.

The main guidance station of the tract should:

take a corrective action;

confirm the unacceptable or degradiated path level by referring to long-term memory (data obtained during commissioning, etc.) on this path.

As soon as the procedure for localizing the damage to the digital transmission system has begun, the steering station of the corresponding maintenance object should provide additional information for the ASTE database from which the main runt of the network tract receives information, resulting in unnecessary actions.

If the procedure described above cannot be applied, the path route must be determined and the higher-level guidelines are surveyed to determine the root causes. This survey must be performed directly or using a database. Information for exchange should be in the form of quality information specified in the rules, and all events must have time and place of registration. The procedure should lead to localization of the problem by the management station of the maintenance facility, where the fault arose.

6.3. Phase trembling measurement methods

6.3.1. Measurement of the permissible value of input phase trembling (PP. 5.3A and 5.4A) 6.3.1.1. GENERAL PROVISIONS Verifying the performance of a digital channel or path with the maximum allowable input phase jitter is made by feeding the measuring signal to the input with the phase jitter input, the value and frequency of it are installed in accordance with the norms to the maximum allowable scope of the sinusoidal phase trembling at the input and measurement at the output of this Channel or path of error indicators in accordance with section 6.2 method.

In more detail, the measurement method of the permissible value of the phase jitter at the input of the digital channel, the path or the instrument is set below. The permissible value of the phase trembling is defined as the amplitude of the sinusoidal phase trembling, which, being submitted to the path input or hardware, causes a given deterioration in the error indicator. The permissible deviation of the phase jitter depends on the amplitude and frequency of the filed phase trembling. The amplitudes of the sinusoidal input phase jitter, allowed at a given frequency, are defined as all amplitudes to (but not including) of the amplitude that causes normalized worsening error indicators.

The normalized deterioration of the error indicator can be expressed in the form of two criteria: an increase in the bike errors (K0) and the moment of errors appear. Both criteria should be considered, since the admission to the input phase trembling of the measured object is determined mainly by two in the following factors: the ability to restore the chronic signal to restore the challenge signal from the information signal with the phase jitter and, possibly with other deterioration in quality (pulse distortion, transitional influence , noise, etc.); The ability to withstand dynamically changing the speed of the input digital information signal (for example, the ability to digital alignment and the buffer-buffer tank in the input and output from synchronism in the asynchronous digital instrument of group education).

The K0 increase criterion allows to determine (regardless of conditions) the effect of phase jitter on the solution scheme, which is very important for evaluating the first factor. The criterion for the appearance of errors is recommended to evaluate the second factor. Below are both methods.

6.3.1.2. METHOD ON THE CRITERIA OF REDINES OF K0, the K0 increase criterion for measurements of the permissible value of the phase jitter is defined as the amplitude of the phase jitter (at a given phase trembling frequency) doubling K0, which is due to a certain decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio.

The procedure of the method is divided into two stages. At the first stage, two K0 values \u200b\u200bare determined depending on the signal-to-noise ratio in the reference points of the object being measured. At zero phase jitter, noise is added to the signal or the signal is weakened until the desired initial K0 is obtained. Then the noise or attenuation of the signal decreases until the moment when K0 decreases by 2 times.

In the second stage, at a certain frequency, a phase jitter is introduced into the test signal until the initially selected value of K0 is obtained. The entered equivalent phase jitter is an accurate and reproducible measure of permissible phase trembling scheme of the solution. The second stage of the method is repeated for a sufficient amount of frequencies so that the measurement accurately show the constant tolerance of the sinusoidal input phase jitter for the test object in the frequency range used. The measuring device should provide a signal generation with a phase jitter control, obtaining a controlled signal-to-noise ratio in the information signal and the measurement of the resulting objective object.

In fig. 6.4 shows the measurement circuit used for the method according to the increase in K0 increase. The equipment indicated by dotted lines is used as desired. An additional frequency synthesizer provides a more accurate definition of frequencies used for measurement. An additional phase trembling receiver can be used to control the amplitude of the phase trembling produced.

Operating procedure:

a) Install the connection as shown in Fig. 6.4. Check the integrity and make sure that the measured object works without errors;

b) in the absence of phase jitter, increase the noise (or weaken the signal) until it gets at least 100 bits in a second;

c) register the corresponding K0 and signal / noise ratio;

d) increase the signal-to-noise ratio by a certain amount;

e) set the frequency of input phase trembling to the desired value;

e) regulate the amplitude of phase jitter until the initial value of K0, registered in c);

e) register the amplitude and frequency of the filed input phase trembling and repeat operations g) - d) with the number of frequencies sufficient to determine the characteristics of the permissible phase trembling.

Fig. 6.4 Measurement diagram of permissible phase trembling (method according to a criterion for an increase in Kosh) 6.3.1.3. Method using the error error criterion criterion for measuring the permissible phase trembling value is defined as the largest phase trembling amplitude at a given frequency, giving ultimately no more than two seconds with errors / summed in consecutive 30-second measuring intervals during which the phase amplitude trembling increased.

The considered method consists in adjusting the frequency of phase trembling and in determining the amplitude of the phase trembling of the test signal, ensuring compliance with the criterion for the appearance of errors.

This method includes the following operations:

1) the exclusion of the "transition region" of the amplitude of the phase trembling (in which the unmistakable work is stopped);

2) measurement of individual seconds with errors for 30 seconds for each increase in phase trembling amplitude, starting from the area specified in paragraph 1);

3) Determining the greatest amplitude of the phase jitter, at which the total number of seconds with errors does not exceed two.

The process is repeated for the number of frequencies sufficient so that the measurement is accurately reflected for the sinusoidal inlet phase jitter for the test object in the required frequency range. The measuring device must produce a signal with controlled phase jitter and measure the number of seconds with errors caused by phase jitter in the input signal.

In fig. 6.5 A measuring device used for the method according to the error appearance criterion is presented. An additional frequency synthesizer provides a more accurate definition of frequencies used for measurement. Additional phase trembling receiver is used to control the amplitude of the generated phase jitter.

Operating procedure:

a) Set the connections as shown in Fig. 6.5. Check the integrity and make sure that the measured object works without errors;

b) set the frequency of input phase trembling to the desired value and adjust the amplitude of the phase trembling to 0 unit intervals of full scope;

c) increase the amplitude of phase trembling using coarse adjustment to determine the amplitude area in which unmistakable work is stopped. Reduce phase trembling amplitude to the level in which this area begins;

d) register the number of seconds with errors marked for a 30-second measuring interval. It should be borne in mind that the initial dimension should show the absence of seconds with errors;

e) increase the amplitude of phase jitter using a smooth adjustment, repeating the operation d) to the satisfaction of the criterion for the appearance of errors;

e) Register the amplitude displayed by the measuring device and repeat the operation b) - d) with the number of frequencies sufficient to determine the characteristics of the permissible phase trembling.

Fig. 6.5 Scheme of measurement of permissible phase jitter (method according to the criterion of errors) 6.3.1.4. Compliance of the permissible value of the phase trembling pattern (norms) The permissible value of the phase jitter for the channel, the path or hardware is determined using the tolerance templates to the phase jitter. Each template indicates an area in which the equipment should work without reducing the normalized error indicator. The difference between the template and the effective characteristic of the equipment tolerance shows the margin by phase jitter. Verifying the template is carried out by setting the frequency and amplitude of the phase jitter to the value of the template and by controlling the lack of a normalized reduction in the error indicator.

Measurement is performed with the number of template points sufficient to make sure the standards in the entire frequency range of the template.

The method of clause 6.3.1.2 or 6.3.1.3 may be applied and the diagram of Fig. 6.4 or 6.5.

Operating procedure:

a) Install connections in the equipment according to the fig. 6.4 or 6.5 (depending on the specific case). Check the integrity and make sure that the measured object works without errors;

b) set the amplitude and frequency of phase trembling according to one of the patterns of the template;

c) When using the method by criterion for the appearance of errors, confirm the absence of seconds with errors. When using the method by the criterion of deterioration to "confirm that the normalized reduction in the error indicator is not achieved;

d) Repeat the operations specified in clauses b) and c), according to a sufficient number of template points to make sure the template for admission to the phase jitter.

6.3.2. Measurement of the output phase jitter (PP. 5.1, 5.3b and 5.4V norms)

The measurement of the output phase trembling is divided into two categories:

1) output phase jitter on typical joints of channels and network paths;

2) Own phase jitter generated by specific digital equipment.

The results of measurement of the output phase trembling can be expressed as effective amplitudes of complete scope in certain frequency ranges and may require statistical processing.

Measurements of the output phase jitter are performed using either a signal of a real load or controlled test sequences.

6.3.2.1. The real load of measurement of the output phase trembling on typical channels of channels and tracts is usually carried out using a real load signals. Acceptance tests in which controlled test sequences are used are considered in clause 6.3.2.2. The present method is to demodulate the phase trembling of the real load at the outlet of the network joint, in selective filtration of phase jitter and in measuring the true effective value or true sinusoidal value of the amplitude of phase trembling at a certain time interval.

In fig. 6.6 A device used to measure a real load signal. An additional spectrum analyzer provides observation of the frequency spectrum of the output phase trembling.

Operating procedure:

a) Set the connections according to the diagram. 6.6. Check the integrity and make sure that the measured object works without errors;

6.3.2.2. Controlled test sequences Measurement of own phase trembling of individual digital equipment requires the use of controlled test sequences. These sequences are commonly used in laboratory and factory conditions and when displaying a measured object from operation. The main method described below provides detailed information on the procedure for performing these measurements.

If more complete information is required about the power of the output phase trembling (more precisely, the phase trembling produced in digital regenerators), phase trembling can be divided into random and systematic components. The distinction of random and systematic phase trembling is mainly necessary in order to ensure comparison of the measurement results with theoretical calculations and to clarify the projected regenerator scheme. This uses methods not considered in this document.

The main method of measuring its own phase trembling is identical to the metol described in clause 6.3.2.1, with the only difference that the controlled test sequence without phase trembling is applied to the test equipment. An additional frequency synthesizer shown in Fig. 6.6, serves to more accurately determine the frequencies used in the measurement.

Operating procedure:

a) Set the connections according to the diagram. 6.6 Using the digital signal generator for feeding the test equipment of a controlled test sequence without phase trembling. Check the integrity and make sure that the measured object works without errors;

b) Select the desired phase trembling measurement filter and measure the output phase jitter in this frequency band, registering the true value of the amplitude of the full scope arising during the specified time interval;

c) repeat the operation of paragraph b) for all the necessary phase jitter measurement filters.

6.3.3. Measurement of the transfer characteristics of the phase jitter (p.5.3b norm) methods of measurement methods of the transfer characteristics of the phase jitter (PP. 5.3B and

5.4B norms) are subject to development.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

6.4.1. General requirements 6.4.1.1. Power requirements Food appliances should be carried out from the network alternating current The frequency (50 ± 2.5) Hz and voltage 220 (+22; -33) in with a harmonic content of up to 10%.

6.4.1.2. Operating conditions for climatic and mechanical stability, devices must comply with the requirements of the 3rd group GOST 22261.

6.4.2. Requirements for the entrance (output) Measurement tools 6.4.2.1. Entrance I. output resistance And attenuation of inconsistency of devices intended for measuring the parameters of digital channels and tracts with the termination of communication and connected to standardized joints of these channels and paths must correspond to the values \u200b\u200bspecified in Table. 6.1.

The attenuation of the asymmetry of the entry of instruments intended for measuring the BCC and the primary digital path must be at least 30 dB in the same frequency ranges.

6.4.2.2. Input resistance and attenuation of inconsistency of instruments designed to measure the parameters of digital channels and tracts without stopping the coupling and connected to channels 8 paths in protected measuring points (having unleashing devices) must also correspond to the values \u200b\u200bspecified in Table. 6.1. At the same time, an additional enhancement of the input signal should be ensured in the devices to compensate for the attenuation of the unleashing devices at measuring points (up to 30 dB).

Fig. 6.6 Scheme of measurement of the output phase jitter (main method) for objects to be measured, where there are no protected measuring points, high-altered input resistance should be provided in the instruments.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

6.4.2.3. Inlet and output devices should provide operations in the form of pulses, normalized (amplitude and form of pulses, codes, etc.) for the corresponding joints.

6.4.2.4. The devices must be properly operated (both in the termination mode and in mode without termination), if they are connected to the junction output using a cable cut with an injected attenuation of 6 dB at a frequency corresponding to half the transmission rate of the measured path. The injection of the cable at other frequencies is proportional to f.

6.4.3. Requirements for test signals 6.4.3.1. For measurements with termination of communication, the instruments must generate measuring signals in the form of pseudo-random pulse sequences, most fully imitating real signals and at the same time known in advance. The latter is necessary to measure error indicators.

The length of the pseudo-random sequences (PSP) must be equal to (2N - 1) the bit, where n depends on the transmission rate of the measured path (see Table 6.2). In addition to the group n serial zeros (for the so-called inverted signal) and n - 1 consecutive units, such sequences contain any possible combinations of zeros and units within the length of the group depending on N.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

The following PSPs should be provided in the devices:

a) 2047-bit pseudo-random test sequence (intended for measurement of errors and phase trembling at 64 Kbps and 64 x N of Kbps).

This sequence can be produced in the 11-link shift register, the outputs of the 9th and 11th level of which are summed by module 2 in the summation link, and the result is fed to the first link input.

The number of shift register links 11 The length of the pseudo-random sequence 211 - 1 \u003d 2047 bits is the longest sequence of zeroshe 10 (non-converted signal).

Note. When performing measurements at the rate of transmission N x 64 kbps, the serial 8-bit blocks of the test sequence should be transmitted in consecutive time intervals. The beginning of the pseudo-random sequence is not required to correlate with a cycle transmission rate.

b) 32767-bit pseudo-random test sequence (intended for measuring errors and phase trembling at the transfer rates of 2048 and 8448 kbps).

This sequence can be produced in the 15-link shift register, the outputs of the 14th and 15th level of which are summed up by module 2 in the summation link, and the result is applied back to the first link input.

The number of lift register links 15 215 - 1 \u003d 32767 Bit length of the pseudo-random sequence is the longest sequence of zerosh 15 (inverted signal).

c) 8388607-bit pseudo-random test sequence (intended for measuring errors and phase jitter at 34368 and 139264 kbps transmission speeds).

This sequence can be produced in the 23-link shift register, the outputs of the 18th and 23rd level of which are summed up by module 2 in the summation link, and the result is fed back to the first link input.

6.4.3.2. Additionally, for measuring phase trembling should be provided:

a) two freely programmable 8-bit sequences that can alternate at low speed;

b) Free programmable 16-bit sequence.

6.4.3.3. To measure digital paths containing group formation equipment, using a measuring signal so that they work correctly during the measurement process, it is required to feed the specific sequences of the bit. The measuring signal must contain at least the correct cycled synchronization.

The possibility of insertion of additional service information to the measuring signal should be provided.

There should be two cases of measuring signal formation:

(a) In the general case, measurements must be performed through the digital grouping equipment and requires a correctly formed test signal. This signal should contain the corresponding word cycle sync signal, bits of stuffing (alignment) and the entire required path heading to ensure proper operation of the terminal equipment. Thus, the test signal must be formed as it would appear at the output of a properly running digital multiplexer. Such a structure is shown in the following example.

One Cycle Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 FAS TS1, TS2, CJ1 TS1, TS2, CJ2 TS1, TS2, CJ3 TS1, TS2, TS3, TS4 TS3, TS4 TS3, TS4 TS4 TS4, TS4 Where FAS \u003d Cycle Syncnign Plus Emergency Bits alarm;

TSM \u003d alternating bits of the test sequence of component signals from 1 to 4;

CJN \u003d alignment control bits.

Note. Detailed information on the rules for the formation of measuring signals in the form of cycles, depending on the structure of the group formation, is given in Appendix 3. Test sequence bits are numbered there. This does not mean that these bits must belong to the same sequence. Depending on the application, it may be preferable to provide independent test sequences in groups representing the component signals of lower order.

b) in the second case, it is necessary to test the operation of only the input part of the path (the instruments of the group formation). Examples of such tests are measuring the permissible input phase trembling, checking the cycle sync signal, the indication of the alarm state, etc. For this type of measurement, it is not required that the test signal contains the correct stuffing information, and is not necessary to generate the input digital signal of the highest order so that the meaningful digital signals appear on the outputs of the component paths. Such a signal is formed as shown below.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

where FAS \u003d cycle sync signal plus alarm bits;

TS from 1 to y \u003d bits of the test sequence that can belong to only one sequence.

6.4.3.4. The rules for the formation of the measuring signal in the form of digital signal cycles must comply with (see Appendix 3).

6.4.4. Requirements for the transmitting part of measuring instruments 6.4.4.1. Synchronization requirements

The transmitting part is the measuring signal generator (hereinafter - GIS) should work:

from its own clock generator at the frequency F of a measured digital signal with an error of no more than ± 1.5 · 10-5 · F kHz with a shift capability by ± 1.5 · 10-5 · f ± 1 · 10-4 · f;

from an external clock signal with frequency error of no more than ± 50 · 10-6 · f and amplitude of 50 mV - 1 V;

from a synchronizing signal (tact + octet) isolated from received signal (when measuring the main digital channel).

If the device is provided for measuring the main digital channel (BCC), two options for work should be provided in the HIS interim control mode in GIS:

I - as a consumer (in the direction of the 64/2048 Kbps conversion equipment), synchronization - from the synchronizing signal of the counter-directional joint (tact + octet);

II - as a conversion equipment (in the direction of 64 kbps line), synchronization - from its own and from an external clock generator; Feed a synchronizing signal (tact + octet) in line 64 kbps.

6.4.4.2. For GIS, intended for measuring error indicators, the possibility of administration to the measuring signal of calibrated errors within the error rate from 10-8 to 10-3, as well as errors in cyclose sync signal from 10-6 to 10-2 should also be introduced single Operator's command errors, as well as (preferably) error packages.

6.4.4.3. For GIS, intended for measuring the permissible value and the transfer characteristics of the phase jitter, the possibility of administration to the phase trembling signal to the measuring signal in accordance with the requirements of ITU-T O.171 on the amplitude of the generated phase trembling should be provided.

Own phase jitter in the output signal of GIS should be no more than 0.01 EI (single intervals).

The modulation source may be external or included in the instrument.

6.4.5. Requirements for meters of error indicators 6.4.5.1. The error meter (hereinafter - IO) should work with the internal loader sequencer from the received signal, as well as from an external clock signal with frequency error up to 100 · 10-5 · f. In the control of an anti-airflowing joint, the operation should be carried out from a synchronizing signal (tact + octet) for an I type of inclusion of the device (see clause 6.4.3.1). In the II version, a synchronizing signal (tact + octet) should be provided.

6.4.5.2. IO, designed to measure errors with the termination of communication, should allocate errors by the method of inevitable comparison in test sequences by P.P. 6.4.3.1 and 6.4.3.2 In digital channels and paths, as well as (if the device is intended for this) in "n" channel intervals selected by the operator from the channel intervals 01 - 31 of the primary digital stream.

6.4.5.3. IO, designed to measure error indicators without termination of communication or terminating the communication on the test signal formed in the form of a cycle (see clause 6.4.3.3) should also determine errors in the highlighted digital signal with a cyclical sync signal and, if it is intended for measuring PCT , in the word CRC-4 (in accordance with ITU-T Recommendation G.704).

6.4.5.4. IO should provide:

measurement of error factor;

account number of errors;

definition for the set period for measuring error indicators in accordance with ITU-T Recommendation M.2100 (see Appendix 4);

definition for the set period for measuring error indicators in accordance with ITU-T Recommendation G.826 (see Appendix 4). When analyzing errors on blocks, the values \u200b\u200bof block values \u200b\u200bfor various paths must comply with the recommendations of O.150.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

Note. The value of the block value is based on the multiplicity of 125 μs. The actual value of the block / length of the block may differ from the nominal value given in the table, by ± 5%.

It is also desirable to ensure the account of the number of slippage (octetic and bit).

The listed error indicators should be calculated within the readiness time (see Appendix 4), and should also be fixed.

6.4.5.5. The measurement range of errors must be in accordance with ITU-T Recommendations, at least 10-3 to 10-8 for the transmission rates of 2048 kbps and above and from 10-2 to 10- 7 for speed 64 kbps.

6.4.5.6. The measurement period of error indicators should be installed within no less than 1 min to 1 month. Startster operation should also be provided.

6.4.5.7. In accordance with its purpose (with the termination or without discontinuation, the type of path) should be provided for indication of defects and anomalies according to ITU-T Recommendation M.2100 (see Appendix 4) and accounting them when processing measurement results for error performance For measurement session.

6.4.6. Requirements to the phase trembling meter 6.4.6.1. Requirements for the phase trembling meter along the measurement and measurement accuracy, filter characteristics, the maximum measured value of the phase tremor, depending on the frequency and the digital signal transmission rate, the bandwidth of the phase trembling measurement circuit and filters must comply with the ITU-T Recommendation.

6.4.6.2. The reference challenge for the phase detector can be obtained using a clock frequency separator from the received signal (see clause 6.4.5.1) or from the internal clock generator of the transmitting part of the instrument.

6.4.6.3. The total measurement error at a phase trembling frequency of 1 kHz (with the exception of the error due to the frequency response) should be less than ± 5% of the testimony of ± x ± y, where X is a systematic error depending on the type of test signal, A y is an error, the value of which Equally 0.01 from the value of the complete sweep in EI (0.002 on the standard value) and which appears if the internal clock frequency is selected (See x Recommendation on.171).

6.4.6.4. An additional error in measuring phase trembling from frequency must be complied with Recommendation O.171.

Literature to section 6

3. Recommendation ITU-T G.751. The instrument of digital grouping, operating at third-time transmission rate of 34368 Kbps and at the fourth-time rate of 139264 kbps and using a positive digital alignment.

Issue III.4, Blue Book, 1988.

Fixed in 1995

9. GOST 26886-86. Joints of digital transmission channels and group tracts of the primary network of the EAS. Main settings.

10. GOST 27763-88. The structure of the cycles of digital group signals of the primary network Unified automated network Communication. Requirements and norms.

11. GOST 5237-83. Telecommunication equipment. Power supply and measurement methods.

12. GOST 22261-82. Means of measurements of electrical and magnetic values. General specifications.

ATTACHMENT 1

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

For ICM-480P, PCM-480S, ICM-480, PCM-480S, ICM-480, are set on the level of requirements for systems applied to the IEST.

At the same time, the calculation of the norms in the case of using the system on the SMP should be carried out with the following amendments:

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

To determine the operational norms in accordance with P.

4.2.7 of these norms The calculation of the value D for a simple path or each section of the composite path is carried out with regard to MOS coefficient:

D \u003d dt x MOP, where DT is a table value for a path of a certain length found in the table. 4.4, MOP is a coefficient that takes into account the degree of attenuation of the operational norm for the old TSP, while using it on the SMP, this coefficient is proposed to be set equal to MD \u003d 6.3, when applied to the PRES \u003d 1.

Appendix 3.

In tab. 1 P3, 2.1 P3 and 2.2 P3 are given domestic and foreign appliances, respectively, currently manufactured and intended for measuring ICC and digital network paths. The tables indicate the possibilities of measuring instruments, their dimensions and the price.

The table shows that long-term norms based on ITU-T Recommendation G.826, only the most modern devices of foreign firms are measured, usually intended for a synchronous digital hierarchy (the latter is not reflected in the table).

Very few devices give out results in accordance with the criteria of the ITU-T Rec. M.2100 (see Appendix 4), although the registration of the corresponding anomalies and defects is usually carried out, but they are not always taken into account with the ES and SES account. Most applied instruments analyzes results in accordance with Annex D Recommendations ITU-T G.821, i.e. 64 kbps transferred to the transfer rate. In Recommendation M.2100, the use of such devices is allowed, the resulting error is usually not very significant, especially with sufficiently long dimensions.

It should also be noted that from domestic devices none completely satisfies the necessary requirements. ICO-C and ICFD devices (after the modernization - ICFD-M, placed in one package instead of three) can still be used to assess the paths for compliance with the standards, since They allow you to measure error indicators in accordance with Annex D Recommendations ITU-T G.821.

The table shows data having some distribution on ICO-1 and PPRT-4 (34) devices (34) communications networks, which allow measurement of errors only and are intended to configure digital transmission and repair systems for regenerators and other blocks. The normalized parameters of error indicators with their help cannot be evaluated, so these devices can be used only temporarily for indicative assessment of the quality of paths before purchasing the necessary equipment.

Tables 2.1 P3 and 2.2 P3 included devices leading in this area of \u200b\u200bforeign companies: Hewlett-Packard (HP), Siemens, Wandel & Goltermann (W & G), Schlumberger (Schlum), Marconi. The most typical of the currently produced devices is selected, but the nomenclature of the instruments of this group in most firms are much wider, the above instruments are produced in various configurations, which should be taken into account when purchasing.

The choice of devices should be carried out on the basis of the possibilities given in the list; technical characteristics set forth in instrumentation documentation; Purpose (type of measurements in which the device is intended to be used) and types of paths to be measured.

Table 1 P3 Domestic measuring instruments for digital channels and tracts

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

Appendix 4.

The parameters used to evaluate

Compliance with operational standards

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

1) Anomaly

The states of the anomaly without termination of communication are used to determine the path errors indicators when the path is not in a state of defect. The following two categories of anomalies belonging to the incoming signal are defined:

a1 - cycle sync signal with errors;

a2 - Block with errors (EB), detected using the built-in control methods (cyclic control of redundancy, parity check) - not applicable for Type 2 and 3 paths (see below).

2) Defects

The state of the defect without termination of communication is used to detect the change in the state of quality indicators that can occur in the tract. The following three categories of defects belonging to the incoming signal are defined:

d1 - the disappearance of the signal;

d2 - Alarm signal indication signal Sias D3 - disappearance of cycle synchronization (LOF).

Criteria for the emergence of the state of defects must correspond to a specific equipment. For the equipment of various levels of the hierarchy of the definition of criteria for the state of defects LOS and AIS are given in Recommendation ITU-T G.775, and the LOF defect is also in the recommendations of the series from G.730 to G.750.

3) Formation of error indicators depending on the type of path in Table. 1 P4 provides rules for which the values \u200b\u200bof error indicators must be formed, based on registered anomalies and defects, for the types of paths available on the BCR.

Depending on the type of control tools without discontinuation (VC), which in the formation of the path of the path, it may be impossible to obtain the entire set of parameters of qualitative indicators.

For BCR, three types of paths can be defined:

Type 1: The tract with a cyclic and block structure is provided with a definition of the entire set of defects from D1 to D3 and anomalies A1 and A2. Examples of this type of path are: primary and secondary paths with CRC (from 4 to 6) in accordance with ITU-T Recommendation G.704; Ferry tracts with a bit of parity check for each cycle in accordance with ITU-T Recommendation G.755.

Type 2: Tops with a cyclic structure is provided with a definition using the tools of the entire totality of defects from D1 to D3 and anomalies A1. Examples of this type of path are typical network paths from primary to the four-year-old in accordance with GOST 27763-88.

Type 3: No cycle paths are defined using the BC restrictions of defects D1 and D2, which do not include checking any error. There is no control of cyclical sync signal (FAS).

An example of this type of path may be a digital channel provided to the consumer formed in several higher-order paths connected in series.

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

Notes:

1) If during the interval of one block occurs more than one anomaly A1 or A2, one anomaly should be counted.

2) the values \u200b\u200bof "x" for the paths of different order are listed in Table. Norm.

3) ESR and SESR estimates must be identical, since the SES event is part of the set of ES events.

a) Error indicators normed for a digital connection with a transfer rate of 64 kbps / s second with errors (ES) a single-acean period with one or more errors.

A single-acean time-affected second period, an average bike error rate in which 10-3.

SES is part of the ES conjunction.

Note: Both ES and SES are recorded during the readiness time (see paragraph 1 of these standards).

6) Error indicators normed for digital systems with transmission speeds above 64 kbps (Appendix D Recommendations G.821, canceled in connection with the adoption of the recommendation G.826) second with errors (ES) the number of seconds with errors is driven by 64 kbps /from. The percentage of seconds with errors is determined by the formula:

1 i \u003d j n 100% j i \u003d 1 n where n is the number of errors in the i-that second at the measurement speed;

N - measurement speed divided by 64 kbps;

j - a whole number of single-ace intervals (excluding the time of unpretentiousness) throughout the measurement time;

attitude (N / N), for the i-that second is:

n / N, if 0 n n, or 1, if n n.

The second error (SES) is affected by errors, except for single-ace intervals with an average error rate of 10-3 bits, single-acean intervals in which the loss of cycle synchronization is registered.

a) error indicators (ES / SES) parameters when evaluating without termination

1) Anomalies:

FAS with errors - binary errors in any bit / word cyclical sync signal for a 1-second interval;

E-bits - CRC-4 block indication bits with reverse direction errors;

managed slippages.

2) Defects:

Lof - loss of cyclic synchronization;

LOS - the disappearance of the signal;

bit errors in cyclical sync signal. If the equipment can detect binary errors in the word FAS, then SES can be detected when using a specified value. If the equipment can only determine the violation of the word FAS, then the same number of violated words FAS leads to SES;

A-bits - an emergency status indication (AIS);

RDI bits of defect indication at the far end.

3) the formation of error indicators on the basis of information on anomalies and defects without termination of communication, depending on the type of path.

The values \u200b\u200bof error indicators are generated based on the analysis of fixed anomalies and defects for the 1-second interval. In the case of anomaly, as a rule, ES is recorded, in the case of an ES and SES defect. The evaluation criteria for ES and SES depend on the type of path and the equipment of its formation (i.e., the use of bits 1-8 for control purposes).

In tab. 2 P4 shows criteria for evaluation without termination for various paths used for WCS.

b) Error indicators (ES / SES) parameters (measurements) When estimating (measurements) with termination of communication, the ES and SES parameters are assessed by anomalies and defects with termination of communication obtained from the measurement tools for the corresponding integration period.

1) Anomaly anomaly anomaly - error in a single interval (bit).

When using a measuring signal formed in the form of a cycle, it is possible to evaluate some "anomalies without termination of communication" (see paragraph 3a).

2) Defects

Loss of sequence synchronization arising in the case of:

package of intensive errors of a large duration, AIS of a large duration, unmanaged bit slipping, signal disappearance.

When using a measuring signal formed in the form of a cycle, it is possible to evaluate some "defects without termination" (see paragraph 3a).

3) Formation of error indicators in measurement tools. Since there is usually a bitwise resolution in the measurement tools, the main evaluation criterion for ES and SES parameters should be:

ES - 1-second period with errors 1 bit;

SES - 1-second period with average Ber (kobit) 10-3.

Note: and ES, and SES are registered during the readiness time.

Table 2 p4

- & nbsp- & nbsp-

Note. The number of RDI bits per second as a defect criterion in ITU-T is studied.

In addition, if the measurement means uses a measuring signal in the form of a PSP, which is inserted into the standardized path signal, you can also use additional ES / SES criteria in accordance with the information without stopping the bond on anomalies and defects in accordance with clause 4.1.3. However, if a measuring signal is used in measurement tools that is not formed in the form of a cycle, i.e.

it is not inserted into the standardized path signal, then the only one for more information On anomalies and defects that can be taken into account is:

anomalies - interface code violations (in accordance with the recommendation of G.703);

defects - AIS, LOS.

In particular, it is believed that the 1-second period of 1 LOS refers to SES (and ES).

Note: It is believed that AIS can actually cause BER for 0.5 of its duration. If AIS has sufficient duration to trigger BER 10-3 in any 1-second period, it can be considered an event when evaluating SES parameters (+ ES). However, the signal with all the bits, in addition to the cycle sync signal, in state 1, should not be mistaken for AIS.

1. Terms and definitions

2. General provisions

3. General characteristics of digital channels and tracts

4. Norms on indicators of digital channel error and network paths

User Guide Product "Automatic Interface Between ..." Responsible Actuary: Philippov VB Date of compilation: April 28, 2015 LLC "SK Raiffeisen Life" Actual conclusion According to the results of compulsory actuarial estimation of the activity ... "A unbiased view of the course of social reform, to revealing his contradictions demonstrates the cardinal increase in the value of ..." Cascade Mountains (US , Washington) reported on his observation of 9 flying disks. Related by reporters Woke ... "August 2014 Energise in front of you the eighth issue of a quarterly news review of Gazprom Marketing and Trading in this ..." "Ural state University them. A.M. Gorky "IONC" Tolerance, human rights and conflict prevention, social integration of people with limited ... "On the personal composition of the leading bodies of Lombard on the basis of Article 24 Federal Law from 19 Jul ... »Society Fissorevisbank Code of the Issuer's credit organization: 2989-in 1 quarter 2013 ..."

"Stanislav Grof Space game. I am trying to summarize the philosophical and spiritual experience of my forty-year-old personal and professional path, including the study of the unknown borders of the human psyche, to summarize the author in this book. It was a difficult and hard side, sometimes very ... "

"A statementary educational institution of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra" Nyaganskaya boarding school for students with disabilities "is considered: agreed: I approve: at a meeting of MO _ Deputy Director for MR, UR Director COU" Nyaganskaya School-boarding school Dol ... "

"Appendix 9.2 Technology. UMC "School of Russia" educational and methodical literature: Rogztseva N. I., Anisatkov S. V. Technology. Working programs. 1-4 classes. Rogtseva N. I., Bogdanova N. V., Freitag I. P. Technology. Textbook. 1 class. Rogtseva N. I., Bogdanova N. V., Dobromyslova N. V. Technology. Training ... "

2017 www.Syt - "Free Electronic Library - Different Matriards"

The materials of this site are posted for familiarization, all rights belong to their authors.
If you disagree with the fact that your material is posted on this site, please email us, we remove it within 1-2 business days.

Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation

Norma
on electrical parameters
digital channels and tracts
Main and intrazonov
Primary networks

Norms developed by TsNIS with the participation of operational enterprises of the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation.

General editing: Moskvitin V.D.

Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation

ORDER

10.08.96

moscow

№ 92

On approval of norms on electrical parameters
main digital channels and trunk paths
and intrazon networks of the Russian WCS

Order:

1. To approve, and introduce and put into effect from October 1, 1996 "Norms on the electrical parameters of the main digital channels and paths of the main intrazone primary networks of the WCC of Russia" (hereinafter referred to as norms).

2. Organization leaders:

2.1. Be guided by the standards when commissioning and maintaining digital channels and pathways of the main and intra -one primary networks of the Russian Federation of Russia;

2.2. Prepare and send to the Central Research Institute of Communication Results of control measurements for existing digital PlesiOhron transmission systems over the course of the year from the moment of entering the rules.

3. Central Research Institute of Communication (Varakin):

3.1. Upon period until November 1, 1996, it was developed and sent to organizations for the registration of the results of the control dimensions.

3.2. Provide coordination of work and refine the norms in 1997 based on the measurement results of this order.

3.3. Develop in 1996 - 1997 norms on:

slippage and distribution time in digital channels and paths of a PlesiOhron digital hierarchy;

electrical parameters of digital paths of a synchronous digital hierarchy at a transmission rate of 155 Mbps and above;

the electrical parameters of digital channels and paths organized in analog cable and radio relay transmission systems using modems, digital channels and tracts of the local primary network, satellite digital channels with transmission rates below 64 Kbps (32, 16 kbps, etc.);

reliability indicators of digital channels and tracts.

3.4. To develop in 1996 a comprehensive program for working on the normalization and measurement of channels and paths of the promising digital network of OP.

4 . NTUOT (Mishkov) to provide funding for the work specified in this order

5. The General Directorate of State Supervision for Communications in the Russian Federation under the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation (Loginov) to ensure control over the implementation of the norms approved by this order.

7. Associations "Resonance" (Pankov) (in coordination) to replicate the rules on the electrical parameters of the main digital channels and paths of the main and intra -one primary NCI networks of Russia

8. Control over the execution of the order shall be entrusted to WES (rokotyan).

Federal Minister in Bulgak

List of abbreviations, symbols,
Symbols

ASTE. - automated system of technical operation

SPS - intrazone primary network

VC - Built-in control

Vols - Fiber optic communication line

Pro - Fiber Optical Transmission System

FMC of the Russian Federation - Interconnected network of communication of the Russian Federation

Fetst - Secondary digital network tract

OCC - main digital channel

Pc - PlesiOhron Digital Hierarchy

PCST - Primary digital network tract

PSP - pseudo-random sequence

RSP - radio relay transmission system

SMP - Main Primary Network

Ssp - satellite transmission system

STI - synchronous digital hierarchy

TCST. - Tertiary digital network tract

CSP - digital transmission system

CST - digital network tract

CCT - Ferry Digital Network Tract

AIS (Alarm Indication Signal) - emergency indication signal

BER (Bit Error Ratio) - Bit error factor

BIS (Bringing-Into-Servise) - commissioning

BISO (Bringing-INTO-Servise Objective) - Norm BIS

RPO (Reference Perfomance Objective) - reference norm for specifications

PO (Perfomance Objective) - Norms for specifications

ES (Erroored Second) - Second with errors

SES (Severely Erroored Second) - Second affected by errors

LOF (Loss of Frame) - Loss of cycles

LOS (Loss of Signal) - Loss of signal

FAS (Frame Alignment Signal) - cycle sync signal

1. Terms and definitions

1.1. General Terms and Definitions

1) Channel main digital (Basic Digital Circuit) - typical digital transmission channel with 64 kbps signal transmission rate

2) Transmission channel(TRANSMISSION CIRCUIT) - a complex of technical means and distribution environment that transfers the telecommunication signal in the frequency band or with a transfer rate characteristic of this transmission channel between network stations, network nodes or between a network station and a network node, as well as between a network station or Network node and terminal network terminal

Notes:

1. Transmission channel assign name analog or digital Depending on the methods of transmitting telecommunication signals.

2. The transmission channel in which analog or digital methods of transmitting telecommunication signals are used on different sections, assign name mixed Transmission channel.

3. Digital channel, depending on the speed of telecommunication signal transmission, assign name main, primary, secondary, tertiary, Chetseric.

3) Transmission Channel Typical (TYPICAL TRANSMISSION CIRCUIT) - the transmission channel, the parameters of which are complying with the norms of the Russian Federation

4) Tonal Frequency Transmission Channel (Voice Frequency Transmission Circuit) - Typical Analog Transmission Channel with Frequency Strip from 300 to 3400 Hz

Notes:

1. In the presence of transits, the Channel Channel is called compound, in the absence of transit - simple.

2. In the presence of PM sections in the compound channel, organized both in the cable transmission systems and in the radio relay, the channel is called combined.

5) telecommunication channel, transfer channel (Telecommunication Circuit, Bearer Circuit) - The path of passing the telecommunication signals formed by the connected channels and the secondary network lines using the stations and nodes of the secondary network, providing when connecting to its endings of subscriber terminals (terminals), transmitting a message from the source to the recipient (recipients)

Notes:

1. Telecommunication channel assign names depending on the type of communication network, for example, phone Channel(connections), telegraph canal (connections), data Channel (Transmission).

2. By territorial sign, telecommunication channels are divided into long-distance, zone, local.

6) transfer line (TRANSMISSION LINE) is a set of linear paths of transmission systems and (or) typical physical circuits that have common linear structures, their maintenance devices and the same distribution environment within the service of the maintenance devices.

Notes:

1. Transfer lines assign names depending on:

from the primary network to which it belongs: magistral, intrazonova, local;

from the distribution environment, for example, cable, radiorel, satellite.

2. The transfer lines representing a sequential connection of different transmission lines distribution is assigned a name. combined.

7) Subscription Line (Primary Network) (Subscriber Line) - a transmission line connecting a network station or a network node and a primary network terminal device.

8) Transmission line Connection is a transmission line connecting a network station and a network node or two network stations with each other.

Note. The connecting line assigns the names depending on the primary network to which it belongs, the main, intrazone, local.

9) network primary TRANSMISSION NETWORK, TRANSMISSION MEDIA) is a set of typical physical circuits, type transmission channels and network paths formed on the basis of network nodes, network stations, primary network terminals and connecting their transmission lines.

10) Network primary in-area - part of the primary network that connects the connection between the standard transmission channels of different local primary networks of one telephone network numbering zone.

11) Primary main network - part of the primary network, providing a connection between the typical transmission channels and network paths of different intra -one primary networks throughout the country.

12) Network Primary Local - Part of the primary network, limited to the territory of the city with a suburb or rural area.

Note. The local primary network is assigned the names: urban (combined) or rural primary network.

13) Communication network is interconnected of the Russian Federation (CCC of the Russian Federation) - Complex of technologically associated telecommunication networks in the territory of the Russian Federation, provided with general centralized management.

14) transmission system (TRANSMISSION SYSTEM) - a complex of technical means that ensures the formation of a linear path, typical group tracts and transmission channels of the primary network.

Notes:

1. Depending on the type of signals transmitted in the linear path, the transmission system is assigned the names: analog or digital.

2. Depending on the telecommunication signal distribution environment, the transmission system is assigned: wired Transmission system I. radio system Transmission.

15) Wired Transmission System (Wire Transmission System) - Transmission system in which telecommunication signals are distributed by electromagnetic waves along the continuous guide medium.

16) group group (Group Link) - a set of technical means of transmission system, designed to transmit telecommunication signals of a normalized number of channels of tonal frequency or main digital channels in the frequency band or with a transmission rate characteristic of this group tract.

Note. The group tract, depending on the normalized number of channels, is assigned the name: primary, secondary, tertiary, chetseric or Nth group tract.

17) group-typical tract (TYPICAL GROUP LINK) - Group tract, structure and parameters of which comply with the norms of the Russian Federation.

18) network path (Network link) is a typical group tract or several sequentially connected typical group tracts with an enabled on the entrance and output of the instrument of the formation of the path.

Notes:

1. In the presence of transits of the same order as this network tract, the network path is called compound, in the absence of such transits - simple.

2. In the presence of sections in a compound network, organized both in cable transmission systems and in the radio relay, the path is called combined.

3. Depending on the signal transmission method, the path is assigned the name analog or digital.

19) Transmission Linear Tract - Complex of technical means of the transmission system that transmits telecommunication signals in the frequency band or at a speed corresponding to this transmission system.

Notes:

1. The linear path, depending on the distribution environment, assign names: cable, radiorel, satellite or combined.

2. The linear path, depending on the type of transmission system, assign names: analog or digital.

20) Transit (Transit) - the connection of the transmission channels of the same name or paths, providing the passage of telecommunication signals without changing the frequency band or transmission rate.

21) Device terminal primary network (Originative Network Terminal) - technical means ensuring the formation of typical physical circuits or type transmission channels to provide them with secondary networks and other consumers.

22) Network node (Network Node) is a complex of technical means that ensures the formation and redistribution of network paths, standard transmission channels and typical physical chains, as well as the provision of their secondary networks and individual organizations.

Notes:

1. The network node, depending on the primary network, to which it belongs, assign names: trunk, intrazonian, local.

2. The network node, depending on the type of functions performed, assign names: network switch node, network assembly.

23) Physical chain (Physical Circuit) - Metal wires or optical fibers forming the guide medium to transmit telecommunication signals.

24) Physical Typical Chain (TYPICAL PHYSICAL CIRCUIT) - a physical chain, the parameters of which correspond to the norms of the Russian Federation.

1.2. Definitions of errors for the BCC

1) Second with errors (Errored Second) - ES to - a period of 1 s, during which at least one error was observed.

2) Seconds affected by errors (Severely Erroored Second) - SES to - a period of 1 s, during which the error rate was more than 10 -3.

3) Error coefficient in seconds with errors - (ESR) is the ratio of the number ES to the total number of seconds during the readiness period during the fixed measurement interval.

4) Error coefficient in seconds affected by SESR errors is the ratio of the SES number to a total number of seconds during the readiness period during the fixed measurement interval.

1.3. Definitions of error indicators for network paths

1) Block - a sequence of a bit bounded by the number of bits belonging to this path; In this case, each bit belongs to only one block. The number of bits in the block depends on the transmission rate and is determined by a separate method.

2) Block with errors (ErroRed Block) - EV T - a block in which one or more bits included in the block are erroneous.

3) Error SECOND - ES T - a period of 1 second with one or more erroneous blocks.

4) SEVERELY ErRORED SECOND - SES T - period of 1 second, containing ³ 30% of blocks with errors (s) or at least one period with serious disorders (SDP).

5) Error coefficient in seconds with errors - (ESR) is the ratio of the number of ES T to the total number of seconds during the readiness period during the fixed measurement interval.

6) Error coefficient in seconds affected by SESR errors - the ratio of the number of SES T to the total number of seconds during the readiness period during the fixed measurement interval.

7) Severly disturbed period) - SDP - a period of duration of 4 adjacent blocks, in each of which the error rate ³ 10 -2 or an average of 4 blocks the error coefficient ³ 10 -2, or a loss of signaling information was observed.

8) Block with background error (Backqround Block Error) - in-up block with errors that is not part of SES.

9) The factor of errors in blocks with background errors is in the ratio of the number of blocks with background errors to the entire number of blocks during the readiness for a fixed measurement interval except for all blocks during SES T.

10) The nootle period for one path direction is a period starting with 10 consecutive SES seconds (these 10 seconds are considered part of the non-send period) and ending up to 10 consecutive seconds without SES (these 10 seconds are considered part of the readiness period).

The period of unpretentiousness for the tract is the period when at least one of the directions is in a state of unaware.

2. General provisions

2.1. These norms are designed to use the operational organizations of the primary NCI networks of Russia during the operation of digital channels and tracts and to commission them.

The norms should also be used by the developers of the equipment of transmission systems in determining the requirements for certain types of equipment.

2.2. These norms are developed based on ITU-T Recommendations and studies conducted at the current communication networks of Russia. Norms apply to channels and paths of the primary backbone network with a length of up to 12,500 km and intrazon networks with a length of up to 600 km. The implementation of the norms below ensures the necessary quality of transmission when organizing international compounds with a length of up to 27,500 km.

2.3. The above rules are distributed:

On simple and composite main digital channels (OCC) with a transfer rate of 64 kbps,

Simple and composite digital tracts with 2.048 Mbps transmission rates, 34 Mbps, 140 Mbps, organized in fiber-optic transmission systems (s) and radio relay transmission systems (RSP) synchronous digital hierarchy,

Simple and composite tracts organized in modern stems, PSP and digital transmission systems on metal cables of a PlesiOiOhron digital hierarchy (PTC),

On linear PTC paths, whose transmission rate is equal to the rate of the corresponding order group path

2.4. Channels and tracts organized in the CSP on a metal cable and processed before the adoption of new ITU-T Recommendations, as well as in analog cable and radio relay transmission systems, organized by modems, may have deviations for some parameters from these standards.

Specified norms on digital channels and trades formed in the CSP main network on a metallic cable (ICM-480P, PSM-480S) are given in.

2.5. These standards have developed requirements for two types of digital channels and paths - error indicators and phase drift indicators.

2.6. Error indicators of digital channels and paths are statistical parameters and norms on them are defined with an appropriate probability of their execution. For error indicators, the following types of operational norms are developed:

long-term norms

operational norms.

Long-term norms are determined based on ITU-T Recommendations G.821 (for channels 64 Kbps) and G.826 (for tracts at a speed of 2048 Kbps and above).

Operational norms relate to express standards, they are determined based on ITU-T Recommendations M.2100, M.2110, M.2120.

Operational norms require for their assessment relative to short measurement periods. Among the operational norms distinguish the following:

standards for commissioning

maintenance rates,

system recovery standards.

2.7. Norms on the indicators of trembling and phase drift include the following types of norms:

network limits on hierarchical joints,

limit norms on the phase trembling of digital equipment (including the characteristics of the transfer of the phase trembling),

norms for phase trembling digital sites.

These indicators do not apply to statistical parameters, and long dimensions are not required to check them.

2.8. The above rules are the first stage of developing norms on high-quality indicators of digital channels and network paths. They may continue to be refined based on the results of operational tests for channels and tracts organized in certain types of CSP. In the future, it is planned to develop the following rules on digital channels and paths:

standards for slipping and distribution time in digital channels and PTC paths,

norms on the electrical parameters of digital SCI paths at a speed of 155 Mbps and above,

norms on the reliability indicators of digital channels and tracts,

norms on the electrical parameters of digital channels and tracts of the local primary network,

norms on the electrical parameters of digital channels with transmission rates below 64 kbps (32; 16; 8; 4.8; 2.4 kbps, etc.).

3. Common digital characteristics
Channels and tracts

The general characteristics of the BCC and network digital paths of the PlesiOhron digital hierarchy are given in.

Table 3.1.

General characteristics of the main digital channel and network
Digital PLAKOCHRON digital hierarchy paths

No. p / p	Channel type and tract	Nominal transmission rate, Kbps / s	Transmission rate deviation limits, Kbps	Nominal entrance and output resistances, OM
	Main digital channel		± 5 · 10 -5	120 (SIM)
	Primary digital network tract	2048	± 5 · 10 -5	120 (SIM)
	Secondary digital network tract	8448	± 3 · 10 -5	75 (carry)
	Tertiary digital network tract	34368	± 2 · 10 -5	75 (carry)
	Ferry Digital Network Tract	139264	± 1.5 · 10 -5	75 (carry)

4. Norms on error indicators
Digital Channels and Network Tracts

4.1. Long-term norms on error indicators

4.1.1. Long-term norms for the BCC are based on measurement of error characteristics in second time intervals of two indicators:

error coefficient in seconds with errors (ESR K),

error coefficient in seconds affected by errors (SESR K).

At the same time, the definitions of ES and SES correspond.

Measurements of error indicators in the BCC to estimate compliance with long-term standards are carried out when closing the communication and use of the pseudo-random digital sequence.

4.1.2. Long-term norms for digital network paths (CST) are based on measuring error characteristics on blocks (see) for three indicators:

error coefficient in seconds with errors (ESR T),

error coefficient in seconds affected by errors (SESR T),

error coefficient on blocks with background errors (Bber T).

It is assumed that when performing norms in the CST on error indicators based on blocks, long-term rules will be provided in the BCC formed in these CSTs, in terms of error indicators based on second intervals.

4.1.3. The BCC is considered to be relevant standards, if each of the two error indicators meet the requirements - ESR to and SESR K. The network path is considered to be relevant standards, if each of the three error indicators meets ESR T, SESR T, and BBER t.

4.1.4. To estimate operational characteristics, the measurement results should be used only during periods of channel readiness or tract, the uniform intervals from consideration are excluded (definition of unpretentiousness, see).

4.1.5. The basis for determining the long-term norms of a channel or path is the total calculated (reference) standards for the complete connection (END-TO-END) on the error indicators of the international compound, the length of 27,500 km given in the columns and for the corresponding error indicator and the corresponding digital Channel or tract.

4.1.6. The distribution of marginal settlement standards on the error indicators for the tract (channel) of the primary network of the Russian Federation of Russia is given in, the column "Long-term norms", where and is taken for the corresponding error indicator and the corresponding path (channel) from the data.

4.1.7. The share of the calculated operational rules on error indicators for the tract (channel) L in the trunk and intra -one primary NSR networks of Russia to determine long-term norms is given in.

Table 4.1.

General settlement operational rules on error indicators
For an international connection with a length of 27,500 km

View of the Tract (Channel)	Speed, kbit / s	BUT			IN
		Long-term norms			Operational norms
		ESR.	Sesr.	R.	ESR.	Sesr.
OCC		0,08	0,002		0,04	0,001
PCST	2048	0,04	0,002	3 · 10 -4	0,02	0,001
Fetst	8448	0,05	0,002	2 · 10 -4	0,025	0,001
TCST.	34368	0,075	0,002	2 · 10 -4	0,0375	0,001
CCT	139264	0,16	0,002	2 · 10 -4	0,08	0,001
Note. These data for long-term norms comply with ITU-T RecommendationsG. .821 (for channel 64 Kbps) and G.826 (for tracts with speeds from 2048 Kbps and above), for operational norms - Recommendations ITU-T M.2100.

Table 4.2.

Distribution of marginal norms on error indicators
on the site of the tract (channel) of the primary network

View of the Tract (Channel)

Plot

Length, km

Long-term norms

Operational norms

ESR.

Sesr.

Bber

ESR.

Sesr.

OCC

Ab. Lin

0.15 · A.

0.15 · a / 2

0.15 · B.

MPS.

0.075 · A.

0,075 · a / 2

0.075 · B.

SPS

0.075 · A.

0,075 · a / 2

0.075 · B.

SMP

12500

0.2 · A.

0.2 · a / 2

0.2 · B.

CST

MPS.

0.075 · A.

0,075 · a / 2

0.075 · A.

0.075 · B.

SPS

0.075 · A.

0,075 · a / 2

0.075 · A.

0.075 · B.

SMP

12500

0.2 · A.

0.2 · a / 2

0.2 · A.

0.2 · B.

Notes:

1. To the specified limit value of the long-term norm for the indicator SESR When inclusion in the path or channel of the SMP area with a PSP length L \u003d 2500 km, a value is added to 0.05%, with one section of the SSP - the value of 0.01%. These values \u200b\u200btake into account adverse conditions for the spread of the signal (in the worst month).

4.1.11. If the channel or the tract passes both in the SMP and the PRES, the value from for the entire channel is determined by the summation of values \u200b\u200bfrom 1 and C 2 (for both ends):

and then the norm is defined for the corresponding parameter.

Example 3. Let it be necessary to determine the norms of ESR and SESR indicators for the OCC channel passing through the SMP length L 1 \u003d 830 km, and on two elements of the length L 2 \u003d 190 km and l 3 \u003d 450 km, organized by the VOLS on all three sites. According to find values \u200b\u200bA:

The length L 1 is rounded to a value, a multiple of 250 km, the length l 2 is to the value, multiple 50 km, and L 3 - to the value, multiple 100 km:

4.2. Operational norms on error indicators

4.2.1. General presentation by definition of operational norms

1) Operational norms on ERC and CST error indicators are based on measuring error characteristics in second time intervals of two indicators:

error coefficient in seconds with errors (ESR),

error coefficient in seconds affected by errors (SESR).

At the same time, for the ICC, the definition of ES and SES corresponds, and for the CST.

2) ACC or CST is considered to be relevant operational standards if each of the error indicators - ESR and SESR meets the requirements.

3) To assess the performance characteristics, the measurement results should be used only during periods of channel readiness or tract, the uniform intervals from consideration are excluded (see the definitions of non-notes).

4) The basis for determining the operational standards for the channel or path is the total calculated standards for the complete connection (END-TO-END) on the error indicators for the international connection, the length of 27,500 km, shown in the columns in the corresponding error indicator and the corresponding digital channel or path.

5) The distribution of the marginal settlement standards on the error indicators on the parts of the tract (channel) of the primary network of the Russian Federation is given in, the "Operational norms" column, where in the appropriate error indicator and the corresponding path (channel) from the data.

6) The share of the calculated operational norms of the error indicators of the path (channel) Length of L km long on the main and intra -one primary networks of the Russian Federation to determine the operational norms is given in. This proportion for the path (channel) of the SMP is indicated by D 1 and for the SEF - D 2.

Length L tract (channel) on SMP with L< 1000 км округляется до значения L 1 , кратного 250 км в большую сторону, при L > 1000 km - multiple 500 km, on the SEF with L< 200 км - до значения, кратного 50 км, при L > 200 km - multiple 100 km. With l\u003e 2500 km for the channel (tract), SMP D 1 is determined by interpolating between adjacent values \u200b\u200bor by the formula:

7) The procedure for determining the value D for a simple BCC or TST is the following:

the length L channel (tract) is round to the values \u200b\u200bspecified in

for the found value L 1, define the value D 1 or D 2.

For composite OCC or CST, the calculation procedure is as follows:

the length L i of each of the transit sections is rounded to the values \u200b\u200bspecified in

for each site is determined by the value of D i,

the obtained values \u200b\u200bof D I are summed up:

The resulting total value D should not exceed for SMP - 20%, 7.5% for PMPs - 7.5%, and for a channel or tract passing through the SMP and two SPPs - 35%.

Table 44.

The proportion of operational norms on the error indicators for the site
tract (canal) L km long on trunk and intrazone
Primary networks of the Russian WCC to determine operational norms

SMP			SPS
No. p / p	Length, km	D,	No. p / p	Length, km	D 2.
	£ 250	0,015		£ 50.	0,023
	£ 500	0,020		£ 100	0,030
	£ 750.	0,025		£ 150.	0,039
	£ 1000.	0,030		£ 200.	0,048
	£ 1500.	0,038		£ 300.	0,055
	£ 2000.	0,045		£ 400.	0,059
	£ 2500.	0,050		£ 500	0,063
	£ 5000	0,080		£ 600.	0,0750
	£ 7500.	0,110
	£ 10,000	0,140
	£ 12500.	0,170

8) If the channel or tract is international, then the operational standards are defined on them in accordance with the ITU-T Recommendation. To assess compliance with the standards of the recommendation of the M.2100 of the part of the international channel or the tract passing through the territory of our country, it is possible to use the above mention of the norms of definition of norms, but at the same time, instead, it is necessary to use the data of which correspond to Table. 2B / M.2100.

Table 4.5.

Distribution of norms on international channels and tracts

Length L, KM	Share of settlement norms (% of RPO standards from end to the end)
L £ 500 km
500 km< L £ 1000 км
1000 km< L £ 2500 км
2500 km< L £ 5000 км
5000 km< L £ 7500 км
L\u003e 7500 km	10,0

A part of the channel or tract, passing through the territory of our country to the international station (International Center for Switching), must meet these standards.

9) Control of error indicators in channels or paths to determine compliance with operational standards can be carried out under operational conditions for different periods of time - 15 minutes, 1 hour, 1 day, 7 days (see). To analyze the control results, the threshold values \u200b\u200bS 1 and S 2 of the number ES and SES are determined for the observation period T at T £ 1 day and one threshold value of Biso at T \u003d 7 days (the designations of the threshold values \u200b\u200bare used as in Recommendation ITU-T M .2100).

The calculation of the threshold values \u200b\u200bis carried out in the following order:

The average permissible number of ES or SES is determined for the observation period.

(1)

where D is the total value of the share of the common norm found in.

T is a period of observation in seconds.

IN - total norm This indicator takes from (for OCC ES - 4%, SES - 0.1%).

The Biso threshold value is determined for the observation period

(2)

where k is a coefficient determined by the assignment of operational control.

The values \u200b\u200bof the K coefficient for various test conditions of the transmission system, the network path or the BCC are given in.

The threshold values \u200b\u200bof S 1 and S 2 are determined by formulas:

Table 4.6.

Error indicators limit values \u200b\u200b(ES and SES)
in relation to a long-term reference norm

Transmission systems		Network tracts, plots, bcc
Type of test	k.	Type of test	k.
Commissioning		Commissioning
Input after repair	0,125	Input after repair
Low-quality entry		Low-quality entry	0,75
Reference norm		Reference norm
Removal from service	> 10	Removal from service	> 10

10) If for the period of observation t according to the results of operational control, the number of ES or SES is obtained, equal to S, then

at s ³ s 2 - the tract is not commissioned,

at s £ s 1 - the tract is commissioned,

at s 1< S < S 2 - тракт принимается условно - с проведением дальнейших испытаний за более длительные сроки.

If after additional tests (for example, 7 days), s\u003e biso, then the tract is not commissioned (see more detail).

11) In some PTC systems developed before the introduction of these standards and available on the current primary network, channel error indicators and paths may not satisfy the above standards. Permissible deviations from the norms for individual CSP are given in.

4.2.2. Norms for commissioning digital tracts and BCC

1) The rules for entering paths and the BCC are used when the channels and paths formed by similar equipment of transmission systems are already available on the network and tests for the compliance of these paths with the requirements of long-term norms.

2) When commissioning the linear path of the digital measurement transmission system should be carried out using the pseudo-random digital sequence with the closure. Measurements are carried out within 1 day or 7 days (for more details, see.

These calculations were carried out for various paths and various values \u200b\u200bD and the results are reduced to the table. It is easy to make sure that the calculated values \u200b\u200bare coincided with data for the share of the norm D \u003d 5%.

4) If more than one network tract or the BCC simultaneously entering the same high order path (high-order network tract or the Linear TSP tract), and this path is commissioned simultaneously with the low-order paths, then only 1 tract1 This order or the BCC is subject to test for 1 day, and the remaining paths are tested for 2 hours (see Section 6 SES: RPO \u003d 0, BISO \u003d 0, S 1 \u003d 0, S 2 \u003d L.

5) When commissioning several network paths that are part of one high-order path, which is in operation between two terminals, and in the presence of operational errors in paths, these paths can be checked for 15 minutes each or can be all connected Consistently along the loop and undergo checking simultaneously for 15 minutes. At the same time, the evaluation criteria are used for one direction of transmission of one path. For each of the test periods in 15 minutes there should be not a single ES or SES event or a period of non-counterparts. In the absence of operational error control devices, the check is carried out by).

4.2.3. Norms for maintenance of digital network paths.

1) Maintenance standards are used in the control of paths during operation, including to determine the need to output the path from exploitation with a significant deterioration in error indicators.

2) Checking the path in the process of technical operation is carried out using the operational control devices for errors over the periods of time 15 minutes and 1 day.

3) Maintenance standards include: the limit values \u200b\u200bof unacceptable quality - when going beyond these values, the path should be derived from operation, limit values \u200b\u200bof reduced quality - when you exit these values, the control of this path and the analysis of change trends should be carried out more often.

4) For all indicated maintenance standards, threshold values \u200b\u200bfor ES and SES are installed in accordance with the technical requirements defined by the developers of the specific type of equipment of the transmission system and control devices of error indicators taking into account the hierarchical level of this path and test objectives.

If these thresholds are not specified, they can be selected for the mode of determining the network path with reduced quality and to determine the need to derive from operation at a 15-minute observation period at the level of the values \u200b\u200bgiven in 0

3 ®

4.5 ®.

7.5 ®

10,0

10.5 ®.

11,0

11.5 ®.

13,0

13.5 ®.

15,5

16,0 ®

18,5

19,0 ®

20,0

20.5 ®.

21,5

22,0 ®

24,5

25,0 ®

27,0

27.5 ®.

30,0

30.5 ®

33,0

33.5 ®.

36,0

36.5 ®.

40,0

Example 6.

The limit values \u200b\u200bfor error indicators when the path in operation after repair is defined similarly to the case of commissioning of the newly organized path (), but the coefficient K is selected equal to 0.125 for linear transmission systems and equal to 0.5 for network paths and sections (see. ). Periods of observation and verification procedure correspond to the above.

5. Norms on phase jitter indicators
And phase drift

5.1. Network limit rules on the phase jitter at the output of the path

The maximum value of phase trembling on hierarchical joints in a digital network, which must be respected under all operating conditions and regardless of the number of equipment included in the tract in front of the joint, should be no more values \u200b\u200bpresented in Table. 5.1 4, kHz

0,25

0,05

15600

2048

8448

34368

0,15

29,1

139264

0,075

3500

7,18

Notes.

1. For a channel with a speed of 64 kbps / s, the values \u200b\u200bare valid only for the coiled joint.

2. EI - a single interval.

3. in 1, and in 2 - full of phase jitter, measured at the output of band filters with cutoff frequencies: lower f 1, and upper f 4 and lower F 3 and upper f 4 respectively. Frequency characteristics of filters must have 20 dB residues / decade.

(Introduced as temporary operational norms on the electrical parameters of the TFP network channels with a validity period until 30.12.98 by the Order of the State Committee of Russia # 74 of 03.06.97)

General instructions

1.1. These norms (project) are applied to the electrical parameters of the curled telephone communication channels of the TFP network (local, intrazon and long-distance). The norms on the process of establishing a connection (loss) and disconnection (freezing) are contained in other regulatory documents. 1.2. The norms are given in two versions: from the subscriber to the subscriber and from RATS (OS) to RATS (OS), where subscribers are directly included. 1.3. These norms contain requirements for the main electrical parameters that have the greatest impact on the characteristics of telephone and document telecommunications. To estimate the characteristics of the documentary telecommunication, a generalized, integral parameter is introduced into the norm - the bandwidth of the data transmission channel organized using the modem, at a speed of 2400 bps with a correction of errors by the aspect ratio according to ITU-T Recommendations (V.22BIS, V.42). 1.4. These norms serve to assess the quality of telephone communication channels during periodic operational measurements. If the norms are discussed, the operating personnel must, in accordance with the rules of technical operation, take measures to search for a plot and eliminate the causes of inconsistencies, while taking configuration norms for each type of equipment and cable. 1.5. Assessment of compliance with channel standards of each direction is carried out by the statistical method. When measuring up to 15 channels with an accuracy of 0.9, the quality of all channels of this direction between the pair of subscribers or a pair of RATS is estimated. This is achieved by special statistical processing of channel measurement results, which determines the likelihood of satisfying the norms of all channels of this direction. 1.6. For operational measurements of the communication channels of the TFP network, a special automated software and hardware measuring complex (PAEC) has been developed, which automatically installs connections according to the specified program, performs measurements of normalized parameters in the required number of channels, performs statistical processing of the results obtained and determines the probability of compliance with the standards of the measured channel beam. The use of software and hardware measuring complex (PAEC) significantly saves the cost of time and labor, but measurements can be carried out by others measuring devicesimplemented in accordance with the recommendations of the ITU-T series "O".

2. Operational rules on the electrical parameters of the channels of the TF switching network (II editors)

The following table gives operational rules on the electrical parameters of the TFP network channels.

Table

Name of the electrical parameter

Norm

Notes

2.1. The value of residual attenuation between network subscribers at a frequency of 1000 (1020) Hz should not exceed:

for channels of local (urban and rural) and zone networks (dB);

for intercity channels (dB).

Including, for some types of networks and subscribers included in certain networks and stations:

The attenuation between the Network PBX, which includes subscribers, is normalized by a value of 10 dB less.

2.1.1. Residual attenuation at a frequency of 1000 (1020) Hz between subscribers of urban networks should not exceed the following values \u200b\u200bfor networks: with seven-scale numbering (dB)

or with the direct connection of two PBXs.

30,0
25,0
20,0

also
For subscribers included in ATCE, with an outgoing communication by 5 dB less.

2.1.2. Suite attenuation at a frequency of 1000 (1020) of Hz between the subscribers of rural and intrazone networks, if the caller is included in the PBX e, should not exceed (dB).

25,0

Attitude between the PBX, where the subscribers are turned on are normalized by the value of 10DB less.

2.1.3. Superior attenuation at a frequency of 1000 (1020) Hz on a long-distance channel channels if the caller is included in a PBX, which has a diffusion system to switch to a four-wire channel, including a PPC, should not exceed (dB).

26,0

Also

2.2. The amplitude-frequency response of the channel is normalized at frequencies - 1800 Hz and 2400 Hz. The limit value of attenuation at 1800/2400 frequencies between subscribers should not exceed: for local (urban and rural and zone) and zone networks (dB);
for intercity channels (dB). Including, for some types of networks and subscribers included in certain stations.

37,0/41,0

Attitude between the PBX network, which includes subscribers, is normalized by a value of 13.0 / 15.0 dB less.

2.2.1. Attenuation at 1800/2400 Hz. Between subscribers of urban networks should not exceed the following values \u200b\u200bfor networks: with seven numerations (dB)
with six-digit numbering (dB)
with five-digit numbering (dB)
or with direct connection of two PBXs

37,0/41,0
31,0/35,0
25,0/29,0

The same for subscribers included in the SPSE, with an outgoing connection by 6/7 dB less.

2.2.2. Fatty on frequencies 1800/2400 Hz. Between the subscribers of rural and intrazone networks, if the caller is included in the SPSE, should not exceed (dB).

31,0/35,0

The attenuation between the Network PBX, which includes subscribers are normalized by a value of 13.0 / 15.0 dB less.

2.2.3. Fatty on frequencies 1800/2400 Hz. Between the intercity subscribers, if the caller is included in the PBX, which provides a diffusion system in its composition to transition to a four-wire channel, should not exceed (dB).

32,0/36,0

also
also

2.3. Signal / Noise at the output of the switched channel from the subscriber or the RATS should not be less than the following values \u200b\u200b(dB): on the canals of urban, rural, or intrazone network
on the channels of the long-distance network
length and length\u003e 2500 km.

25,0
20,0

When measuring the subscriber subscriber, the level of the meter generator 1020 Hz. There must be minus 5 dBm, when measuring the atcase, the generator level should be minus 10 dBm.

2.4. Summary of the signal shake (jitter) frequency of 20-300 Hz, measured by the subscriber or on the RATS should not exceed (degrees).

also

2.5. The ummary effect of brief time interruptions of a depth of more than 13.0 dB and a duration of less than 300 ms and pulsed interference with an amplitude of the signal level measured in the fractions of second intervals affected by interruptions and pulse interference should not exceed (%).

For the channels of the outgoing communication on coordinate and electronic PBX, the standard decreases to 20% and 10%, respectively

2.6. The emergence of the echo signal relative to the main one should not be less specified below the values \u200b\u200b(dB):

When measuring from the subscriber to the opposite PBX

2.6.1.Eho speaking PBX (depending on the location of the dipsystem on the caller's network :) on AMTS;
on UZOSL (USA, IIS);
on RATS (OS).

23,0
20,0
15,0

the end of the channel attenuation increases by the dual value of the attenuation of the subscriber line (2V A.L.).

2.6.2.Eho listening to PBX (depending on the location of the dipsystem on the caller's network): at AMTS;
on UZOSL (USA, IIS);
on RATS (OS).

Values \u200b\u200b"k" for p \u003d 0.9 and 0.8

Number of sessions	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
0,9	2,74	2,49	2,33	2,22	2,13	2,06	2,01	1,97	1,93	1,89	1,87
0,8	2,11	2,87	1,74	1,65	1,58	1,53	1,49	1,45	1,43	1,39	1,37

After the eighth dimension, the amount of M +/- K S is compared with the norm "n" (by section 2); If M + k s n) measurements are terminated with a positive assessment; If m + k s\u003e n (for noise immunity and bandwidth M-s Notes:

When accumulating certain experience, the operator may vary the number of measurements to a new statistical evaluation within large than 1-2 channels.
To reduce the volume of calculations, the minimum number of measured channels can be determined in advance - 15.

If, after measuring 15 channels, the sum M + K s\u003e n, or for noise immunity and bandwidth M - K s 5. Methods of measurements and evaluation using an automated software and hardware measuring complex "PAEC" 5.1. Measuring complexes are connected at two network stations (RATS, OS) to subscriber outputs with the corresponding number. One of the stations is outgoing, the other is incoming. Outgoing station operator in accordance with the schedule or agreement, guided by the instruction manual of the PAIAC, is the measurement scenario in which:

phone numbers of incoming stations where the PAECT is installed.
a list of measured parameters;
attributes of measured parameters (frequency, transmission level, measuring thresholds, etc.);
standards of measured parameters, depending on the structure of the network and the specifics of the outgoing stations;
date, start time and end of measurements;
measuring time of each parameter;
the maximum number of measured channels in the cycle (number of sessions);
specific characteristics when establishing a connection (the interval between the employment calls is extremely the number of calls, etc.);

Note. Upon completion of measurements defined by the script, and turn off the PEVM, all set parameters in the scripts are saved, and, upon subsequent inclusion, you should re-enter into the script only changes in parameters, in particular, telephone numbers with whom measurements should be carried out. 5.2. It is recommended to set the following attributes for typical operational measurements:

The beginning of measurements no earlier - 8-10: 00: 00 hours;
End of measurements no later - 20-21: 00: 00 hours;
Number of measurement sessions - 15;
Pause between sets during the "Busy" signal - 5C;
The number of attempts will call at the signal "Busy" on the local compound - 3;

upon exit to AMTS ("8") - 10-15;
under intercity compound - 3-10 depending
from loading intercity channels.

Measured parameters:

Residual attenuation and response at frequencies (Hz) 1020, 1800 and 2400. Measurement time is 30C.
Signal / noise ratio (ITU-T 0.132) Signal - 1020 Hz, measurement time - 40C.
Phase shake (jitter), ITU-T Recommendation 0.91 Signal of 1020 Hz, Measuring time - 40C.
Pulse interferences and breaks (ITU-T 0.62, 0.71) The threshold for fixing pulse interference - at the signal level of the breaks of interruptions - by 13 dB below the signal level of the control signal - 1800 Hz or 2000 Hz measuring time - 1min.
Bandwidth -

modem on Recommendation ITU-T V.22BIS, V.42
transmission speed of 2400 bps / s.
measurement time - 1 min.

With all the measurements, the level of the transmitting set generator is minus 10 dBm (with measurements between PBX) or minus 5 dBm (when measured between subscribers).

5.3. The norms for the measured parameters are set in accordance with section 5.1. Norms on the process of establishing the compound: the probability of unintention center - 0.1 The probability of lack of interaction of modems - 0.1 The probability of a penalty until the measurement is 0.05. 5.4. The script specified by the outgoing station operator is automatically transmitted to the incoming station's pair, which ensures the identity of the measurement process of each channel in both directions (when measuring one number). 5.5. At the end of the measurement session, a table with a session number is reflected on the PEVM monitor screen, where each of the parameters measured:

specified norm;
measured value;
arithmetic average (incremental);
medium-quadratic deviation (increasing result).

5.6. At the end of the measurement cycle (with one subscriber number) after 15 sessions or with good results, with a smaller number of measurements, the channel quality class is displayed in accordance with the probability of runting the rules of the rules for each of the parameters:

I class - 1.0\u003e p\u003e 0.90 (0.8 - for discrete channel)
Class II - 0.90\u003e p\u003e 0.66
III CLASS - 0.66\u003e P\u003e 0.50
IV class - 0.50\u003e p\u003e 0.33
V class - r

The quality class of channels is determined by the probability of rules for the "worst" from the parameters. Statistical processing of measurement results of all sessions is carried out automatically by estimating the general population on a limited sample by the method of "tolerant limits". 5.7. All measurement and statistical processing results are stored in the PEVM database and can be displayed on the operator's command and on the printer. 5.8. Upon receipt of negative results for one or more parameters, the operators of interactive stations can translate the pair to the analyzer mode and explore one or another parameter in more detail and more durable, including with intermediate stations, which allows you to determine the area and reason low quality canals.

Norms on digital channels and tracts. Norms on the electrical parameters of digital channels and pathways of trunk and intrazone primary networks

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2. Operational rules on the electrical parameters of the switched channels of the TFP network

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

1. Electrical standards for trunk and zone cable lines

1.1 Electrical norms on the Line Line

On the lines of trunk and zone networks of the Russian Federation, many transmission systems with frequency division of type K-60 and Kama are still exploited.

For nominal lengths of amplifying sections with permissible deviations from them, the norms on the electrical parameters of symmetric RF cables on a constant current are set for various transmission systems.

Table 1. Norms on electrical parameters of symmetric RF cables on constant current

1.2 Electrical norms on the CSP line

In modern digital transmission systems (CSPs) used on trunk and zone communications lines, the main view of the analog-to-digital conversion is the receipt of an IRM signal from the message transmitted over the standard CTC channel with an effective frequency band from 0.3 to 3.4 kHz.

The feature of the IRM signal predetermines the structure of multichannel CSPs as systems with temporary channel division. In this case, the systems of other channels are transmitted in a free period of time.

Currently, the CSPs form a set of systems (hierarchy) with mutually consistent transmissions: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary gear systems.

The main technical characteristics of the CSP are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Specifications of CSP

1.3 New Standard for electrical characteristics - trunk and zone cable lines

Application area:

The following definitions are adopted in the standard:

The transmission line is a set of physical circuits and (or) linear paths of transmission systems that have common linear structures, their maintenance devices, as well as the distribution environment (GOST 22348).

Elementary cable area (ec) - section of the cable line in conjunction with mounted terminal cable devices.

The cable section (COP) is a set of electrical circuits connected in sequentially on several adjacent eki for several transmission systems with the same distances between regenerators (amplifiers), but with a large one of this line.

The regeneration site is a set of ECU or COP chain with regenerator adjusted to them.

OST 45.01-98 applies to ECI and COP, consisting of: - from coaxial cables with pairs having a washing, balloon or porous polyethylene insulation (cables of types of KM-4, KMA-4, km - 4, km-8/6, mk -4, ICTA-4 and CTP);

from symmetric RF cables with core-polystyrene or polyethylene insulation (ISS type cables, MKSA, ICST, STD).

Coaxial and symmetric RF cable transmission lines can be used for analog and digital systems on various frequency bands and various transmission rates (Table 6.7)

Table 6. Transmission systems for coaxial communication cables

2. Electrical standards on local lines

2.1 General

The electrical characteristics of the mounted cable lines of local communication must satisfy the requirements given in the industry standards:

OST 45.82-96. Network telephone city. Subscriber cable lines with metal cores. Norms operating. OST 45.83-96. Network telephone rural. Subscriber cable lines with metal cores. Norms operating. The oscea is enacted from 01.01.98.

Standards apply to subscriber cable lines with metal veins of urban telephone networks (AL GTS): electronic digital PBX; quasi-electron PBX; coordinate PBX; Deck-step PBX.

The standard establishes the rules of the electrical parameters of the chains of the AL GTS, STS and their elements that ensure functioning:

1) telephone communication systems;

2) of telegraph communications systems, including public telegraph communications services, subscriber telegraph, telephys;

3) telematic services that include facsimile services, video species, email, message processing;

4) data transmission systems;

5) system distribution systems of sound broadcasting;

6) digital systems with maintenance integration.

The requirements of standards should be taken into account during operation, design, construction of new and reconstruction of existing lines of city telephone networks, as well as in certification tests.

2.2 Electric standards on GTS cable lines

The structure of the AL GTS electronic (EATS-90, MT-20), coordinate (atsk, at ash) and December stepping (PBX-49, PBX-54) stations include: the main plot; switchgear; Subscriber wiring.

On the al GTS, cables type cables with copper veins with a diameter of 0.32; 0.4 and 0.5; 0.64; 0.7 mm with polyethylene insulation and in a polyethylene sheath and TG type cables with copper veins with a diameter of 0.4 and 0.5 mm with paper insulation and in a lead shell.

For subscriber wiring, wires are used - telephone distribution union with copper veins with a diameter of 0.4 and 0.5 mm with polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride insulation, respectively.

Compounds in crossheads and distribution cabinets are performed by crossing the pxv brand with the diameter of copper veins 0.4 and 0.5 mm.

Digital subscriber lines include:

lines connecting electronic PBX with group subscriber settings (digital concentrators, multiplexers);

lines connecting electronic PBX with digital subscriber installations;

lines connecting group subscriber settings with terminal digital subscriber installations;

lines from a cable type TPP with a diameter of veins 0.4; 0.5 and 0.64 mm with a two-bedable organization organization scheme;

the lines of cables for digital transmission systems of the TPSR type with a diameter of veins 0.4 and 0.5 mm and the TPPEP-2E type with a diameter of 0.64 mm lived with a single-cable communication organization scheme.

On the Alz for the site from the group subscription unit to the Republic of Kazakhstan, cables type cables are used. Specialized cables are used for subscriber wiring.

Electrical standards for subscriber lines of urban telephone networks

The electrical resistance of 1 km of chains of subscriber cable lines DC at ambient temperature is 20 ° C, depending on the cable used, given in Table 8.

The value of the asymmetry of resistance lived al-GTS DC should be no more than 0.5% of the chain resistance.

Table 8. Electrical resistance of subscriber cable lines

4. Norms on the electrical parameters of PV networks

4.1 Parameters of low-frequency networks of single-software wired broadcasting

Qualitative indicators of broadcasting paths are established by the State Standard. For rural PV networks, II class II quality is provided. The qualitative indicators of the PV tract are shown in Table 16.

Depending on the rated voltage of the PV line, two classes can be: I class - feeder lines with a nominal voltage of above 340 V; Class II - feeder lines with rated voltage up to 340 V and subscriber lines with a voltage of 15 and 30 V.

For each long feeder (distribution and main), the typical rated voltage depends on the length and load of the feeder. In this case, the voltage should be as minimal as possible so that the attenuation of the voltage in the line does not exceed the permissible.

One of the main parameters characterizing the linear network of the PV network is its working attenuation at a frequency of 1000 Hz. For wired broadcasting networks under construction

Table 16. Wired broadcasting path parameters

Similar documents

"Ministry of Communications Russian Federation Norms on electrical parameters digital channels and the pathways of the main and intra -one primary networks of the norm developed by TsNIS with participation ... "

Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation

List of abbreviations, symbols, symbols

3. General characteristics of digital channels and tracts

5. Norms on phase trembling indicators and phase drift

The parameters used to evaluate

Compliance with operational standards

List of abbreviations, symbols, Symbols

1. Terms and definitions

1.1. General Terms and Definitions

1.2. Definitions of errors for the BCC

1.3. Definitions of error indicators for network paths

2. General provisions

3. Common digital characteristics Channels and tracts

4. Norms on error indicators Digital Channels and Network Tracts

4.1. Long-term norms on error indicators

ESR.

List of abbreviations, symbols,
Symbols

3. Common digital characteristics
Channels and tracts

4. Norms on error indicators
Digital Channels and Network Tracts

5. Norms on phase jitter indicators
And phase drift